DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY METALS IN SEDIMENT OF COASTAL WATERS, MALAYSIA

Transcription

1 DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY METALS IN SEDIMENT OF COASTAL WATERS, MALAYSIA Noor Fazreen D.,, Mahdzir A., Musa M.N. Malaysia Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia OTEC, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia OTEC 2015 _ NOOR FAZREEN DZULKAFLI _2 SEPT15 1

2 CONTENTS INTRO: THE IMPORTANCE OF HEAVY METAL BASELINE STUDY OVERVIEW OF HEAVY METALS IN SEDIMENTS OF COASTAL WATERS (PENINSULAR MALAYSIA & SABAH,SARAWAK) PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT CONCLUDING REMARKS OTEC 2015 _ NOOR FAZREEN DZULKAFLI _2 SEPT15 2

3 INTRODUCTION IMPORTANCE OF HEAVY METAL BASELINE STUDY Sources Atmospheric deposition Heavy metal pollution in sediments as a result of rapid development of industry is a major global environmental concern. The existence of heavy metals in coastal sediments can pose serious environmental problems associated with water quality and bioaccumulation in marine organisms. Land runoff Rock weathering Anthropogenic activities Marine Environment Agriculture Urban and industrial emission Liquid effluent Concentration and distribution of heavy metals are controlled by a combination of processes including external sources (natural or anthropogenic) Fig. 1: Sources of Trace Metals in Marine Environment OTEC 2015 _ NOOR FAZREEN DZULKAFLI _2 SEPT15 3

4 PENINSULAR MALAYSIA Fig 2: Sampling stations off Peninsular Malaysia( Syaiwan et al., 2010) 4

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6 OTEC 2015 _ NOOR FAZREEN DZULKAFLI _2 SEPT15 6

7 SABAH AND SARAWAK Fig 3: Sampling stations off Sarawak and Sabah ( Shazili et al., 1997) OTEC 2015 _ NOOR FAZREEN DZULKAFLI _2 SEPT15 7

8 Al Distribution Fe Distribution Cr Distribution Mn Distribution 8

9 Cu Distribution Pb Distribution Zn Distribution 9

10 PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT Fig. 4: Map showing the location of sampling stations in the Straits of Malacca 10

11 SEDIMENT SAMPLING ANALYSIS Ponar Grab Sampler MULTI WAVELENGTH PARTICLE SIZE ANALYZER sand (> 64 μm) silt (2 μm < size < 64 μm) clay (< 64 μm) 0.06 g of sediment was placed in a Ten beaker with 1.2 ml of concentrated sediment freeze-dried, HNO 3 and 0.15 ml of HF, heated on a hot plate to 80 C and left for overnight homogenized for digestion. and powdered, Acidified PE bag TOC ANALYSIS decalcified by reaction with 4N HCl@RT, 24 h dried in an oven at 55 C, the carbonate-free samples were measured for OC in triplicates Preserve at 4 C Laboratory HEAVY METAL DETERMINATION Digest with HNO3 and hours. ICPMS; Cu, As, Pb, Zn, Cr and Cd. 11

12 RESULT & DISCUSSION PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS TOC ANALYSIS Fig. 5: Percentage of grain size distribution mg/kg TOC in Sediment TOC Fig. 6:TOC distribution in each station 12

13 RESULT & DISCUSSION mg/kg HEAVY METAL DISTRIBUTION As = (35.1 mg/kg to 1.23 mg/kg) Cd = (0.53 mg/kg to 0.98 mg/kg) Cu = (4.62 mg/kg to 1.97 mg/kg) Cr= (37.25 mg/kg to 1.87mg/kg) Zn= (15.23mg/kg to 3.45mg/kg) Pb = (10.65 mg/kg to 2.07mg/kg) Cd Cu Cr As Pb Zn station Fig.7 : Metal distribution in each station The mean heavy metal concentration in sediment at all sampling stations occurs in descending order of : Cr > As > Pb > Zn > Cu > Cd 13

14 RESULT & DISCUSSION These strong correlation of Cu, Cr and As predicted to be come from the other same sources. According to Suresh et al (2011), if the correlation coefficient between the metals is higher, metals have common sources, mutual dependence and identical behaviour during the transport. CORRELATION ANALYSIS Variable Cd Cu Cr As Pb Zn Cu Cr * As * 0.77 * Pb 0.68 * * Zn 0.75 * 0.45 * * TOC * * * Table 1: Correlation between TOC and heavy metal As, Cu, Zn,Cr = +ve correlated with TOC, indicating that the concentration of the heavy metals will increase as the organic content increased. TOC, such as humic material, has a high adsorption and complex influence on the redeposition of heavy metal. Anthropogenic heavy metals are widely adsorbed on the surface or combined with TOC in suspended solids and deposited on bottom sediment (Zhang et al., 2009). 14

15 RESULT & DISCUSSION SEDIMENT QUALITY GUIDELINE Two sets of sediment quality guidelines: -TEL (threshold effects level) and PEL (probable effects level) -ERL (effects range low) and ERM (effects range medium). These two sets of numerical SQGs were directly applied (without normalization) to assess possible risk arises from the heavy metal contamination in sediments of the study area. It is important to determine whether the concentrations of heavy metals in sediments found pose a threat to aquatic life. Sediment quality guidelines Effect TEL and guidelines PEL < TEL Not associated with adverse biological effects Between TEL-PEL May occasionally be associated with adverse biological effects > PEL Frequently associated with adverse biological effects ERL and ERM guidelines < ERL Minimal effects range Between ERL-ERM Effects would occasionally occur > ERM Effects would frequently occur Table 2: Classification of sediment guidelines (SQGs) 15

16 RESULT & DISCUSSION Sediment quality guideline Cd Cu Cr As Pb Zn TEL PEL ERL ERM Measured values (mean) TEL =bellow which adverse biological effects rarely occur. Hence, it is considered to provide a high level of protection for aquatic organisms. PEL= above which adverse biological effects frequently occurs. Hence, it is considered to provide a lower level of protection for aquatic organisms. The mean concentrations of Cd > TEL values, whereas the mean concentration of other heavy metal is lower. The level of Cd is high, however = could not be considered to present serious threat to the marine ecosystem= not exceed the PEL value. As the comparison to ERL value, all of the average heavy metals concentrations are below the ERL value, therefore, the impacts of each heavy metals is minimal to the marine environment. 16

17 Cadmium concentrations (Fig 6a) were higher at all sampling station except for Station 6 and 7. Meanwhile, Arsenic concentration was twice of the TEL in sampling Station 7. The results suggested potential biotoxicity of Cd and As in few stations. Fig. 8:Heavy metal concentration in each station 17

18 CONCLUDING REMARKS In general, heavy metals distribution in sediments of coastal waters is affected by the natural and external environmental activity. This study revealed that heavy metal concentration in sediment at all sampling stations occurs in descending order of Cr> As > Pb > Zn > Cu > Cd. The distribution of some heavy metals was found to be positively correlated with TOC with the highest positive correlation was with As. Furthermore, contamination assessment based on SQGs shows that Cd concentration was higher than the TEL value; it may occasionally be associated with adverse biological effects. We need to perform measurement especially at the potential site for OTEC plant in Malaysia. 18

19 REFERENCES C. Gong, L. Ma, H. Cheng, Y. Liu, D. Xu, B. Li, F. Liu, Y. Ren, Z. Liu, C. Zhao, K. Yang, H. Nie, and C. Lang, Characterization of the particle size fraction associated heavy metals in tropical arable soils from Hainan Island, China, J. Geochemical Explor., vol. 139, pp , Apr G. Suresh, P. Sutharsan, V. Ramasamy, and R. Venkatachalapathy, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Assessment of spatial distribution and potential ecological risk of the heavy metals in relation to granulometric contents of Veeranam lake sediments, India, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., vol. 84, pp , A. Armid, R. Shinjo, A. Zaeni, A. Sani, and R. Ruslan, The distribution of heavy metals including Pb, Cd and Cr in Kendari Bay surficial sediments., Mar. Pollut. Bull., vol. 84, no. 1 2, pp , Jul W. Zhang, H. Feng, J. Chang, J. Qu, H. Xie, and L. Yu, Heavy metal contamination in surface sediments of Yangtze River intertidal zone: an assessment from different indexes., Environ. Pollut., vol. 157, no. 5, pp , May 2009 N. A. M. Shazili, M. Kamil, and A. Rashid, Trace Metals in Surface Sediment of the South China Sea, Area II : Sarawak, Sabah and Brunei, no. 1997, pp S. Z. Zulkifli, F. Mohamat-Yusuff, T. Arai, A. Ismail, and N. Miyazaki, An assessment of selected trace elements in intertidal surface sediments collected from the Peninsular Malaysia., Environ. Monit. Assess., vol. 169, no. 1 4, pp , Oct

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