Division of Air Pollution Control June Ohio Air Quality 2016

Transcription

1 Division of Air Pollution Control June 2018 Ohio Air Quality 2016

2 STATE OF OHIO AIR QUALITY CALENDAR YEAR 2016 PREPARED BY DIVISION OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL OHIO ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

3 Our Mailing address is: Ohio EPA, Division of Air Pollution Control PO Box 1049 Columbus, OH And we are located at: Ohio EPA, Division of Air Pollution Control 50 West Town Street, Suite 700 Columbus, OH Ohio EPA s web address is: The Ohio EPA s general phone number is: (614) The Division of Air Pollution Control phone number is: (614) Prepared by: Dave Ambrose, Air Monitoring & Toxics Section Phillip Downey, Air Monitoring & Toxics Section Laura Woods, Air Quality Evaluation & Planning Section Paul Koval, Supervisor, Air Monitoring & Toxics Section Craig W. Butler, Director John R. Kasich, Governor Page i

4 Table of Contents List of Tables... iii List of Figures... v Acronyms and Abbreviations... vi Executive summary... 1 I. Introduction... 3 A. General... 3 B. Development of the Ohio Air Monitoring System... 4 C. Remote Ambient Data System... 7 D. Data Availability on the Internet... 7 II Air Quality Data Summary Maps... 7 III. Air Quality Trends A. SO 2 trends B. Ozone trends C. Carbon Monoxide Trends IV Air Quality Data A. Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) B. Particulate Matter 10µm (PM 10 ) C. Particulate Matter 2.5µm (PM 2.5 ) D. Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2 ) E. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 ) F. Carbon Monoxide (CO) G. Ozone (O 3 ) H. Lead (Pb) V. Air Toxics Monitoring A. Introduction B. Volatile Organic Compound Sampling and Analysis C. Heavy Metals Sampling and Analysis D. Heavy Metals Parameters VI. Air Quality Index (AQI) VII Monitoring Sites Page ii

5 List of Tables Table 1. Violation of Air Quality Standards by County Table 2. U.S. EPA and Ohio EPA Ambient Air Quality Standards... 3 Table 3. Ambient Air Monitoring Sites in Ohio (2016)... 7 Table 4. TSP Summary Statistics Table 5. PM 10 Summary Statistics Table 6. PM 2.5 Summary Statistics Table 7. PM 2.5 Continuous Monitor Data Table 8. PM hour 98th Percentile Averages Table 9. PM 2.5 Average of Annual Averages Table 10. SO 2 Summary Statistics Table 11. NO 2 Summary Statistics Table 12. CO Summary Statistics Table 13. O 3 1 Hour Summary Statistics Table 14. O 3 8 Hour Summary Statistics Table 15. Three year Average of 4 th High 8 Hour O 3 Averages Table 16. Count of Ozone Exceedances and Date Occurred ( ) Table 17. Last Ozone Exceedance Dates 1 Hr Standard >120 ppb ( ) Table 18. Last Ozone Exceedance Dates 8 Hr Standard >75 ppb ( ) Table 19. Lead Summary Statistics Table 20. DES VOC Target Compound List For TO 15 Analysis Table 21. VOC Summary of Statewide Canister Data Table 22. VOC Sampling Site Identification Table 23. VOC Site specific Summary: Franklin County 1 ( ) Table 24. VOC Site specific Summary: Franklin County 2 ( ) Table 25. VOC Site specific Summary: Franklin County 3 ( ) Table 26. VOC Site specific Summary: Cuyahoga County 1 ( ) Table 27. VOC Site specific Summary: Cuyahoga County 2 ( ) Table 28. VOC Site specific Summary: Jefferson County ( ) Table 29. VOC Site specific Summary: Ross County (AQS not assigned) Table 30. VOC Site specific Summary: Carroll County (AQS not assigned) Table 31. Metals Sampling Site Identification Table 32. Heavy Metals: E. Liverpool 1 ( ) Table 33. Heavy Metals: E. Liverpool 2 ( ) Table 34. Heavy metals: E. Liverpool 3 ( ) Table 35. Heavy Metals: Cleveland 1 ( ) Table 36. Heavy Metals: Cleveland 2 ( ) Table 37. Heavy Metals: Cleveland 3 ( ) Table 38. Heavy Metals: Cleveland 4 ( ) Table 39. Heavy Metals: Cleveland 5 ( ) Page iii

6 Table 40. Heavy Metals: Cleveland 6 ( ) Table 41. Heavy Metals: Columbus ( ) Table 42. Heavy Metals: Delta ( ) Table 43. Heavy Metals: Marion 1 ( ) Table 44. Heavy Metals: Marion 2 ( ) Table 45. Heavy Metals: Elmore ( ) Table 46. Heavy Metals: Bellefontaine ( ) Table 47. Heavy Metals: Marietta ( ) Table 48. Heavy Metals: Marion 3 (AQS not assigned) Table 49. Heavy Metals: Morain ( ) Table 50. Comparison of AQI Values Table 51. AQI Summary by County Table 52. Monitoring Network for Page iv

7 List of Figures Figure 1. OEPA District Offices & Local Air Pollution Control Agencies Jurisdictional Boundaries 5 Figure PM 10 High 24 Hour Concentration... 8 Figure PM 2.5 Highest Annual Average Concentration... 9 Figure PM th Percentile 24 Hour Concentration Figure SO 2 2nd Highest 3 Hour Average Concentration Figure SO 2 99th Percentile 1 Hour Concentration Figure Carbon Monoxide 2nd Highest 8 Hour Concentration Figure Carbon Monoxide 2nd Highest 1 Hour Concentration Figure Nitrogen Dioxide Annual Arithmetic Mean Concentration Figure Nitrogen Dioxide 98th Percentile 1 Hour Concentration Figure Ozone 4th Highest 8 Hour Concentration Figure Average of the 4th High 8 Hour Averages Figure Lead, Highest 3 Month Rolling Average Figure 14. Sulfur Dioxide Trends Urban Areas ( ) Figure 15. Sulfur Dioxide Trends All Sites ( ) Figure nd Highest 1 Hr Ozone in Urban Areas (1) Figure nd Highest 1 Hr Ozone in Urban Areas (2) Figure th High 8 Hr Ozone Concentration by Urban Area (1) Figure th High 8 Hr Ozone Concentration by Urban Area (2) Figure 20. Three Year Average of 4 th High 8 Hr Ozone Average by Urban Area (1) Figure 21. Three Year Average of 4 th High 8 Hr Ozone Average by Urban Area (2) Figure 22. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8 Hours: Akron Figure 23. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8 Hours: Canton Figure 24. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8 Hours: Cincinnati Figure 25. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8 Hours: Cleveland Figure 26. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8 Hours: Lake Figure 27. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8 Hours: Dayton Page v

8 Acronyms and Abbreviations AA AQI AQS ATMP CASTNET CBSA CFR CO DAPC DES DO FEM FRM FR GC GC/MS LAA NAAQS NAMS NCore NO NO 2 O 3 OAQPS OASN Obs Org Type Pb POC ppb ppm ppbv PQAO PM 10, PM 10 PM 2.5, PM 2.5 PSI RADS SLAMS SO 2 TO 15 TSP VOC µg/m 3 mg/m 3 ng/m 3 Atomic Absorption Air Quality Index (replaced Pollutant Standard Index, PSI) Air Quality System Air Toxics Monitoring Program Clean Air Status and Trends Network Core Based Statistical Area Code of Federal Regulations Carbon Monoxide Division of Air Pollution Control Division of Environmental Services District Office Federal Equivalent Method Federal Reference Method Federal Register Gas Chromatograph or Gas Chromatography Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Local Air Agency National Ambient Air Quality Standards National Ambient Monitoring Stations National Core Monitoring Network Nitric Oxide Nitrogen Dioxide Ozone Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Ohio Air Sampling Network Observations Organization Type Lead Parameter Occurrence Code parts per billion parts per million parts per billion by volume Primary Quality Assurance Organization Ten micron particulate matter 2.5 micron particulate matter Pollutant Standard Index (replaced by Air Quality Index, AQI) Remote Ambient Air Data System State/Local Ambient Monitoring Stations Sulfur Dioxide Toxics analysis methods descriptions Total Suspended Particulate Volatile Organic Carbon micrograms per cubic meter milligrams per cubic meter nanograms per cubic meter Page vi

9 Executive summary A. General Review Air quality data for calendar year 2016 are summarized for seven criteria pollutants: particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 microns (PM 10 ), particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 microns (PM 2.5 ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O 3 ), and lead (Pb). Data are also summarized for total suspended particulates (TSP). Also included is a section discussing toxics monitoring projects conducted and trend analysis results for three criteria pollutants: SO 2, CO, and O 3. B. Discussion of Violation Violations of multiple year, annual and short term air quality standards by county and pollutant are provided in Section II: 2016 Air Quality Data Summary Maps. Table 1 gives a breakdown of air quality standard violations by county. There were no violations of the PM 10, NO 2, Pb, or CO standards in effect during Table 1. Violation of Air Quality Standards by County 2016 Pollutant Standard Counties Ozone 8 hour (0.070 ppm) Butler, Geauga, Hamilton, Franklin, Lake, Warren SO 2 1 hour 99 th percentile Cuyahoga, Lake, Morgan PM 2.5 Annual Cuyahoga C. Observations and Conclusions PM 10 There were 33 PM 10 active monitoring sites including three sites operated by industry with a total of 52 monitors to collect ambient and quality assurance data. PM 2.5 There were 49 active PM 2.5 monitoring sites with 98 monitors to collect both ambient and quality assurance data. Of the 98 PM 2.5 monitors, 72 were filter based instruments collecting individual 24 hour average concentration on a schedule of either every three days or every six days. The remaining 26 PM 2.5 monitors collected hourly concentrations each day. In addition, there were nine PM 2.5 chemical speciation monitors which operated on an every three or six day schedule whose filters were analyzed for the chemical composition of PM 2.5 matter. In 2016, one site located in Cleveland was in violation of the annual PM 2.5 NAAQS. There have been no violations of the 24 hour PM 2.5 NAAQS in Ohio since Sulfur Dioxide There were 33 sulfur dioxide continuous sites collecting hourly data, five of which were operated by private industry. There were exceedances of the 1 hour standard in Cuyahoga and Lake counties in There were violations of the three year, 1 hour SO2 standard in Cuyahoga, Lake, and Morgan counties. Page 1

10 There were no exceedances of the 3 hour standard statewide in 2016; the last occurrence of an exceedance in Ohio of the 3 hour standard was in In the last ten years, annual SO 2 concentrations have been reduced 62% statewide. Carbon Monoxide There were 14 carbon monoxide continuous sites collecting hourly data. There were no violations of the CO NAAQS in Ohio. Concentrations remain very low throughout all the urban areas of the state. The last violation of the CO NAAQS occurred in 1990 in Steubenville. Ozone There were 52 continuous sites collecting hourly ozone data, three of which were operated by U.S. EPA as part of their CASTNET monitoring network. Ohio attained the former ozone NAAQS standard of 75 parts per billion (ppb) throughout the state within timeframes specified by the Clean Air Act; however, in October 2015, U.S. EPA issued a more stringent ozone NAAQS of 70 parts per billion. Ohio EPA provided recommendations to U.S. EPA on areas of the state exceeding or contributing to exceedances of the new standard and proposed non attainment designations under the Clean Air Act. Monitors in Ohio where the new ozone NAAQS is exceeded are located in the following Metropolitan Statistical Areas: Cleveland (Lorain, Cuyahoga, Lake, Geauga, Medina, Summit and Portage counties); Columbus (Franklin, Delaware, Licking and Fairfield counties) and Cincinnati (Hamilton, Butler, Warren and Clermont counties). Nitrogen Dioxide There were seven continuous nitrogen dioxide monitoring sites collecting hourly data. There were no violations of the NAAQS for nitrogen dioxide in 2016, and there have been none in Ohio since Air Pollution Alerts No air pollution alerts were declared in D. Monitoring Network There were 123 monitoring sites reporting data from 43 counties. Each year, Ohio EPA is required to submit an annual Air Monitoring Network Plan to U.S. EPA which describes the state s ambient monitoring network in detail. The most recent report and its associated appendixes are available for viewing on our agency website at air monitoring plan State maps depicting each of Ohio s air monitoring networks for U.S. EPA criteria pollutants and air toxics are presented in Appendix E of Ohio s Air Monitoring Network Plan. Page 2

11 I. INTRODUCTION A. General A variety of substances are generated and released into the atmosphere by a multitude of manmade and natural sources. Those substances that may affect public health and welfare are regarded as "air pollutants." U.S. EPA has established National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) to safeguard public health and welfare from these air pollutants. Ambient air is defined as air that is accessible to the general public. The air within fenced in, guarded or limited access areas of facility property is not considered ambient air. Pollutants for which NAAQS have been promulgated are sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O 3 ), lead (Pb), particulate matter having an aerodynamic diameter 10 microns (PM 10 ), and particulate matter having an aerodynamic diameter 2.5 microns (PM 2.5 ). The standards are ambient air concentrations expressed in micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m 3 ) or parts per million (ppm) per sampling averaging times. NAAQS concentrations, averaging times, and restrictions in effect as of 2016 are provided in Table 2. Table 2. U.S. EPA and Ohio EPA Ambient Air Quality Standards Maximum Allowable Concentration Pollutant Averaging time Restriction Primary 1 Secondary 1 PM 2.5 Annual Three year average not to be exceeded 12.0 µg/m µg/m 3 24 hour Three year average of 98th percentile not to be 35 µg/m 3 35 µg/m 3 exceeded PM hour Not to be exceeded more than once per year 150 µg/m µg/m 3 averaged over three years Sulfur 1 hour Each year s daily 1 Hour maximum 99th 75 ppb none Dioxide percentile value averaged over 3 years 3 hour Not to be exceeded more than once per year none 0.5 ppm (1300 µg/m 3 ) Carbon 8 hour Not to be exceeded more than once per year 9 ppm none Monoxide (10 mg/m 3 ) 1 hour Not to be exceeded more than once per year 35 ppm none (40 mg/m 3 ) Ozone 8 hour Each year s fourth high averaged over threeyears. Not to be exceeded ppm ppm Nitrogen Dioxide 1 hour Each year s daily maximum 98th percentile ppb Hour value averaged over three years. Not to be exceeded. Annual Not to be exceeded 53 ppb 53 ppb Lead 3 month Three month rolling average over a three year period. Not to be exceeded µg/m µg/m 3 1 Primary standards are established for protection of public health; secondary standards are established for protection of public welfare. Page 3

12 In some cases, standards are separated into two parts: primary and secondary. A primary standard sets the level of air pollution where human health is protected. A secondary standard sets the level where the welfare of citizens is protected due to air pollution damage to crops, animals, vegetation, and materials. This report presents summaries of Ohio EPA s measurements of the NAAQS and toxic air pollutants during calendar year Also presented are selected statistics and trend analyses for various areas in Ohio. Prior to the pollutant data tables found in Section IV, there is a brief description of pollutants, sources from which they originate, potential adverse health effects, and monitoring methods used. B. Development of the Ohio Air Monitoring System Society's concern about air pollution began with Clean Air Act of This Act and its subsequent amendments first encouraged, then authorized, grants to help finance the establishment of state and local air pollution control programs. In 1963, Ohio established the Ohio Air Sampling Network (OASN) with 21 monitoring sites, measuring total suspended particulates (TSP) throughout the state. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970 mandated the promulgation of NAAQS. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) was formed in 1970 and began developing air monitoring regulations requiring states to establish a network of monitors to measure air quality in all major urban areas. The air monitoring program began under the Ohio Department of Health and started with Particulate Matter, Sulfur Dioxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, and Photochemical Oxidants. In October of 1972, Ohio EPA was formed and was responsible for Clean Air Act compliance. In 1978, U.S. EPA promulgated the NAAQS for lead and, in 1979, the NAAQS for ozone replaced photochemical oxidants. Throughout this time period, the Ohio air quality network was significantly expanded. Cleveland NCore Site Ohio currently has four District Offices and nine local air agencies supporting the Ohio s air program. See Figure 1 on page 5 for geographic coverage and contact information. The goals of the ambient monitoring program are to determine compliance with the ambient air quality standards; to provide real time monitoring of air pollution episodes; to provide data for trend analyses, regulation evaluation and planning; and to provide information to the public daily concerning air quality in high population areas, near major emission sources, and in rural areas. Page 4

13 Page 5 Figure 1. OEPA District Offices & Local Air Pollution Control Agencies Jurisdictional Boundaries

14 In 1980, U.S. EPA and Ohio EPA established and designated certain portions of Ohio's ambient air monitoring network to be a part of the National Air Monitoring Station (NAMS) network, created for tracking national trends. This required that all sites produce data of adequate quality and quantity to meet monitoring objectives and statistical analysis. The first PM 10 standard became effective July 1987, and the first PM 2.5 standard was effective in Filter based PM 2.5 monitors began collecting data in Monitors to determine chemical makeup of the particulate matter were added in In 2001, monitors that could continuously measure PM 2.5 became a programmatic requirement. The 1 hour ozone standard was supplanted with an 8 hour standard in The 8 hour standard is a three year average of the 4 th highest daily 8 hour averages, which was set at 0.08 ppm not to be exceeded. In 2001, the United States Supreme Court found U.S. EPA s proposed implementation plan for ozone unlawful and further held that, in the setting of a standard for ozone pursuant to Section 109 of the Clean Air Act, U.S. EPA must set air quality standards at levels that are requisite, i.e., no higher or lower than necessary to protect public health with an adequate margin of safety. The Supreme Court sent the case back to the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals to review U.S. EPA s subsequent actions. In March 2002, the court upheld U.S. EPA s revision of the ozone NAAQS. In October 2015, the 8 hour ozone standard was set to ppm as the three year average of each site s annual fourth high 8 hour average. In 2009, the standard for lead (Pb) was revised to 0.15 µg/m 3 as a three month rolling average, replacing the 1.5 µg/m 3 calendar quarter average. New monitors near known or presumed sources were required to be operational on the first sampling day of January On January 1, 2011, U.S. EPA made changes to the designations of sites. The NAMS designation, used for national trends in concentrations was eliminated in favor of NCore sites, a much smaller network of sites with many more parameters per site monitored. There are three NCore sites in Ohio, which are located in Cincinnati, Cleveland, and Preble County. During 2016, more than 200 ambient air monitors were operated in Ohio. Table 3 enumerates the number and type of criteria pollutant monitors that were operated in Ohio District Office and Local Air Agency jurisdictions. Page 6

15 Table 3. Ambient Air Monitoring Sites in Ohio (2016) Local Air Agency / District Office PM 2.5 PM 10 SO 2 O 3 CO NO 2 Pb Total Akron Canton Cincinnati (SWOAQA) /0/1* /0/1* Cleveland Lake Co. Health District Warren Youngstown (M TAPCA) Toledo Dayton (RAPCA) Portsmouth 3 3/3* 3/2* /5* Central District Office (CDO) /0/1* /0/1* Northeast District Office (NEDO) Northwest District Office (NWDO) Southeast District Office (SEDO) 4 3 4/3* 2/0/1* /3/1* Southwest District Office (SWDO) Totals 49 29/3* 28/5* 49/0/3* /8/3* *Site required by Ohio EPA Government Operated / Industry Operated / CASTNET C. Remote Ambient Data System Beginning in 1986, the Remote Ambient Air Data System (RADS) provided for the automatic acquisition of data from Ohio EPA s remote monitors to a central computer. Data is retrieved from each district office and local air agency s continuous monitoring sites on an hourly basis. RADS has since been upgraded for improved remote access to data by digital cellular wireless technology. Beginning in 2015, RADS is now using Agilaire s AirVision software to poll, process, and assemble all hourly data collected in Ohio. D. Data Availability on the Internet Air monitoring data is available on Ohio EPA s AirOhio website at Ohio EPA also provides ozone and PM 2.5 data updates hourly to U.S. EPA s AirNow website. Current data and data forecasts are displayed in the form of tables and maps and can be viewed at Historical ambient air quality data can also be found at This site is a gateway to maps, reports and user selected data residing in U.S. EPA s Air Quality System (AQS) database. II AIR QUALITY DATA SUMMARY MAPS A series of maps on the following pages summarize data presented in Section IV of this report. Values are presented on maps in counties where data was recorded. Page 7

16 Page 8 Figure PM 10 High 24 Hour Concentration

17 Page 9 Figure PM 2.5 Highest Annual Average Concentration

18 Page 10 Figure PM th Percentile 24 Hour Concentration

19 Page 11 Figure SO 2 2nd Highest 3 Hour Average Concentration

20 Concentrations in counties reflect the 99 th percentile 1 hour reading in 2016 only. Shaded counties represent a violation of three year average form of the NAAQS. Figure SO 2 99th Percentile 1 Hour Concentration Page 12

21 Page 13 Figure Carbon Monoxide 2nd Highest 8 Hour Concentration

22 Page 14 Figure Carbon Monoxide 2nd Highest 1 Hour Concentration

23 Page 15 Figure Nitrogen Dioxide Annual Arithmetic Mean Concentration

24 Page 16 Figure Nitrogen Dioxide 98th Percentile 1 Hour Concentration

25 Concentrations in counties reflect the 4 th highest 8 hour average in 2016 only. Shaded counties represent a violation of three year average form of the NAAQS. Figure Ozone 4th Highest 8 Hour Concentration Page 17

26 Page 18 Figure Average of the 4th High 8 Hour Averages

27 Page 19 Figure Lead, Highest 3 Month Rolling Average

28 III. AIR QUALITY TRENDS Monitoring sites designated as State & Local Air Monitoring Stations (SLAMS) meet rigid prescribed federal requirements. Trend analyses in this section are drawn from data originating in the SLAMS network. A. SO 2 trends Data for SO 2 continuous instruments in urban areas meeting SLAMS siting requirements were used to generate Ohio SO 2 trend studies for years 2007 through 2016, which are plotted in the figures below. Figure 14 is based on annual averages. Figure 15 plots the 99 th percentile value, which is the short term 1 hour NAAQS for SO 2. In the last ten years, annual SO 2 concentrations have improved an average of 62% statewide. Concentration (ppm) Sulfur Dioxide Trend ( ) Urban Area Sites Year Data Linear (Data) Figure 14. Sulfur Dioxide Trends Urban Areas ( ) Concentration (ppb) Sulfur Dioxide Trend ( ) All Sites 1 Hour 99th Percentile Data Linear (Data) Year Figure 15. Sulfur Dioxide Trends All Sites ( ) Page 20

29 B. Ozone trends Assessing progress towards attainment of the ozone NAAQS is complicated because of the influence of meteorology on ozone levels. Differences in weather conditions can cause variations from year to year in both NAAQS exceedances and second highest 1 hour ozone levels. High temperatures, brilliant sunshine, and stagnant air contribute to increased evaporation from fuel storage tanks, fuel systems, and auto refueling activities. These emissions, with nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons from vehicles, are a major contributor to low level ozone pollution during these atmospheric conditions. In the presence of sunlight, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides create ground level ozone. One Hour Ozone Data: Trend information is presented from eight metropolitan areas in Ohio for the period of 2007 through Figure 16 and Figure 17 on the following page shows second highest 1 hour averages for each year. In an area where ozone is monitored at several sites, the site with the highest second high for each year was used, which may be a different site from year to year. Eight Hour Ozone Standard: Eight metropolitan areas are presented with the 4 th highest 8 hour daily ozone averages for the years 2007 through 2016 in Figure 18 and Figure 19 on page 23. Figure 20 and Figure 21 on page 24 present the three year average of the 4 th highest 8 hour daily ozone averages for years 2007 through 2016 for the same areas. The year listed is the last year of the three year period. The NAAQS is a three year average of the 4 th highest 8 hour averages; the concentration must be less than or equal to parts per million (70 parts per billion) to be in compliance with the standard. The monitor with the highest 4 th high in each three year period was used, not necessarily the same monitor for all years. The three year averages for each site in Ohio are listed in the ozone portion of Section IV(G) on page 45. Page 21

30 2nd Highest 1 Hr. Ozone in Urban Impact Area ppb Year Akron Canton Cleveland Youngstown Figure nd Highest 1 Hr Ozone in Urban Areas (1) 2nd Highest 1 Hr. Ozone in Urban Impact Area ppb Year Cincinnati Columbus Dayton Toledo Figure nd Highest 1 Hr Ozone in Urban Areas (2) Page 22

31 4th high 8 Hr Ozone Concentration 100 CONCENTRATION (ppb) YEAR Akron Canton Cleveland Youngstown Figure th High 8 Hr Ozone Concentration by Urban Area (1) 4th high 8 Hr Ozone Concentration 100 CONCENTRATION (ppb) YEAR Cincinnati Columbus Dayton Toledo Figure th High 8 Hr Ozone Concentration by Urban Area (2) Page 23

32 3 Year Average of 4th High 8 Hr. Ozone Averages 100 CONCENTRATION (PPB) YEAR PERIOD BEGINNING WITH 2005 Akron Canton Cleveland Youngstown Figure 20. Three Year Average of 4 th High 8 Hr Ozone Average by Urban Area (1) Year Average of 4th High 8 Hr. Ozone Averages CONCENTRATION (PPB) YEAR PERIOD BEGINNING WITH 2005 Cincinnati Columbus Dayton Toledo Figure 21. Three Year Average of 4 th High 8 Hr Ozone Average by Urban Area (2) C. Carbon Monoxide Trends Comparative plots of changes in carbon monoxide (CO) in the past ten years for eight major Ohio cities are presented in Figure 22 through Figure 27 on pages One central city monitor in each urban area was selected to yield data for a trend study of 8 hour average CO concentrations. Data for years are used in the figures. The last violation of the CO NAAQS occurred in 1990 in Steubenville. Page 24

33 Concentration (ppm) Akron: Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8 hours Selected Center City Site Year High Second High Figure 22. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8 Hours: Akron Concentration (ppm) Canton: Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8 Hours Selected Center City Site Year High Second High Figure 23. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8 Hours: Canton Concentration (ppm) Cincinnati: Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8 Hours Selected Center City Site Year High Second High Figure 24. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8 Hours: Cincinnati Page 25

34 Concentration (ppm) Cleveland: Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8 Hours Selected Center City Site Year High Second High Figure 25. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8 Hours: Cleveland Concentration (ppm) Lake: Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8 Hours Selected Center City Site High Year Second High Figure 26. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8 Hours: Lake Concentration (ppm) Dayton: Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8 Hours Selected Center City Site Year High Second High Figure 27. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8 Hours: Dayton Page 26

35 IV AIR QUALITY DATA A. Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) Total suspended particulate matter is defined as any liquid (aerosol) or solid substance found in the atmosphere. Particles larger than approximately 100 microns in diameter settle rapidly due to gravity and are not considered suspended particulates. Fly ash, process dusts, soot and oil aerosols are all common forms of suspended particulate matter. The major sources of particulate pollution are industrial processes, electric power generation, industrial fuel combustion, and dust from roadways and construction sites. Particulate pollution causes a wide range of damage to materials, as well as limiting visibility and reducing the amount of sunlight reaching the earth. Components of particulates may be harmful, such as sulfates, nitrates and metals. The major adverse health effects on humans are related to damage to the respiratory system through interference with the lungs natural cleansing processes. Such adverse health effects are dependent, in a general sense, upon two factors: the concentration, size and chemical composition of the particles of which the TSP consists; and the composition of any pollutant gases in combination with it. Particles greater than ten microns in diameter can rarely penetrate below the larynx and, therefore, are less likely to damage the respiratory system. Particles less than six microns in diameter can penetrate the bronchial passage while those of less than one micron in diameter can usually penetrate and be deposited in the capillaries and alveoli of the lungs. Page 27

36 In 1987, TSP sampling was gradually replaced by ten micron particulate sampling (PM 10 ). The number of monitors decreased from over 200 in 1987 to 8 monitors in All TSP data is used for lead and other metals monitoring. U.S. EPA later added a NAAQS for 2.5 micron particulate matter (PM 2.5 ). Data collection for PM 2.5 began in The PM 2.5 monitors supplement and partially replace the PM 10 network. Table 4 below summarizes key data statistics in 2016 for the seven TSP sites in Ohio. Sampling Method TSP is measured by the high volume air sampler method. This instrument draws measured volumes of air through a glass fiber filter for 24 hours. Particulate matter trapped on the filter is weighed to determine the mass of the particulates collected per volume of air. Results are reported as micrograms of particulate matter per cubic meter of air (µg/m 3 ). Normal sampling is done intermittently once every six days. Table 4. TSP Summary Statistics Suspended particulate (TSP) (micrograms/cubic meter) 1st 2nd 3rd 4th County Site ID POC City Obs Max Max Max Max Mean Columbiana East Liverpool Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland * Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Warrensville Heights * Note: * indicates that the mean does not satisfy summary criteria. Page 28

37 B. Particulate Matter 10µm (PM 10 ) In 1987, U.S. EPA promulgated a primary standard for particulate matter that included only those particles with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than or equal to 10 micrometers (PM 10, particulate matter 10 micrometers). From 1987 until 1997 the annual standard was 50 µg/m 3 annual arithmetic mean (averaged over three years' data). The 24 hour standard was 150 µg/m 3 and was not to be exceeded more than once per year, averaged over three years. The original annual standard was retained until changes to the particulate NAAQS became effective in At that time, the 24 hour PM 10 standard of 150 µg/m 3 was retained, but the annual PM 10 standard of 50 µg/m 3 was revoked. The Ohio Air Monitoring Network was expanded to include 21 PM 10 sites in 1986, 45 in 1988, and a high of 91 sites in Since 1997 the PM 10 network has been substantially reduced, as monitoring of particulates has been focused to sampling of PM 2.5 fine particulates. Table 5 on the following pages summarizes key data statistics in 2016 for the 33 PM 10 sites in Ohio. Dayton Moraine PM 10 Site Sampling Method PM 10 is measured by the filtered air sampler method for non continuous instruments. These instruments are refined beyond the traditional TSP sampler to limit the size of particle collected on the filter. Measured volumes of air are similarly drawn through a quartz fiber filter for 24 hours. PM 10 matter trapped on the filter is weighed to determine the mass collected per volume of air. Results are reported as micrograms of particulate matter per cubic meter of air (µg/m 3 ). Continuous instruments collect real time PM 10 concentrations by various other measurement techniques. Page 29

38 PM 10 Total 0 10um 24 hour (micrograms/cubic meter) Table 5. PM 10 Summary Statistics Page 30 County Site ID POC City Valid Days Obs % Obs Obs Req 1st Max 2nd Max 3rd Max 4th Max Days > NAAQS Max > NAAQS Mean Belmont Shadyside Belmont Shadyside ** * Butler Middletown * Butler Middletown * Butler Middletown Butler Middletown Columbiana East Liverpool Columbiana East Liverpool * Columbiana East Liverpool * Columbiana East Liverpool * Columbiana East Liverpool * Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Newburgh Heights Cuyahoga Brook Park Franklin Columbus Franklin Columbus Greene Yellow Springs Hamilton Cincinnati Hamilton Cincinnati Hamilton Cincinnati Hamilton Cincinnati Hamilton Lockland

39 PM 10 Total 0 10um 24 hour (micrograms/cubic meter) County Site ID POC City Valid Days Obs % Obs Obs Req 1st Max 2nd Max 3rd Max 4th Max Days > NAAQS Max > NAAQS Mean Hamilton Lockland Jefferson Not in a city Jefferson Steubenville Jefferson Steubenville Lake Fairport Harbor Lake Fairport Harbor Lawrence Ironton Lorain Sheffield Mahoning Youngstown Mahoning Youngstown Mahoning Youngstown Montgomery Moraine Montgomery Moraine Scioto Portsmouth Scioto Portsmouth Scioto Portsmouth Scioto Franklin Furnace Scioto Franklin Furnace Scioto Franklin Furnace Trumbull Warren Trumbull Warren Trumbull Warren Note: * indicates that the mean does not satisfy summary criteria. Note: ** The quality assurance monitor at this site, designated by POC = 2, is not NAAQS comparable with the 150 µg/m 3 standard; therefore, this reading does not represent an exceedance. The highest 24 hour reading from the designated monitor at this site (POC = 1) is 135 µg/m 3. Page 31

40 C. Particulate Matter 2.5µm (PM 2.5 ) In 1997, the U.S. EPA promulgated revisions to the NAAQS for particulate matter. The primary standard includes only those particles with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than or equal to 2.5 micrometers (PM 2.5, particulate matter 2.5 micrometers). The annual standard was 15.0 µg/m 3 annual arithmetic mean, averaged over three consecutive years. The annual NAAQS was changed from 15.0 µg/m 3 to 12.0 µg/m 3, effective January The 24 hour PM 2.5 NAAQS was changed from 65 µg/m 3 to 35 µg/m 3 effective in December The 24 hour standard is met when the 98th percentile concentration, averaged over three consecutive years, is less than or equal to 35 µg/m 3. Because of U.S. EPA s final action to set the fine particulate PM 2.5 standards to supplement the PM 10, the Ohio Air Monitoring Network had a peak of 52 sites in In 2016, there were 49 PM 2.5 sites with a total of 98 monitors reporting data. There are 26 continuous monitors, nine of which are speciation monitors, in addition to the remaining 73 filter based Federal Reference Method (FRM) monitors. The FRM monitors and a limited number of continuous monitors are used to determine compliance with the NAAQS. Speciation monitors are used to determine the composition of the particulates. The continuous monitors are primarily used for the Air Quality Index and for real time reporting of particulate data to the public. Table 6 through Table 9 on the following pages summarize key data statistics in 2016 for the 49 PM 2.5 sites in Ohio. Cincinnati's PM 2.5 Fairfield Site Sampling Method PM 2.5 is measured by the filtered air sampler method for non continuous instruments. These instruments are refined beyond the PM 10 sampler to further limit the size of particle collected on the filter. Measured volumes of air are similarly drawn through a filter for 24 hours. PM 2.5 matter trapped on the filter is weighed to determine the mass collected per volume of air. Results are reported as micrograms of particulate matter per cubic meter of air (µg/m 3 ). Continuous instruments collect real time PM 2.5 concentrations by various other measurement techniques. Page 32

41 Table 6. PM 2.5 Summary Statistics PM hour (micrograms/cubic meter) County Site ID POC City Valid Days 1st Max 2nd Max 3rd Max 4th Max 98th percentile Mean Allen Lima Allen Lima Athens Not in a city Athens Not in a city * Belmont Shadyside Butler Middletown * Butler Middletown * Butler Middletown * Butler Middletown * Butler Fairfield Butler Fairfield Butler Middletown Butler Middletown Butler Middletown Clark Springfield Clark Springfield Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Newburgh Heights Cuyahoga Brook Park Franklin Columbus Franklin Columbus Franklin Columbus Franklin Columbus Greene Yellow Springs Greene Yellow Springs Greene Yellow Springs Hamilton Blue Ash Hamilton Cleves Hamilton Cleves Hamilton Cincinnati Hamilton Cincinnati Hamilton Cincinnati Hamilton Cincinnati Hamilton Cincinnati Hamilton Cincinnati Jefferson Steubenville Jefferson Steubenville Jefferson Mingo Junction * Lake Painesville Page 33

42 PM hour (micrograms/cubic meter) County Site ID POC City Valid Days 1st Max 2nd Max 3rd Max 4th Max 98th percentile Mean Lake Painesville Lawrence Ironton Lorain Sheffield Lorain Sheffield Lucas Toledo Lucas Toledo Lucas Toledo Lucas Toledo Mahoning Youngstown Mahoning Youngstown Mahoning Youngstown Mahoning Youngstown * Medina Not in a city Medina Not in a city Montgomery Dayton Montgomery Dayton Portage Ravenna * Preble New Paris Scioto Portsmouth Scioto Portsmouth Stark Canton Stark Canton Stark Canton Stark Canton * Summit Akron Summit Akron Summit Akron Summit Akron Trumbull Warren Trumbull Warren * Note: * indicates that the mean does not satisfy summary criteria. Page 34

43 Table 7. PM 2.5 Continuous Monitor Data 1st 2nd 3rd 4th County Site ID POC City Duration Obs Max Max Max Max Mean Adams West Union 1 hr hr Allen Lima 1 hr hr Butler Middletown 24 hr hr Middletown 24 hr hr Clark Springfield 24 hr hr Clermont Batavia 1 hr hr Cuyahoga Cleveland 24 hr 1 hr Franklin New Albany 24 hr 1 hr Columbus 1 hr hr Greene Yellow Springs 1 hr hr * Cincinnati 1 hr hr Hamilton Cleves 1 hr hr Cincinnati 24 hr 1 hr Jefferson Steubenville 24 hr 1 hr Lake Painesville 1 hr hr * Lawrence Ironton 1 hr hr Lorain Sheffield 24 hr * 1 hr Lucas Toledo 24 hr * 1 hr * Mahoning Youngstown 1 hr hr Medina Chippawa 24 hr hr Montgomery Dayton 1 hr hr Preble New Paris 24 hr * 1 hr Page 35

44 County Site ID POC City Duration Obs 1st Max 2nd Max 3rd Max 4th Max Mean Stark Canton 1 hr hr Summit Akron 24 hr hr Trumbull Warren 24 hr * 1 hr Warren Lebanon 1 hr hr Note: The * indicates that the mean does not satisfy summary criteria. Page 36

45 Table 8. PM hour 98th Percentile Averages Year Average Site County '14 ' Allen Athens Belmont Butler Clark Cuyahoga Franklin Greene Hamilton Jefferson Lake Lawrence Lucas Mahoning Medina Montgomery Portage Preble Scioto Stark Summit Trumbull Page 37

46 Table 9. PM 2.5 Average of Annual Averages Year Average Site County '14 ' Allen Athens Belmont Butler Clark Cuyahoga Franklin Greene Hamilton Jefferson Lake Lawrence Lorain Lucas Mahoning Medina Montgomery Portage Preble Scioto Stark Summit Trumbull = insufficient data = site not used in comparison with annual NAAQS Page 38

47 D. Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2 ) Sulfur dioxide is a colorless gas formed through the combination of sulfur and oxygen during combustion. The major sources of SO 2 are the burning of sulfur containing fossil fuels (mainly coal), with lesser amounts caused by industrial processes such as smelting. The control of SO 2 emissions can be accomplished by burning coal or oil with a relatively low sulfur content. Newer boilers may be equipped with flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems that use a caustic solution to scrub SO 2 from the exhaust gas stream. In 2010, U.S. EPA revised the NAAQS for SO 2 by establishing a 1 hour standard at a level of 75 parts per billion based on the 3 year average of the annual 99 th percentile of 1 hour daily maximum concentrations. In the same action, the primary annual and 24 hour standards in effect were revoked. The 3 hour 500 ppb secondary standard was retained. A Gavin Power Plant SO 2 Site Sampling Method Sulfur dioxide is measured continuously by instruments using ultraviolet fluorescent techniques. The analyzers irradiate and air sample with ultraviolet light. Sulfur dioxide gas molecules absorb a portion of this energy, and then re emit the energy at a characteristic wavelength of light. This light energy emitted by SO 2 molecules is sensed by a photomultiplier tube and converted to an electronic signal proportional to the concentration of SO 2 present. All concentrations for SO 2 are reported in parts per billion (ppb). Table 10 on the following pages summarizes key data statistics in 2016 for the 33 SO 2 sites in Ohio for the primary 1 hour standard. Page 39

48 Sulfur dioxide (42401) 1 hr Parts per billion Page 40 Table 10. SO 2 Summary Statistics County Site ID POC City Complete quarters Obs 1st Max 2nd Max 3rd Max 4th Max 5th Max 6th Max 7th Max 99th percentile Exceedances method PQAO Adams West Union Allen Lima Ashtabula Conneaut Belmont Shadyside Butler Middletown Butler Middletown Butler Middletown Clark Enon Columbiana East Liverpool Cuyahoga Cleveland / Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Newburgh Heights / Franklin Columbus Hamilton Cleves Hamilton Cincinnati Jefferson Steubenville Jefferson Not in a city Jefferson Not in a city Lake Eastlake Lake Painesville Lawrence Ironton Lucas Toledo / Mahoning Youngstown Meigs Pomeroy Morgan Not in a city Preble New Paris Scioto Portsmouth Scioto Franklin Furnace Scioto Franklin Furnace Summit Akron / Summit Akron

49 E. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 ) Nitrogen dioxide is formed in high temperature combustion processes, when nitrogen in the air is oxidized to nitric oxide (NO) or nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ). The major sources of NO 2 are high temperature fuel combustion, motor vehicles, and certain chemical processes. NO 2 is also a significant pollutant because the combination of NO 2 and ground level hydrocarbon compounds causes the production of photochemical oxidants, primarily ozone (O 3 ). In 2010 the U.S. EPA revised the NAAQS for NO 2 by adding a 1 hour standard which is the threeyear average of the annual 98 th percentile values. The standard is 100 ppb which is not to be exceeded. The annual NAAQS of 53 ppb was retained. Sampling Method Continuous monitoring of NO 2 is based on a chemiluminescent reaction between NO and O 3. When these two gases react, ultraviolet light at a specific wavelength is produced. In the monitor, ambient air is drawn along two paths. In the first path, the air is reacted directly with ozone, and the light energy produced is proportional to the amount of nitric oxide in the air. In the second path, the air is reacted with ozone after it passes through a catalytic reduction surface. The reduction surface converts NO 2 to NO and the light energy produced is a measure of the total oxides of nitrogen in the air sample. The electronic difference of these two signals yields the concentration of NO 2. All concentrations for NO 2 are reported in parts per billion (ppb). Table 11 summarizes key data statistics in 2016 for the seven NO 2 sites in Ohio. Cincinnati's NO 2 Near Road Site Page 41

50 Table 11. NO 2 Summary Statistics Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (parts per billion) County Site ID POC City Complete Quarters Obs % Complete 1st Max 1 hour 2nd Max 1 hour 98th Percentile Mean Belmont Shadyside Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Warrensville Heights Franklin Columbus Franklin Columbus Hamilton Cincinnati Hamilton Cincinnati Page 42

51 F. Carbon Monoxide (CO) Carbon monoxide is a colorless and odorless gas and the most abundant and widely distributed NAAQS pollutant found in the lower atmosphere. It is produced by the incomplete combustion of carbon containing fuels, primarily in the internal combustion engine. The NAAQS for CO are a 1 hour limit of 35 ppm, which is not to be exceeded more than once per year. The 9 ppm, 8 hour limit is not to be exceeded more than once per year. These standards were retained in Akron's center city CO site Sampling Method Carbon monoxide is monitored continuously by analyzers that operate on the infrared absorption principle. Air is drawn into a sample chamber and a beam of infrared light is passed through it. CO absorbs infrared radiation, and any decrease in the intensity of the beam is due to the presence of CO molecules. This decrease is directly related to the concentration of CO in the air. A special detector measures the difference in the radiation between this beam and a duplicate beam passing through a reference chamber with no CO present. This difference in intensity is electronically translated into a reading of the CO, measured in parts per million (ppm). Table 12 summarizes key data statistics in 2016 for the 14 CO sites in Ohio. Page 43

52 Carbon monoxide (parts per million) Table 12. CO Summary Statistics County Site ID POC City Obs 1st Max 1 hour 2nd Max 1 hour Obs >1 hr NAAQS 1st Max 8 hr 2nd Max 8 hr Obs >8 hr NAAQS Belmont Shadyside Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Warrensville Heights Franklin Columbus Franklin Columbus Hamilton Cincinnati Hamilton Cincinnati Lake Mentor Montgomery Dayton Preble New Paris Stark Canton Summit Akron Summit Akron Page 44

53 G. Ozone (O 3 ) Ozone differs from other pollutants in that it is not directly emitted into the atmosphere from sources. Rather, it is created photochemically in the lower atmosphere by the reaction of volatile organic compounds and oxides of nitrogen (NO x ) in the presence of sunlight. For this reason, it is referred to as a secondary pollutant. Ozone is the predominant oxidant component of photochemical smog. In urban areas, nitrogen oxides are emitted primarily from combustion sources such as the internal combustion engine, electric power generation units, and gas and oil fired boilers. Volatile organic compounds, important in sustaining the reactions, are emitted in the exhausts of gasoline, diesel and jet engines, through the evaporation of gasoline and solvents such as drycleaning fluids, from industrial and non industrial surface coating operations such as paint booths, from open burning, and other combustion sources. The ozone NAAQS has been revised frequently. Prior to 1997, the 1 hour standard was 0.12 ppm, with a violation occurring at more than three exceedances. In 1997, the standard was supplanted with an 8 hour average of 0.08 ppm where a violation occurred when the annual 4 th highest daily maximum 8 hour concentration averaged over three years exceeded the standard. In 2006, the 1 hour standard was revoked. Then, in 2008 the 8 hour standard was lowered to ppm (75 ppb). In 2015 the standard was revised to ppm, where a violation occurs when the annual 4 th highest daily maximum 8 hour average concentration averaged over three years exceeds the standard. Sampling Method Ozone is monitored continuously during the ozone season, April 1 through October 31. Beginning in 2017, the ozone season will begin March 1 and extend thru October 31. Middletown Ozone Site An ozone analyzer operates using ultraviolet absorption. The air sample is drawn into the analyzer and irradiated with an ultraviolet light of nanometers wavelength. The amount of light absorbed is related to the amount of ozone present. Table 13 through Table 18 on the following pages summarize key data statistics in 2016 for the 52 O 3 sites in Ohio. All concentrations for ozone are reported in parts per million (ppm). Page 45

54 Ozone 1 hour (parts per million) Table 13. O 3 1 Hour Summary Statistics Valid Days Measured Number of Days in Season 1st 2nd 3rd 4th County Site ID POC City Max Max Max Max Allen Lima Ashtabula Conneaut Butler Hamilton Butler Middletown Butler Not in a city Clark Springfield Clark Enon Clermont Batavia Clinton Not in a city Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Berea Cuyahoga Mayfield Delaware Delaware Fayette Not in a city Franklin New Albany Franklin Columbus Franklin Columbus Geauga Not in a city Greene Xenia Hamilton Blue Ash Hamilton Cleves Hamilton Cincinnati Jefferson Steubenville Knox Centerburg Lake Eastlake Lake Painesville Lawrence Not in a city Lawrence Ironton Licking Heath Lorain Sheffield Lucas Toledo Lucas Waterville Lucas Not in a city Lucas Not in a city Madison Not in a city Mahoning Youngstown Medina Not in a city Miami Casstown Days Max > NAAQS Page 46

55 Ozone 1 hour (parts per million) Valid Days Measured Number of Days in Season 1st 2nd 3rd 4th County Site ID POC City Max Max Max Max Montgomery Dayton Noble Not in a city Portage Not in a city Preble New Paris Stark Canton Stark Brewster Stark Alliance Summit Akron Trumbull Not in a city Trumbull Not in a city Warren Lebanon Washington Marietta Wood Bowling Days Max > NAAQS Page 47

56 Page 48 Ozone 8 hour (parts per million) Table 14. O 3 8 Hour Summary Statistics Valid Days Measured Number of Days in Season County Site ID POC City Obs % Obs 1st Max 2nd Max 3rd Max 4th Max Allen Lima Ashtabula Conneaut Butler Hamilton Butler Middletown Butler Not in a city Clark Springfield Clark Enon Clermont Batavia Clinton Not in a city Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Berea Cuyahoga Mayfield Delaware Delaware Fayette Not in a city Franklin New Albany Franklin Columbus Franklin Columbus Geauga Not in a city Greene Xenia Hamilton Blue Ash Hamilton Cleves Hamilton Cincinnati Jefferson Steubenville Knox Centerburg Lake Eastlake Lake Painesville Lawrence Not in a city Lawrence Ironton Licking Heath Days > NAAQS

57 Ozone 8 hour (parts per million) County Site ID POC City Obs % Obs Valid Days Measured Number of Days in Season 1st Max 2nd Max 3rd Max 4th Max Days > NAAQS Lorain Sheffield Lucas Toledo Lucas Waterville Lucas Not in a city Lucas Not in a city Madison Not in a city Mahoning Youngstown Medina Not in a city Miami Casstown Montgomery Dayton Noble Not in a city Portage Not in a city Preble New Paris Stark Canton Stark Brewster Stark Alliance Summit Akron Trumbull Not in a city Trumbull Not in a city Warren Lebanon Washington Marietta Wood Bowling Page 49

58 Table 15. Three year Average of 4 th High 8 Hour O 3 Averages 4th high in Year 3 Year Site ID County City Average Allen Lima Ashtabula Conneaut Hamilton Butler Middletown Springfield Clark Clermont Clinton Cleveland Cleveland Cuyahoga Berea Mayfield Delaware New Albany Franklin Columbus Columbus Geauga Greene Xenia Hamilton Cincinnati Jefferson Steubenville Knox Eastlake Lake Painesville Lawrence Ironton Licking Heath Lorain Lorain Toledo Waterville Lucas Toledo Toledo Madison Mahoning Youngstown Medina Miami Montgomery Dayton Portage Preble Canton Stark Brewster Alliance Summit Akron Trumbull Kinsman Warren Lebanon Washington Marietta Wood Bowling Green = insufficient data for valid statistical average Page 50

59 Table 16. Count of Ozone Exceedances and Date Occurred ( ) Year 1 hr date Exceedances/Sites 8 hour date Exceedances/Sites May 14/50 8 April 1121/ June 1/48 29 April 326/ June 2/50 8 April 738/ June 22/50 23 May 1436/ June 22/50 15 April 458/ None 0/50 8 April 178/ June 5/49 10 April 688/ None 0/49 27 May 236/ None 0/49 22 April 541/ None 0/49 17 April 171/ None 0/49 20 May 31/ None 0/49 2 April 163/ None 0/49 4 June 215/ None 0/48 15 May 329/ None 0/48 15 May 14/ None 0/48 21 April 11/ None 0/48 6 May 16/ None 0/48 17 April 168/48 Note: The 8 hour exceedance value used is ppm. Table 17. Last Ozone Exceedance Dates 1 Hr Standard >120 ppb ( ) Year Date Sites Max value (ppb) August July August August August August August September July June August September June None August None None None None None None None None None None None Page 51

60 Table 18. Last Ozone Exceedance Dates 8 Hr Standard >75 ppb ( ) Year Date Sites Max Value (ppb) October September September October October October October October October September September September September September October August October September June October September August September July July September 9 76 Page 52

61 H. Lead (Pb) Airborne lead (Pb) was historically caused by vehicles using leaded fuels. Now the primary sources of airborne lead include lead smelting facilities, lead acid storage battery manufacturing plants and other manufacturing operations. In the period from 1978 to 1991, lead concentrations at traffic oriented sites dropped by over 90%, reflecting the removal of lead from gasoline. In 1999, the U.S. EPA eliminated the requirement for trafficoriented sites and shifted focus to monitoring at industrial sources. Ohio EPA discontinued monitoring at traffic oriented sites in East Liverpool Lead Site In November of 2008, U.S. EPA changed the NAAQS for lead from 1.5 µg/m 3 as a calendar quarter average to a lower standard of 0.15 µg/m 3 as a rolling three month average. This revised standard is designed to provide increased protection to the public, particularly children. The newest lead standard requires monitoring at lead sources that report emissions of greater than 0.5 tons per year. In 2016, lead monitoring is required at NCore sites in Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) of 500,000 or more persons. There are three sites in Ohio that meet this criteria: Cincinnati, Cleveland and Dayton. Sampling Method Lead concentrations in ambient air are determined by the U.S EPA reference method. Lead samples are collected as total suspended particulate matter (TSP) on glass fiber filters according to 40 CFR Part 50, Appendix B, Reference method for the Determination of Suspended Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere. These filters are then analyzed by the manual Equivalent method: EQL , Heated Nitric Acid Hot Block Digestion and ICP/MS analysis for Lead (Pb) on TSP High volume filters. In this method, one ¾ x 8 portion or strip, of the TSP filter is dissolved in a solution of nitric acid, heated on a hot block, on which the solution is reduced to final volume for analysis. The extracted solution is then analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, (ICP/MS) to determine the amount of lead collected on the original filter. Sites that are being used to meet monitoring network requirements have individual sampling events (days) analyzed. Concentrations are reported in micrograms per cubic meter of air (µg/m 3 ). Table 19 summarizes key data statistics in 2016 for the 17 Lead sites in Ohio. Page 53

62 Table 19. Lead Summary Statistics County Site ID City Max 3 Month Average Month of Max Valid Months Columbiana East Liverpool.02 November 11 Columbiana East Liverpool.01 January 12 Columbiana East Liverpool.01 January 1 Columbiana East Liverpool.01 May 11 Cuyahoga Cleveland.01 January 12 Cuyahoga Cleveland.01 January 12 Cuyahoga Cleveland.02 July 12 Cuyahoga Cleveland.01 January 8 Cuyahoga Cleveland.03 May 12 Cuyahoga Warrensville Heights.01 January 7 Franklin Columbus.01 January 12 Fulton Delta.12 December 12 Logan Bellefontaine 0 January 11 Marion Marion.02 January 12 Marion Marion.01 January 12 Montgomery Moraine 0 January 12 Washington Marietta 0 January 12 Page 54

63 V. AIR TOXICS MONITORING 2016 A. Introduction Ohio EPA operates a network of air toxics monitors as part of a state wide Air Toxics Monitoring Program (ATMP). This sampling network is modeled after programs and methods recommended by U.S. EPA. The emphasis has been on urban toxics monitoring for volatile organic compounds and heavy metals. Following this introduction, there are brief sections describing sampling and analytical procedures for the pollutants monitored. The principle focus of the ATMP is urban monitoring looking for risk areas where people live. In support of this effort, air toxics monitoring has concentrated on the following groups of compounds: volatile organic compounds (VOC) examples: benzene, chloroform, styrene, toluene heavy metals examples: beryllium, manganese Intermittent air sampling has been conducted at semi permanent monitoring sites (where monitoring extends beyond a six month period) for VOCs and heavy metals. Table 20 provides a list of the volatile organic compounds measured by the VOC analysis method. The list of measured metals is included in the metals description section. Page 55

64 Semi permanent monitoring projects have been conducted in the following areas of Ohio for VOC and/or metals for urban areas or source related monitoring: City VOC Metals Cleveland Urban Urban Columbus Urban Urban Marietta Source Delta Source East Liverpool Source Steubenville Urban Marion Urban Bellefontaine Urban Elmore Urban Throughout 2016, Ohio EPA has worked to expand sampling at semi permanent sites with an emphasis on smaller urban areas. Future sampling projects will involve additional sampling locations or reallocation of current resources to other locations. Expanded air toxics sampling will involve adding other parameters to existing sites and expanding the use of short term sampling. Past sampling efforts have included: Cross Media pollution monitoring Urban air toxics Great Lakes deposition monitoring Source monitoring Post remediation Monitoring Complaint investigation Emergency Episode Monitoring Emissions verification During 2016, DAPC was involved in several minor monitoring projects throughout the state. Data from the more extensive projects were included along with the routine sampling in this report. The sampling and analytical methods for VOCs and heavy metals are described below. B. Volatile Organic Compound Sampling and Analysis Sampling Method A major component of the Air Toxics Monitoring Program is ambient sampling for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are compounds that are generally found in the vapor state. Most VOC samples were collected using a whole air sampling system that pumps ambient air into a stainless steel canister, which allows an air sample to be maintained virtually unchanged until it is analyzed. Samples can also be collected using only the vacuum of the canister to draw in an air sample. These vacuum filled grab samples usually take only a few minutes to collect and are useful for collecting transient odors or potentially high concentration samples. Ohio EPA is now capable of collecting specific samples for 1, 3, 8, and 24 hours using this grab sampling method. Page 56

65 Samples at the semi permanent sampling sites are collected consistent with the national air toxics monitoring schedule of once every 12 th day or even once every 6 th day over a 24 hour sampling period. Specific procedures for this type of sampling can be found in U.S. EPA s Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compound in Ambient Air in the section TO 15. Analysis The volatile tendency of VOCs allows them to be vaporized when heated, if not already in a gaseous state, and injected into an analytical device called a gas chromatograph (GC). As a sample passes through a GC column, various compounds separate out of the sample mixture. As the individual compounds exit the column, a detector records a response. That response is illustrated on a chromatogram as a peak, the area of which indicates the concentration of the compound. Compound identification is accomplished by comparing peak retention times with those from a chromatogram of a known mixture of compounds. Retention time is the time it takes for a particular compound to reach the detector. As long as analytical conditions remain the same, a compound from one analysis to the next will have the same retention time. The GC is combined with a special detector called a mass spectrometer (MS). The combination, GC/MS, analyzes a sample by separating it into its individual components which form a fingerprint by which a compound can be identified. Almost all of canister samples collected by DAPC were analyzed by the Ohio EPA Division of Environmental Services (DES). Analytical procedures performed by the laboratory targeted a list of over 80 VOCs for identification and quantitation. For most of the target compounds, DES has a Reportable Limit (RL) of 0.1 ppbv, although some compounds have RL equal or greater than 0.2 ppbv, depending on the sample concentration. In this report the minimum concentration detected, which can be lower than the RL for some parameters, is reported. This is to illustrate all compounds detected. Additional compounds can be detected and tentatively identified during the analysis of VOC samples. However, due to uncertainty involved with identification of these additional, non target compounds, they are not included in this report. Tables on the following pages summarize data from routine canister samples collected during 2016, beginning with Table 20, which is the target compound list. The table that follows (Table 21) summarizes state wide results for 24 hour samples of each target compound; 262 samples were collected at eight permanent and semi permanent VOC monitoring sites. Table 22 identifies the site location and references the respective tables in this report summarizing each site s results. Target compounds not detected state wide, indicated by ND in Table 21, have been removed from the site specific summary tables. Page 57

66 Page 58 Table 20. DES VOC Target Compound List For TO 15 Analysis CAS # Compound Name CAS # Compound Name CAS # Compound Name Acetone ,4-Dichlorobenzene n Pentane Acetonitrile Dichlorodifluoromethane n Propylbenzene Acrolein ,1-Dichloroethane Propylene Acrylonitrile ,2-Dichloroethane Styrene Benzene ,1-Dichloroethene ,1,2,2 Tetrachloroethane Benzyl chloride cis-1,2-dichloroethene Tetrachloroethylene Bromodichloromethane trans-1,2-dichloroethene Tetrahydrofuran Bromoform ,2-Dichloropropane Toluene Bromomethane cis-1,3-dichloropropene ,1,2 Trichloro 1,2, ,3 Butadiene trans-1,3-dichloropropene ,2,4-Trichlorobenzene n Butane ,4-Dioxane ,1,1-Trichloroethane Butanone Ethanol ,1,2-Trichloroethane Carbon disulfide Ethyl acetate Trichloroethene Carbon tetrachloride Ethylbenzene Trichlorofluoromethane Chlorobenzene Ethyltoluene ,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Chlorodifluoromethane n Heptane ,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Chloroethane Hexachlorobutadiene ,2,4-Trimethylpentane Chloroform Hexane n-undecane Chloromethane Hexanone Vinyl acetate Chloropropene Isopropyl alcohol Vinyl bromide o Chlorotoluene Methyl methacrylate Vinyl chloride Cumene Methyl 2 pentanone o-xylene Cyclohexane Methyl 2 propanol Total m&p-xylenes Decane Methyl butyl ether Dibromochloromethane Methylene chloride ,2 Dibromoethane a Methylstyrene Dibromomethane Naphthalene ,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane n Nonane ,2-Dichlorobenzene n Octane ,3-Dichlorobenzene Propane

67 Page 59 Compound Table 21. VOC Summary of Statewide Canister Data Concentration (ppbv) Reporting Limit Minimum Average Maximum Frequency Detected Acetone Acetonitrile Acrolein Acrylonitrile Benzene Benzyl chloride Bromodichloromethane 0.1 ND ND ND 0 Bromoform Bromomethane ,3 Butadiene n Butane Butanone Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloride Chlorobenzene Chlorodifluoromethane Chloroethane Chloroform Chloromethane Chloropropene o Chlorotoluene Cumene Cyclohexane Decane Dibromochloromethane ,2 Dibromoethane Dibromomethane 0.1 ND ND ND 0 1,2 Dichloro 1,1,2,2 Tetrafluoroethane ,2 Dichlorobenzene ,3 Dichlorobenzene ,4 Dichlorobenzene Dichlorodifluoromethane ,1 Dichloroethane ,2 Dichloroethane ,1 Dichloroethene 0.1 ND ND ND 0 cis 1,2 Dichloroethene trans 1,2 Dichloroethene 0.1 ND ND ND 0 1,2 Dichloropropane 0.1 ND ND ND 0 cis 1,3 Dichloropropene 0.1 ND ND ND 0 trans 1,3 Dichloropropene 0.2 ND ND ND 0 1,4 Dioxane 0.2 ND ND ND 0 Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethylbenzene

68 Compound Concentration (ppbv) Reporting Limit Minimum Average Maximum Frequency Detected 4 Ethyltoluene n Heptane Hexachlorobutadiene Hexane Hexanone Isopropyl alcohol Methyl methacrylate Methyl 2 pentanone Methyl 2 propanol Methyl butyl ether 0.1 ND ND ND 0 Methylene chloride a Methylstyrene Naphthalene n Nonane n Octane Propane n Pentane n Propylbenzene Propylene Styrene ,1,2,2 Tetrachloroethane Tetrachloroethylene Tetrahydrofuran Toluene ,1,2 Trichloro 1,2,2 Trifluoroethane ,2,4 Trichlorobenzene ,1,1 Trichloroethane ,1,2 Trichloroethane 0.1 ND ND ND 0 Trichloroethene Trichlorofluoromethane ,2,4 Trimethylbenzene ,3,5 Trimethylbenzene ,2,4 Trimethylpentane n Undecane Vinyl acetate Vinyl bromide 0.1 ND ND ND 0 Vinyl chloride 0.1 ND ND ND 0 o Xylene Total m&p xylenes Page 60

69 Table 22. VOC Sampling Site Identification AQS # City County Address Table (page #) Columbus Franklin 1 Korbel Ave. Table 23 (62) Columbus Franklin E. Woodrow Ave. Table 24 (64) Columbus Franklin Smoky Row Rd. Table 25 (66) Cleveland Cuyahoga St. Tikhon Ave. Table 26 (68) Cleveland Cuyahoga Holland Rd. Table 27 (70) Steubenville Jefferson 618 Logan St. Table 28 (72) AQS not assigned Chillicothe Ross Water Plant 501 Back Rd. Table 29 (74) AQS not assigned Carrollton Carroll 5269 Cobbler Rd. Table 30 (76) Canister inventory used for VOC sampling Page 61

70 Table 23. VOC Site specific Summary: Franklin County 1 ( ) Concentration (ppbv) Frequency Compound list Minimum Average Maximum Detected Acetone Acetonitrile Acrolein Acrylonitrile Benzene Benzyl chloride Bromoform ND ND ND 0 Bromomethane ,3 Butadiene n Butane Butanone Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloride Chlorobenzene Chlorodifluoromethane Chloroethane Chloroform Chloromethane Chloropropene ND ND ND 0 o Chlorotoluene ND ND ND 0 Cumene Cyclohexane Decane Dibromochloromethane ND ND ND 0 1,2 Dibromoethane ND ND ND 0 1,2 Dichloro 1,1,2,2 Tetrafluoroethane ,2 Dichlorobenzene ND ND ND 0 1,3 Dichlorobenzene ,4 Dichlorobenzene Dichlorodifluoromethane ,1 Dichloroethane ND ND ND 0 1,2 Dichloroethane cis 1,2 Dichloroethene ND ND ND 0 Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethylbenzene Ethyltoluene n Heptane Page 62

71 Concentration (ppbv) Frequency Compound list Minimum Average Maximum Detected Hexachlorobutadiene Hexane Hexanone Isopropyl alcohol Methyl methacrylate Methyl 2 pentanone Methyl 2 propanol Methylene chloride a Methylstyrene Naphthalene n Nonane n Octane Propane n Pentane n Propylbenzene Propylene Styrene ,1,2,2 Tetrachloroethane Tetrachloroethylene Tetrahydrofuran Toluene ,1,2 Trichloro 1,2,2 Trifluoroethane ,2,4 Trichlorobenzene ,1,1 Trichloroethane ND ND ND 0 Trichloroethene Trichlorofluoromethane ,2,4 Trimethylbenzene ,3,5 Trimethylbenzene ,2,4 Trimethylpentane n Undecane Vinyl acetate o Xylene Total m&p xylenes ND = not detected at this site in 2016 Page 63

72 Table 24. VOC Site specific Summary: Franklin County 2 ( ) Concentration ppbv Frequency Compound list Minimum Average Maximum Detected Acetone Acetonitrile Acrolein Acrylonitrile Benzene Benzyl chloride Bromoform Bromomethane ,3 Butadiene n Butane Butanone Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloride Chlorobenzene Chlorodifluoromethane Chloroethane Chloroform Chloromethane Chloropropene ND ND ND 0 o Chlorotoluene ND ND ND 0 Cumene Cyclohexane Decane Dibromochloromethane ND ND ND 0 1,2 Dibromoethane ND ND ND 0 1,2 Dichloro 1,1,2,2 Tetrafluoroethane ,2 Dichlorobenzene ND ND ND 0 1,3 Dichlorobenzene ,4 Dichlorobenzene Dichlorodifluoromethane ,1 Dichloroethane ND ND ND 0 1,2 Dichloroethane cis 1,2 Dichloroethene Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethylbenzene Ethyltoluene n Heptane Page 64

73 Concentration ppbv Frequency Compound list Minimum Average Maximum Detected Hexachlorobutadiene ND ND ND 0 Hexane Hexanone Isopropyl alcohol Methyl methacrylate Methyl 2 pentanone Methyl 2 propanol Methylene chloride a Methylstyrene Naphthalene n Nonane n Octane Propane n Pentane n Propylbenzene Propylene Styrene ,1,2,2 Tetrachloroethane Tetrachloroethylene Tetrahydrofuran Toluene ,1,2 Trichloro 1,2,2 Trifluoroethane ,2,4 Trichlorobenzene ,1,1 Trichloroethane ND ND ND 0 Trichloroethene Trichlorofluoromethane ,2,4 Trimethylbenzene ,3,5 Trimethylbenzene ,2,4 Trimethylpentane n Undecane Vinyl acetate o Xylene Total m&p xylenes ND = not detected at this site in 2016 Page 65

74 Table 25. VOC Site specific Summary: Franklin County 3 ( ) Concentration ppbv Frequency Compound list Minimum Average Maximum Detected Acetone Acetonitrile Acrolein Acrylonitrile ND ND ND 0 Benzene Benzyl chloride Bromoform ND ND ND 0 Bromomethane ND ND ND 0 1,3 Butadiene n Butane Butanone Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloride Chlorobenzene ND ND ND 0 Chlorodifluoromethane Chloroethane Chloroform Chloromethane Chloropropene ND ND ND 0 o Chlorotoluene ND ND ND 0 Cumene Cyclohexane Decane Dibromochloromethane ND ND ND 0 1,2 Dibromoethane ND ND ND 0 1,2 Dichloro 1,1,2,2 Tetrafluoroethane ,2 Dichlorobenzene ND ND ND 0 1,3 Dichlorobenzene ND ND ND 0 1,4 Dichlorobenzene ND ND ND 0 Dichlorodifluoromethane ,1 Dichloroethane ,2 Dichloroethane cis 1,2 Dichloroethene ND ND ND 0 Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethylbenzene Ethyltoluene n Heptane Page 66

75 Concentration ppbv Frequency Compound list Minimum Average Maximum Detected Hexachlorobutadiene Hexane Hexanone Isopropyl alcohol Methyl methacrylate ND ND ND 0 4 Methyl 2 pentanone Methyl 2 propanol Methylene chloride a Methylstyrene Naphthalene n Nonane n Octane Propane n Pentane n Propylbenzene Propylene Styrene ,1,2,2 Tetrachloroethane ND ND ND 0 Tetrachloroethylene Tetrahydrofuran Toluene ,1,2 Trichloro 1,2,2 Trifluoroethane ,2,4 Trichlorobenzene ND ND ND 0 1,1,1 Trichloroethane Trichloroethene Trichlorofluoromethane ,2,4 Trimethylbenzene ,3,5 Trimethylbenzene ,2,4 Trimethylpentane n Undecane Vinyl acetate o Xylene Total m&p xylenes ND = not detected at this site in 2016 Page 67

76 Table 26. VOC Site specific Summary: Cuyahoga County 1 ( ) Concentration ppbv Frequency Compound list Minimum Average Maximum Detected Acetone Acetonitrile Acrolein Acrylonitrile ND ND ND 0 Benzene Benzyl chloride Bromoform Bromomethane ,3 Butadiene n Butane Butanone Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloride Chlorobenzene ND ND ND 0 Chlorodifluoromethane Chloroethane Chloroform Chloromethane Chloropropene o Chlorotoluene ND ND ND 0 Cumene Cyclohexane Decane Dibromochloromethane ND ND ND 0 1,2 Dibromoethane ND ND ND 0 1,2 Dichloro 1,1,2,2 Tetrafluoroethane ,2 Dichlorobenzene ,3 Dichlorobenzene ,4 Dichlorobenzene Dichlorodifluoromethane ,1 Dichloroethane ND ND ND 0 1,2 Dichloroethane cis 1,2 Dichloroethene ND ND ND 0 Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethylbenzene Ethyltoluene n Heptane Page 68

77 Concentration ppbv Frequency Compound list Minimum Average Maximum Detected Hexachlorobutadiene Hexane Hexanone Isopropyl alcohol Methyl methacrylate ND ND ND 0 4 Methyl 2 pentanone Methyl 2 propanol Methylene chloride a Methylstyrene Naphthalene n Nonane n Octane Propane n Pentane n Propylbenzene Propylene Styrene ,1,2,2 Tetrachloroethane Tetrachloroethylene Tetrahydrofuran Toluene ,1,2 Trichloro 1,2,2 Trifluoroethane ,2,4 Trichlorobenzene ,1,1 Trichloroethane ND ND ND 0 Trichloroethene Trichlorofluoromethane ,2,4 Trimethylbenzene ,3,5 Trimethylbenzene ,2,4 Trimethylpentane n Undecane Vinyl acetate o Xylene Total m&p xylenes ND = not detected at this site in 2016 Page 69

78 Table 27. VOC Site specific Summary: Cuyahoga County 2 ( ) Concentration ppbv Frequency Compound list Minimum Average Maximum Detected Acetone Acetonitrile Acrolein Acrylonitrile Benzene Benzyl chloride Bromoform Bromomethane ,3 Butadiene n Butane Butanone Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloride Chlorobenzene Chlorodifluoromethane Chloroethane Chloroform Chloromethane Chloropropene ND ND ND 0 o Chlorotoluene Cumene Cyclohexane Decane Dibromochloromethane ,2 Dibromoethane ,2 Dichloro 1,1,2,2 Tetrafluoroethane ,2 Dichlorobenzene ,3 Dichlorobenzene ,4 Dichlorobenzene Dichlorodifluoromethane ,1 Dichloroethane ND ND ND 0 1,2 Dichloroethane cis 1,2 Dichloroethene ND ND ND 0 Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethylbenzene Ethyltoluene n Heptane Page 70

79 Concentration ppbv Frequency Compound list Minimum Average Maximum Detected Hexachlorobutadiene Hexane Hexanone Isopropyl alcohol Methyl methacrylate ND ND ND 0 4 Methyl 2 pentanone Methyl 2 propanol Methylene chloride a Methylstyrene Naphthalene n Nonane n Octane Propane n Pentane n Propylbenzene Propylene Styrene ,1,2,2 Tetrachloroethane Tetrachloroethylene Tetrahydrofuran Toluene ,1,2 Trichloro 1,2,2 Trifluoroethane ,2,4 Trichlorobenzene ,1,1 Trichloroethane ND ND ND 0 Trichloroethene Trichlorofluoromethane ,2,4 Trimethylbenzene ,3,5 Trimethylbenzene ,2,4 Trimethylpentane n Undecane Vinyl acetate o Xylene Total m&p xylenes ND = not detected at this site in 2016 Page 71

80 Table 28. VOC Site specific Summary: Jefferson County ( ) Concentration ppbv Frequency Compound list Minimum Average Maximum Detected Acetone Acetonitrile Acrolein Acrylonitrile Benzene Benzyl chloride Bromoform ND ND ND 0 Bromomethane ,3 Butadiene n Butane Butanone Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloride Chlorobenzene Chlorodifluoromethane Chloroethane Chloroform Chloromethane Chloropropene ND ND ND 0 o Chlorotoluene ND ND ND 0 Cumene Cyclohexane Decane Dibromochloromethane ND ND ND 0 1,2 Dibromoethane ND ND ND 0 1,2 Dichloro 1,1,2,2 Tetrafluoroethane ,2 Dichlorobenzene ND ND ND 0 1,3 Dichlorobenzene ,4 Dichlorobenzene Dichlorodifluoromethane ,1 Dichloroethane ND ND ND 0 1,2 Dichloroethane cis 1,2 Dichloroethene ND ND ND 0 Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethylbenzene Ethyltoluene n Heptane Page 72

81 Concentration ppbv Frequency Compound list Minimum Average Maximum Detected Hexachlorobutadiene Hexane Hexanone Isopropyl alcohol Methyl methacrylate ND ND ND 0 4 Methyl 2 pentanone Methyl 2 propanol Methylene chloride a Methylstyrene Naphthalene n Nonane n Octane Propane n Pentane n Propylbenzene Propylene Styrene ,1,2,2 Tetrachloroethane ND ND ND 0 Tetrachloroethylene Tetrahydrofuran Toluene ,1,2 Trichloro 1,2,2 Trifluoroethane ,2,4 Trichlorobenzene ,1,1 Trichloroethane ND ND ND 0 Trichloroethene Trichlorofluoromethane ,2,4 Trimethylbenzene ,3,5 Trimethylbenzene ,2,4 Trimethylpentane n Undecane Vinyl acetate o Xylene Total m&p xylenes ND = not detected at this site in 2016 Page 73

82 Table 29. VOC Site specific Summary: Ross County (AQS not assigned) Concentration ppbv Frequency Compound list Minimum Average Maximum Detected Acetone Acetonitrile Acrolein Acrylonitrile ND ND ND 0 Benzene Benzyl chloride Bromoform ND ND ND 0 Bromomethane ND ND ND 0 1,3 Butadiene n Butane Butanone Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloride Chlorobenzene ND ND ND 0 Chlorodifluoromethane Chloroethane Chloroform Chloromethane Chloropropene ND ND ND 0 o Chlorotoluene ND ND ND 0 Cumene Cyclohexane Decane Dibromochloromethane ND ND ND 0 1,2 Dibromoethane ND ND ND 0 1,2 Dichloro 1,1,2,2 Tetrafluoroethane ,2 Dichlorobenzene ND ND ND 0 1,3 Dichlorobenzene ,4 Dichlorobenzene Dichlorodifluoromethane ,1 Dichloroethane ND ND ND 0 1,2 Dichloroethane cis 1,2 Dichloroethene ND ND ND 0 Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethylbenzene Ethyltoluene n Heptane Page 74

83 Concentration ppbv Frequency Compound list Minimum Average Maximum Detected Hexachlorobutadiene ND ND ND 0 Hexane Hexanone Isopropyl alcohol Methyl methacrylate ND ND ND 0 4 Methyl 2 pentanone Methyl 2 propanol Methylene chloride a Methylstyrene Naphthalene n Nonane n Octane Propane n Pentane n Propylbenzene ND ND ND 0 Propylene Styrene ND ND ND 0 1,1,2,2 Tetrachloroethane ND ND ND 0 Tetrachloroethylene Tetrahydrofuran Toluene ,1,2 Trichloro 1,2,2 Trifluoroethane ,2,4 Trichlorobenzene ,1,1 Trichloroethane Trichloroethene ND ND ND 0 Trichlorofluoromethane ,2,4 Trimethylbenzene ,3,5 Trimethylbenzene ,2,4 Trimethylpentane n Undecane Vinyl acetate o Xylene Total m&p xylenes ND = not detected at this site in 2016 Page 75

84 Table 30. VOC Site specific Summary: Carroll County (AQS not assigned) Concentration ppbv Frequency Compound list Minimum Average Maximum Detected Acetone Acetonitrile Acrolein Acrylonitrile Benzene Benzyl chloride ND ND ND 0 Bromoform Bromomethane ,3 Butadiene n Butane Butanone Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloride Chlorobenzene Chlorodifluoromethane Chloroethane Chloroform Chloromethane Chloropropene ND ND ND 0 o Chlorotoluene ND ND ND 0 Cumene ND ND ND 0 Cyclohexane Decane Dibromochloromethane ND ND ND 0 1,2 Dibromoethane ,2 Dichloro 1,1,2,2 Tetrafluoroethane ,2 Dichlorobenzene ,3 Dichlorobenzene ,4 Dichlorobenzene Dichlorodifluoromethane ,1 Dichloroethane ,2 Dichloroethane cis 1,2 Dichloroethene ND ND ND 0 Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethylbenzene Ethyltoluene n Heptane Page 76

85 Concentration ppbv Frequency Compound list Minimum Average Maximum Detected Hexachlorobutadiene Hexane Hexanone Isopropyl alcohol Methyl methacrylate ND ND ND 0 4 Methyl 2 pentanone Methyl 2 propanol Methylene chloride a Methylstyrene Naphthalene n Nonane n Octane Propane n Pentane n Propylbenzene Propylene Styrene ,1,2,2 Tetrachloroethane Tetrachloroethylene Tetrahydrofuran Toluene ,1,2 Trichloro 1,2,2 Trifluoroethane ,2,4 Trichlorobenzene ,1,1 Trichloroethane Trichloroethene Trichlorofluoromethane ,2,4 Trimethylbenzene ,3,5 Trimethylbenzene ,2,4 Trimethylpentane n Undecane Vinyl acetate o Xylene Total m&p xylenes ND = not detected at this site in 2016 Page 77

86 C. Heavy Metals Sampling and Analysis Sampling Method Ambient air toxic monitoring by Ohio EPA DAPC for heavy metals other than lead was initiated in Since that time, all of DAPC s air filter samples have been analyzed by the Ohio EPA Division of Environmental Services (DES). A summary of results can be found in tables on the following pages. Sampling for heavy metals is conducted using a high volume total suspended particulate (TSP) sampler with a glass fiber filter. Sampling is conducted by 24 hour samples collected once every six days. The operating procedures for lead can be found in the Code of Federal Regulations, 40 CFR, Part 50, Appendix G. These basic procedures are also used for other metals. Analysis For this report, filters collected at each site were analyzed as a monthly composite. Typically, there are 5 sampling days in which a filter is collected. One strip is cut from the individual filter and combined with strips from all the filters collected that month and analyzed as one sample for the month. These composite samples are acid extracted with the resulting solution analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP/MS) similar to the method used for the determination of Lead from TSP filters. The method measures element emitted light by optical spectrometry. D. Heavy Metals Parameters Lead was the first NAAQS criteria pollutant for a metal in ambient air. Over the years, DAPC added other metals to the analysis program. As lead was phased out of gasoline other metals have risen to greater concern. With establishment of a new NAAQS for lead, 0.15 µg/m³, from the previous standard of 1.5 µg/m³ and the requirement to monitor near specific sources, lead has been reestablished as a pollutant of concern. Since 2010, DAPC has had all TSP sampler filters collected analyzed for lead. For this section, data presented is from the monthly composite samples collected and analyzed for eight metals: Arsenic Cadmium Chromium Beryllium Lead 1 Nickel Zinc Manganese 1 Lead is the only parameter being monitored in the ATMP that has a National Ambient Air Quality Standard. See Section IV, page 54. Page 78

87 From each sample, most parameters are analyzed using a very sensitive ICP/MS analytical system. The following parameters, typically detected in higher concentrations, are still analyzed with the ICP method only: Iron Potassium Zinc Manganese Particulate mercury that can be detected from a glass or quartz fiber filter has been added to the parameter list for few samples from sites in communities with specific concerns about potential mercury sources. Mercury analysis for each sample is performed separately from the other metals. Total mercury is determined using a cold vapor method developed by DES. Table 31 on the following page identifies the site location and references the respective tables that follow summarizing each site s results. Page 79

88 Table 31. Metals Sampling Site Identification AQS # City County Address Table (page #) E. Liverpool 1 Columbiana 1250 St. George St. Table 32 (81) E. Liverpool 2 Columbiana 2220 Michigan Ave. Table 33 (81) E. Liverpool 3 Columbiana 500 Maryland Ave. Table 34 (81) Cleveland 1 Cuyahoga 2547 Tikhon Ave. Table 35 (82) Cleveland 2 Cuyahoga 3136 Lorain Ave. Table 36 (82) Cleveland 3 Cuyahoga 4150 East 56 th St. Table 37 (82) Cleveland 4 Cuyahoga 2650 East 14 th Ave. Table 38 (83) Cleveland 5 Cuyahoga West 3 rd St. Table 39 (83) Cleveland 6 Cuyahoga Miles Rd. Table 40 (83) Columbus Franklin 580 E. Woodrow Ave. Table 41 (84) Delta Fulton 200 Van Buren St. Table 42 (84) Marion 1 Marion Hawthorne Ave. Table 43 (84) Marion 2 Marion 640 Bellefontaine Table 44 (85) Elmore Ottawa W. St. Rt. 105 Table 45 (85) Bellefontaine Logan 320 Richard Ave. Table 46 (85) Marietta Washington Lancaster Rd. Table 47 (86) AQS not assigned Marion 3 Marion 363 West Fairgrounds Table 48 (86) Moraine Montgomery 2728 Viking Ln. Table 49 (86) Page 80

89 Table 32. Heavy Metals: E. Liverpool 1 ( ) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium Cadmium chromium lead nickel manganese zinc mercury January February 1.15 < March 0.68 < April May June July August 2.69 < September October 3.75 < November 2.01 < December 0.96 < Table 33. Heavy Metals: E. Liverpool 2 ( ) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium lead nickel manganese zinc mercury January 2.74 < February 2.1 < March 1.76 < April 2.35 < May 3.59 < June 2.93 < July 1.78 < August 1.55 < September 1.26 < October 1.84 < November 1.66 < December 0.73 < Table 34. Heavy metals: E. Liverpool 3 ( ) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium lead nickel manganese zinc mercury January 1.85 < February 1.21 < March 1.98 < April 1.94 < May 3 < June 1.85 < July 2.3 < August 2.07 < September 1.53 < October 2.75 < November 2.15 < December 0.79 < Page 81

90 Table 35. Heavy Metals: Cleveland 1 ( ) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium lead nickel manganese zinc January 1.16 < February <0.6 < March 0.9 < April May 1.92 < June 0.73 < July 2.12 < August 1.41 < September 1.09 < October 1.28 < November December 0.67 < Table 36. Heavy Metals: Cleveland 2 ( ) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium lead nickel manganese zinc January 0.98 < February 0.77 < March 0.93 < April 2.14 < May 2.46 < June 0.85 < July 2.59 < August 1.26 < September 2 < October 1.3 < November 1.16 < December <0.57 < Table 37. Heavy Metals: Cleveland 3 ( ) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium lead nickel manganese zinc January 1.08 < February 1.07 < March 1.82 < April 1.61 < May June July August 1.74 < September 2.1 < October 1.91 < November 1.6 < December 0.95 < Page 82

91 Table 38. Heavy Metals: Cleveland 4 ( ) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium lead nickel manganese zinc January February <0.70 < March 0.88 < April May June 0.8 < July 0.54 < < August September October November December Shutdown Table 39. Heavy Metals: Cleveland 5 ( ) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium lead nickel manganese zinc January February <0.7 < March April May June July 2.35 < August 1.41 < September October 1.64 < November 1.28 < December <0.67 < Table 40. Heavy Metals: Cleveland 6 ( ) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium lead nickel manganese zinc January 0.94 < February <0.69 < March April 1.31 < May 0.95 < June 0.63 < July 1.44 < August <2.74 < < <27.0 September October November Shutdown December Page 83

92 Table 41. Heavy Metals: Columbus ( ) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium lead nickel manganese zinc January 1.01 < February 0.76 < March 1.29 < April 2.38 < May 1.88 < June 1.02 < July 2.36 < August 2.02 < September 1.74 < October 1.62 < November 1.66 < December <0.60 < Table 42. Heavy Metals: Delta ( ) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium lead nickel manganese zinc January 0.74 < February <0.61 < March 0.63 < April 1.9 < May 1.23 < June 1.59 < July 1.36 < August 0.86 < September 1.13 < October 0.94 < November 0.93 < December 0.67 < Table 43. Heavy Metals: Marion 1 ( ) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium lead nickel manganese zinc mercury January 2.32 < February 1.51 < March 1.24 < April 1.68 < May 2.08 < June 1.63 < July 2.18 < August 1.24 < September 1.94 < October 1.05 < November 1.7 < December 2.39 < Page 84

93 Table 44. Heavy Metals: Marion 2 ( ) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium lead nickel manganese zinc mercury January 0.96 < February <0.62 < March 1.14 < April 2.33 < May 2.73 < June 1.11 < July 1.64 < August 1.38 < September 2.26 < October 1.07 < November 0.97 < December 0.65 < Table 45. Heavy Metals: Elmore ( ) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium lead nickel manganese zinc January February March April May June July August September October November December Table 46. Heavy Metals: Bellefontaine ( ) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium lead nickel manganese zinc January 0.53 < February 1.1 < March 0.75 < April 0.96 < May 1.12 < June 1.07 < July 1.09 < August 0.81 < September 0.66 < October 0.76 < November 1.11 < < December 0.5 < Page 85

94 Table 47. Heavy Metals: Marietta ( ) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium lead nickel manganese zinc mercury January 0.77 < February <0.56 < < March 0.63 < April 1.77 < May 1.3 < June 1.42 < July 1.46 < August 0.5 < September 0.71 < October 0.87 < November 0.98 < December <0.55 < < < Table 48. Heavy Metals: Marion 3 (AQS not assigned) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic berylliu cadmium chromium lead nickel iron manganese zinc January <2.37 < < February <2.59 <0.259 <0.609 < < March <3.666 <0.259 < < April <4.284 < < May <3.006 <0.248 < < June <2.232 < < < July < < August <2.234 < < < September <2.268 < < < October <2.26 <0.226 < < November <2.396 < < December <2.47 < < Table 49. Heavy Metals: Morain ( ) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium lead nickel manganese zinc January < February <0.7 < March < April < May < June < July < August < September < October < November < December < Page 86

95 VI. AIR QUALITY INDEX (AQI) There has been a daily reporting of ambient air quality in Ohio's major metropolitan areas in some form since A national Pollution Standards Index (PSI) was established in 1977 to report air quality. This index was adopted by Ohio EPA's District Offices and the local air agencies (LAA's) to inform the public of daily air quality. The AQI is a uniform "scaling" of five pollutants: particulate (PM 10 and PM 2.5 ), SO 2, O 3, NO 2, and CO. The concentration level of each of these is calculated every day to determine the AQI. The pollutant with the highest AQI is reported to the media. A summary of AQI index values per pollutant is found in Table 50 on the next page. When the AQI exceeds, or is expected to exceed, 100 in a major city, the agency concerned issues a "health advisory". When pollution levels exceed an AQI of 200 and are projected to persist, an "air pollution episode" exists and the Governor declares an "alert". This initiates mandatory cutbacks of emissions from specified facilities to alleviate the situation. If the AQI were to surpass 300, 400 or 500, progressively greater cutbacks would be implemented to reduce pollutants to an acceptable level. The AQI trend shows that Ohio's air quality has improved significantly. Although alerts were commonplace in the early 1970's, none have happened in over twenty years, and the number of health advisories has been greatly reduced. Page 87

96 Index Value PM 10 (µg/m 3 ) PM 2.5 (µg/m 3 ) CO (ppm) SO 2 (ppm) Table 50. Comparison of AQI Values Ozone (ppm) 1 NO 2 (ppm) 24 hr 24 hr 8 hr 24 hr 8 hr 1 hr 1 hr Color Category Green Good Yellow Moderate Orange Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups Red Unhealthy Purple Very Unhealthy (2) Maroon Hazardous 1 Areas are generally required to report the AQI based on 8 hour ozone values. The maximum of the 8 hour or 1 hour is used. 2 8 hour ozone values do not define AQI values >301. AQI values of 301 or higher then become calculated with 1 hour ozone concentrations. Page 88

97 Air Quality Index Chart AQI values for selected counties for 2016 are compiled in Table 51 below. Daily AQI values that are calculated and reported for cities in these counties may differ from those in the table. The daily AQI is based on a limited number of monitors, particularly PM 10 and PM 2.5. This table uses data from all FRM in the county. From those data the highest AQI value is chosen for each day. The table gives a general representation of relative air quality in these counties. Table 51. AQI Summary by County Days in category 1 County Highest AQI Value Good Moderate Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups Unhealthy Butler Clark Clermont Cuyahoga Franklin Geauga Hamilton Jefferson Lake Lawrence Lucas Montgomery Scioto Stark Summit Trumbull Warren Wood There were no reading in the very unhealthy or hazardous categories. Page 89

98 VII MONITORING SITES Ohio's Regional Transport NCore Site The following pages provide details on the 2016 monitoring network, including sites where VOC air toxics air monitoring is conducted. Parameters monitored at these sites are labeled as follows: Pb Lead PM10 Particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 10 µm (PM 10 ) PM25 Particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 µm (PM 2.5 ) PM25c PM 2.5 Continuous PMsp PM 2.5 Speciation PMc Coarse particulate matter, i.e., PM 10 PM 2.5 = PM coarse TSP Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) O 3 Ozone SO Sulfur Dioxide CO Carbon Monoxide NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide VOC Volatile Organic Compounds The first column of the table provides AQS codes, which have the following format: XX state code (the state code for Ohio is 39) XXX county code (odd numbers, alphabetical) XXXX site code Page 90