Module 8: Transboundary Water Management in the Danube Basin. H.P. Nachtnebel Dept. of Water-Atmosphere-Environment

Transcription

1 Module 8: Transboundary Water Management in the Danube Basin Dept. of Water-Atmosphere-Environment

2 Structure of presentation Recent situation in the Danube basin Identification of drivers and changes period from today Strategy for a transboundary approach Development of a transboundary cooperation Modes of cooperation Joint actions (Convention, SAP, Survey ) Analysis of benefits and deficits

3 In this presentation figures and transparencies from other institutions are used (ICPDR, Danube GEF ). These slides are highly appreciated

4 The Danube basin Political structure Economic situation and development Environmental state (water use, agriculture, wetlands, pollution)

5 Political Changes in the Danube Basin today

6 The last 20 years Collapse of Yugoslavia in a civil war ten thousands were killed, hundred thousands were expatriated New states have been established Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia- Hercegowina, Makedonia, Montenegro Politically unsettled problems (Kosovo, Transnistria) Political transition: CZ,SLW,HU,SLV,BLG,ROM,CRO are EU members MA, SE are accession states

7 Countries: Some Figures About The Basin Moldavia, Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia, Croatia, Slovenia, Hungary, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Austria, Germany Figures: Switzerland, Italy, Poland, Albania, Kosovo, Makedonia Length: 2857 km Area: km2 Population: 80 Mio.

8 COUNTRY POPULATION * of the state in DRB TOTAL AREA of the state in DRB DRB in state flag name status capita million % km 2 km 2 % % GERMANY EU CP 82,398, ,021 56, AUSTRIA EU CP 8,188, ,858 80, CZECH REPUBLIC EU CP 10,249, ,866 22, SLOVAKIA EU CP 5,430, ,845 47, HUNGARY EU CP 10,045, ,030 93, SLOVENIA EU CP 1,935, ,273 16, CROATIA Apl CP 4,422, ,542 34, SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO CP 10,655, ,350 88, BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Obs 3,989, ,129 36, BULGARIA Acs CP 7,537, ,910 47, ROMANIA Acs CP 22,271, , , MOLDOVA CP 4,439, ,843 12, UKRAINE CP 48,055, ,700 30, ICPDR TOTAL 219,618, ,877, , ALBANIA 3,582, ITALY EU 57,998, MACEDONIA 2,063, POLAND EU 38,622, SWITZERLAND 7,318, BASIN TOTAL 329,203, , , , , ,290 1, ,587, , *) as of July 2003

9 Economic development after political changes Industrial Production* ( ) CSR -40 % Hungary -32 % Romania -54 % Bulgaria -54 % Economical Growth Rate* ( ) Country * 1995* Czech Rep Hungary Romania Bulgaria

10 Economic indicators (estd. in 2002) GDP on PPP [ Euro / capita ] 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 DE AT CZ SK HU SI HR CS BA BG RO MD UA

11 Water, Agriculture and Environment

12 Water and environment Agriculture is still a quite important economic factor

13 Water and environment Agriculture is still a quite important economic factor Agriculturalal water demands are still quite high

14 Water and environment Agriculture is still a quite important economic factor Agriculturalal water demands are still quite high Substantial agricultural exports

15 Water and environment Agriculture is still a quite important economic factor Agriculturalal water demands are still quite high Substantial agricultural exports High nutrient loads (pesticides, ) from agriculture

16 Environmental Problems and Pressures Water pollution in tributary basins (also in drinking water) Nutrient load and euthrophication Sensitive ecological areas are endangered The Black Sea is endangered (it accumulates all the pollutants) Morphological changes of the rivers

17 Water pollution (1) Mismanagement of nutrients in the Danube Basin has led to severe ecological problems (deterioration of groundwater, eutrophication of rivers, lakes and the Black Sea) These problems are directly related to social and economic issues (e.g. drinking water supply, tourism and fishery as suffering sectors; agriculture, nutrition, industry and waste water management as responsible sectors).

18 BOD-Loads Conclusion: The problems are in the tributaries

19 Aquatic Pollution:

20 Other Pollution Sources (2) from Petrochemical Industries Accidential spills from mining industries, from ship collision Biological micropollutants from untreated waste waters

21 Aquatic Pollution:

22 Nonpoint Pollution in Agricultural Areas:

23 Human Intervention Numerous reservoirs for irrigation supply Water abstraction Channelisation of rivers Environmental degradation

24 Heavily Modified Water Bodies

25 Hydromorphological State of the Danube Schaffung einheitlicher Umweltstandards Dokumentation der Umweltsituation im Donauraum

26 Pressures on wetlands

27 Drivers for an improved cooperation Political changes Severe economic changes Environmental degradation (disagreement on pollution sources) Climate change All these changes demand for an improved cooperation

28 After the Political Changes in Eastern Europe a New Initiative Started: Support of the Countries to Develope New Legislation Support of the Countries in Collaboration Support to Implement the Convention 3 Major Activities: The Environmental Program for the Danube River Basin (EPDRB) The Convention for the Protection and Sustainable Use of Water Resources The Strategic Action Plan

29 Water related cooperation in the basin From bilateral to multi-lateral cooperation From national to international law The role of scientific institutions The role of NGO s The ICPDR

30 Organisational Development In 1990 an EU Program was initiated which was supported by EBRD, World Bank, Donor agencies.. The Programme Coordination Unit (PCU) was established in Brussels The office was moved in 1992 to Vienna Several activities started in the Danube basin

31 Organisational Structure

32 Towards Implementation: Structure of Collaboration Actors Financing

33 To assist the implementation of the EPDRB the Danube River Protection Convention was elaborated A legal frame for co-operation to assure the protection of water and ecological resources and their sustainable use in the Danube River Basin signed: 29 June 1994, Sofia entered into force: 22 October 1998 Permanent Secretariat: since 1 October 1999

34 Contracting Parties COUNTRY Status Since COUNTRY Status Since AUSTRIA Contracting Party 22-Oct-98 MOLDOVA Contracting Party 29-Aug-99 BULGARIA Contracting Party 02-Aug-99 ROMANIA Contracting Party 22-Oct-98 CROATIA Contracting Party 22-Oct-98 SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO Contracting Party 19-Aug-03 CZECH REPUBLIC Contracting Party 22-Oct-98 SLOVAKIA Contracting Party 22-Aug-98 EUROPEAN UNION Contracting Party 22-Oct-98 SLOVENIA Contracting Party 22-Aug-98 GERMANY Contracting Party 22-Oct-98 UKRAINE Contracting Party 13-Mar-03 HUNGARY Contracting Party 22-Oct-98 BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Contracting Party 11-Jul-05

35 Observers OBSERVER ORGANISATION Abbreviation DANUBE COMMISSION WORLD WIDE FOUND FOR NATURE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR DANUBE RESEARCH CONVENTION ON WETLANDS OF INTL. IMPORTANCE ESP. AS WATERFAWL HABITAT DANUBE ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CENTRE INTENATIONAL COMMISSION FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE BLACK SEA GLOBAL WATER PARTNERSHIP UNESCO - INTERNATIONAL HYDROLOGICAL PROGRAMME INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR WATER WORKS IN THE DANUBE BASIN DANUBE TOURIST COMMISSION DC WWF IAD RAMSAR DEF REC BSC GWP IHP IAWD DIE DONAU

36 The International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River ( ICPDR ) has been established to implement the objectives and provisions and to achieve the goals of the Danube River Protection Convention Photo WWF

37 Organisational Structure CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES Standing Working Group co-ordinate the ICPDR work between meetings prepare main strategic issues for the ICPDR guide the activity of the Expert Groups Tisza RBMP (ad-hoc Tisza Group ) develop the Tisza River Basin Management Plan incorporating: flood protection and water quality RBM River Basin Management ( RBM EG ) Integrated river basin management Implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (ICPDR) Implementation of Danube ICPDR River Protection Convention (DRPC) Decision making, mgmt and coordination of regional cooperation Approval of the budget StW and annual Gwork programme Follow up of activities and evaluation of results from Expert Groups Joint Action Programme Ecology ( ECO EG ) Habitats and species protection areas Management of wetlands and floodplains Permanent Secretariat (PS) Monitoring Assessm ent Supporting the ICPDR sessions Supporting the Expert Groups Coordinating the work programme Supporting project development and implementation Maintenance of the Information System Pressures Measures Emissions ( EMIS EG ) Emissions from point sources Emissions from diffuse sources Guidelines on BAT Flood Monitoring, Laboratory and Information Mgmt ( MLIM EG ) Trans-National Monitoring Network Laboratory Quality Assurance UNDP/GF Danube Regional Project AP Accident Prevention and Control ( APC EG ) Flood Acciddental risk pollution incidents AEWS operation Accident prevention ad hoc S EG ad hoc PP Flood Com Protection m. ( FP EG ) NOTE Preparation and implementation of Action Plan Further for Sustainable Task Flood Groups m ay be Protection created according to th e n eeds Tisza Economic Cartography Analysis and ( RBM GIS / ECON ESG ) ( RBM / GIS ESG ) LEGEND RBMP Coordination Danube Black Sea Service support and Guidance Joint Technical Working GroupTask Group Creation of sustainable ecological conditions for land use and water mgmt AEW SCapacity building Legal and reinforcement and of trans-boundary Administrative cooperation issues ad hoc Strengthening (ad-hoc public involvement S EG ) in GIS and environmental decision making Groundwater Legal issues Info Reinforcement of monitoring, evaluation and Information System Administrative issues Financial issues Hydromorphology Mandate & Report Info exchange

38 DANUBE REGIONAL PROJECT Overview of Project Components Strengthening the Implementation Capacities for Nutrient Reduction and Transboundary Cooperation in the Danube Basin Objective 1 Support for Policy Development Objective 2 Capacity Building & T-B Cooperation Objective 3 Public Participation & Awareness Objective 4 Monitoring and Evaluation of Projects RBM Tools (1.1) Inter-ministerial Mechanisms (2.1) NGO Institutional Development (3.1) Indicators for Project Monitoring&Evaluation (4.1) Agriculture - Policies (1.2) Agriculture - Pilot Projects (1.3) Wetlands (1.4) Industry (1.5) Water Tariffs (1.6) Pollution Charges, Fines, Incentives (1.7) Monitoring, Laboratory & Info Management (2.2) Accident Emergency Response (2.3) DANUBIS (2.4) (MoU) Danube-Black Sea Cooperation (2.5) Trainings & Workshops (2.6) NGO Small Grants Programme (3.2) Communication Strategy and Public Awareness Campaigns (3.3) Public Participation and Access to Information (3.4) Analysis of Sediments in the Iron Gate, impact assessment of heavy metals (4.2) Monitoring Nutrient Removal Capacities of Wetlands (4.3) Study on Pollution Trading & Economic Instruments for Nutrient Reduction (4.4) Phosphorus Reduction - H.P. Detergents Nachtnebel (1.8)

39 The Actors: Governments at National, District and Local Level Private Companies Public Authorities The Public NGO s

40 Scope of Actions: Policy, Legal and Regulatory Measures Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Building Investment in Pollution Control Ranking of pollution sources Investment plans Management Programmes for Water and Environment at the National Level Public Awareness and Participation Applied Research

41 Activities in the 1990-ties A draft version of the convention for sustainable use of water resources was elaborated by Austria (defines the general objectives and principles) PCU financed national reports about the environmental state. IUCN took responsiblity for reviewing and harmonsing the national reports

42 Activities in the 1990-ties A draft version of the convention for sustainable use of water resources was elaborated by Austria (defines the general objectives and principles) PCU financed national reports about the environmental state. IUCN took responsiblity for reviewing and harmonsing the national reports

43 Activities in the 1990-ties A draft version of the convention for sustainable use of water resources was elaborated by Austria (defines the general objectives and principles) PCU financed national reports about the environmental state. IUCN took responsiblity for reviewing and harmonsing the national reports PCU initiated an Environmental Programme for the Danube river (EPDRB) (includes the steps to achieve the tasks of the convention) World Bank launched the Strategic Action Plan (to provide technical information and to prepare a set of actions)

44 Activities in the 1990-ties A draft version of the convention for sustainable use of water resources was elaborated by Austria (defines the general objectives and principles) PCU financed national reports about the environmental state. IUCN took responsiblity for reviewing and harmonsing the national reports PCU initiated an Environmental Programme for the Danube river (EPDRB) (includes the steps to achieve the tasks of the convention) World Bank launched the Strategic Action Plan (to provide technical information and to prepare a set of actions)

45 The Strategic Action Plan: Reduce the Negative Impacts of Activities in the Danube River Basin and on Riverine Ecosystems and the Black Sea Maintain and Improve the Availability and Quality of Water in the Danube River Basin Establish Control of Hazards from Accidental Spills Develop Regional Water Management Co-operation Support of the the Implementation of the Convention

46 Principles and Strategies of SAP: Water and environment related actions should be based on the following principles: Precautionary Principle Best Available Technique Best Available Practice Control of the Pollution at the Source The Polluter Pays Principle Regional Co-operation Shared Information

47 Principles of the EPDRB: Integrated Approach: - Air-Land-Water-Biological System - Different Economic & Administrative Structures Participatory Approach: - National Priorities are Important - Consensus at Every Step of Development - Information Sharing - Joint Decision Making Integration of Public and Private Sector - Private Investment - Public Investment - International Funds

48 Approach for Nutrient Management Understanding the situation Understanding the processes Identification of origin of nutrients Proposal of a strategy

49 Understanding the Situation the nutrient balance in the catchment with main emphasis on diffuse pollution (e.g. agriculture, air pollution) and the transport, retention and losses of nutrients in the catchment the transport, retention and losses of nutrients and ssediments along the Danube River and the effect of riverine nutrient discharges on the parts of Western Black Sea directly influenced by the Danube River plume

50 Understanding the Processes the MONERIS-emission model based on a GIS data base, the Danube Water Quality Model (DWQM) for the description of the transport and transformation processes in the river system, the Danube Delta Model (DDM) for the quantification of nutrient transport in the Danube Delta and (iv) the Shelf Model for modelling the direct impact of the Danube load on the Western Black Sea. Based on these models the whole system can be considered as a complex unit and scenarios can be developed as a basis for scenario evaluation

51 Strategies a method to establish comparable, basin-wide, periodic nutrient balances considering the national data availability and the evaluation of different solutions for future nutrient management strategies considering socioeconomic developments in the Danube Basin.

52 Nutrient loads (N and P)

53 Nutrient loads (N and P)

54 Some of the International Agreements: Belgrad - Declaration (1948): Navigation Bukarest - Declaration (1985): Water Quality and Monitoring Convention for Sustainable Water Use (1993) Luzerne Declaration (1993) Economic Development Strategic Action Plan (1994) Danube River Basin Management Plan (2009) Danube River Basin Management Plan (2015)

55 Some of the International Agreements: Belgrad - Declaration (1948): Navigation Bukarest - Declaration (1985): Water Quality and Monitoring Convention for Sustainable Water Use (1993) Luzerne Declaration (1993) Economic Development Strategic Action Plan (1994) Danube River Basin Management Plan (2009) Danube River Basin Management Plan (2015)

56 Financing: Phase I: ,6 million USD (49,2 million from international sources) EC (Phare), UNDP, World Bank (GEF) Phase II: Riparian Countries, EC (Phare), World Bank

57 What Can We Learn from the Danube? Organisations Working in Specific Sectors at the Basin Level were very helpful - Navigation - Water Suppliers - Scientific Organisations and Networks * Hydrology * Meteorology * Limnology Information Sharing: from a Bilateral to Basin Wide Approach - Monitoring Systems - Emergency Warning System - International Agreements - Phasing of the Implementation

58 What Can We Learn from the Danube? Establishment of Joint Institutions - Danube Commission - Task Force - Bureau External Mediator + Financial Support Inclusion of NGO s (WWF, IUCN) In Some Countries Changes of Legal Structure and Administration

59 Summary and Conclusions: Danube is the Most International River in the World Different Standards in Each Country Economic Transition in Several Countries Although Water Quality is in General not so bad, Some Major Transboundary Problems Exist - Euthrophication - Some Major Pollution Sources - Impacts on the Delta and Black Sea There Was an Urgent Need for Regional Collaboration with Respect to -Water - Environment

60 Summary and Conclusions: The EPDRB, the SAP and the Convention improved collaboration among the countries Countries have adopted new standards following EU standards Major improvement in water quality concerning point pollution A Task Force and a bureau has been implemented Some Countries will join soon EU Still several transboundary problems exist