Zero-Valent Iron Reactive Materials for Hazardous Waste and Inorganics Removal

Transcription

1 Zero-Valent Iron Reactive Materials for Hazardous Waste and Inorganics Removal Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction Historical Development of Zero-Valent Iron for Hazardous Waste Removal Groundwater and Surface Water Standards Comparison of the Fe 0 -Based Permeable Reactive Barriers and Pump-and-Treat Systems in Hazardous Waste Removal References 6 Section I Removals of Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons and Hexavalent Chromium Using Zero-Valent Iron Chapter 2 Removals of Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons by Fe 0 : Full-Scale PRB vs Column Study Introduction Experimental Section Full-scale Fe 0 PRB Installed at Vapokon Site, Denmark Laboratory Column Experiment Groundwater Sample Measurements Data Analysis Determination of Longitudinal Dispersivity Calculation of the Observed First-order Dechlorination Rate Constant Results and Discussion 19 i

2 2.4.1 Longitudinal Dispersivity of the Fe 0 Packed Media Influence of the Longitudinal Dispersivity on the CAH Concentration along Fe 0 Packed Media The Performance on CAH Dechlorination A Factor of Safety for the Designed Fe 0 PRB Thickness Conclusions References 30 Chapter 3 Zero-Valent Iron and Organo-Clay for Chromate Removal in the Presence of Trichloroethylene Introduction Experimental Section Materials and Their Characterization Methods Preparation of Organo-bentonite Column Experiments Data Analysis Results and Discussion Conclusions References 45 Chapter 4 Competitive Effects on the Dechlorination of Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons by Zero-Valent Iron Introduction Materials and Methods Materials Experimental Methods Data Analysis Results and Discussion Dechlorination of CAHs by Fe Competition between TCE and 1,1,1-TCA Competition among TCE, 1,1,1-TCA and TCM at Various Temperatures Competition between TCE and Cr(VI) 55 ii

3 4.4 Conclusions References 58 Chapter 5 Removal of Hexavalent Chromium from Groundwater Using Zero-Valent Iron Media Introduction Removal Mechanisms Reaction Kinetics Other In Situ Cr(VI) Removal Methods Case Studies Elizabeth City, North Carolina Kolding, Denmark Conclusions References 73 Section II Removals of Nitrate and Arsenic using Zero-valent Iron Chapter 6 Aqueous Nitrate Reduction by Zero-Valent Iron Powder Introduction Experimental Section Material and Reagents Reaction Systems and Operation Instrumental Analyses Results and Discussion Fe 0 /H 2 SO 4 System Effect of ph Effect of Fe 0 Dosage Effect of Species with Hydroxyl Group Fe 0 /CO 2 System Effect of CO 2 Bubbling Effect of Initial Nitrate Concentration Effect of Humic Acid Effect of Cations and Anions 87 iii

4 Effect of Operating Modes Issue of Undesired Byproducts and its Resolution Conclusions and Recommendations References 93 Chapter 7 Removal of Nitrate from Water by a Combination of Metallic Iron Reduction and Clinoptilolite Ion Exchange Process Introduction Materials and Methods Chemicals Nitrate Reduction Experiments Ion Exchange Experiments Results and Discussions Effect of ph Effect of Nitrate Loading Overall Nitrate Reduction Efficiency Removal of Ammonia in the Presence of Fe(II) Ions Summary References 107 Chapter 8 Utilization of Zero-Valent Iron for Arsenic Removal from Groundwater and Wastewater Introduction Batch Tests with Non Mine-Impacted Waters Batch Test with Acid Mine Drainage Effects of Competing Inorganic Anions on Arsenic Removal by Zero-Valent Iron Column Tests and Field Applications Mechanisms of Arsenic Removal by Zero-Valent Iron Alternative Materials of Iron and Aluminum Oxides for Arsenic Removal Knowledge Gaps and Research Needs Conclusions References 143 iv

5 Chapter 9 Removal of Arsenic from Groundwater Mechanisms, Kinetics, Field/Pilot and Modeling Studies Introduction Mechanism of Removal and Competing Ion Effects Field/Pilot Studies and Modeling Design Considerations Conclusions References 164 Section III Innovative Iron-based Reactive Materials Chapter 10 The Performance of Palladized Granular Iron: Enhancement and Deactivation Introduction Experimental Section Chemicals and Materials Column Tests Chemical Analyses Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) Results and Discussion Pd Plating Efficiency Column Tests Surface Analysis Conclusions References 185 Chapter 11 Nanoscale Bimetallic Pd/Fe Particles for Remediation of Halogenated Methanes Introduction Experimental Section Batch Experiments Headspace Analysis 191 v

6 Kinetic Analysis Materials and Chemicals Results Product Distributions and Reaction Rates Correlation Analysis Kinetic Simulation Discussion Conclusions References 203 Chapter 12 Reduction by Bimetallic Reactive Materials Containing Zero-Valent Iron Introduction Noble Metals as Reduction Catalysts Preparation of Bimetallic Reductants Reduction Reactions of Bimetallic Materials Direct Adsorption of Atomic Hydrogen Dissociative Adsorption of Diatomic Hydrogen Roles of Iron as the Primary Metal Factors Affecting Reaction of Bimetallic Reductants Effect of the Type of Noble Metal Effect of Noble Metal Content and Surface Area Effect of Solution Chemistry Deactivation of Bimetallic Reductants Nano-sized Bimetallic Reductants Conclusions References 218 Section IV Zero-Valent Iron Reactive Barrier: Configuration, Construction, Design Methodology, and Hydraulic Performance Chapter 13 Configuration and Construction of Zero-Valent Iron Reactive Barriers 224 vi

7 13.1 Introduction Permeable Reactive Barrier Configurations Continuous Permeable Reactive Barriers Funnel-and-gate Permeable Reactive Barriers Caisson Permeable Reactive Barriers Trench Permeable Reactive Barriers GeoSiphon TM /GeoFlow Emplacement Techniques for Permeable Reactive Barriers Emplacement Techniques for Permeable Treatment Zone Trench Excavation Caisson-Based Emplacement Mandrel-Based Emplacement Continuous Trenching Emplacement Techniques for Impermeable Funnels Steel Sheet Piling Slurry Wall Innovative Technologies for the Emplacement of Permeable Treatment Zone and Impermeable Funnels Jetting Hydraulic Fracturing Deep Soil Mixing Case Studies Configuration and Construction of a Permeable Reactive Barrier at Vapokon Site, Denmark Configuration and Construction of a Permeable Reactive Barrier at United States Coast Guard (USCG) Support Centre in Elizabeth City, North Carolina Configuration and Construction of a Permeable Reactive Barrier at an Industrial Site in Belfast, Northern Ireland Summary References 239 Chapter 14 Design Methodology for the Application of a Permeable vii

8 Reactive Barrier for Groundwater Remediation Introduction Preliminary Assessment Site Characterization Reactive Media Selection Treatability Testing Hydrogeologic and Geochemical Modelings Monitoring Plan Permeable Reactive Barrier Economics Summary References 261 Chapter 15 Hydraulic Issues Related to Granular Iron Permeable Reactive Barriers Introduction Hydraulic Characteristics of Granular Iron and Impact on PRB Design Influence of Inadequate Characterization of Plume Hydrogeology on Hydraulic Performance Influence of Construction Methods on Hydraulic Performance Influence of Long-Term Geochemical Changes on Hydraulic Performance Summary References 278 Chapter 16 Tracer Experiments in Zero-Valent Iron Permeable Reactive Barriers Introduction Tracer Experiments in Laboratory Columns Tracer Experiments at PRB Sites Rheine Site PRB Tübingen Site PRB Conclusions 300 viii

9 16.5 References 301 Chapter 17 Hydraulic Studies of Zero-Valent Iron in Permeable Reactive Barriers Using Tracer Experiment Introduction Vapokon Site Description and Fe 0 PRB Emplacement Natural Gradient Tracer Experiment for the Hydraulic Performance Monitoring of the Fe 0 PRB at Vapokon Site Selection of Suitable Tracer Materials Groundwater Modeling Design Parameters for the Tracer Injection System Design Parameters for the Groundwater Sampling System Groundwater Flow Model and Solute Transport Program Injection Wells and System Groundwater Sampling Network and Systems Collection of Groundwater Samples and Chemical Analysis of Tracers Data Analysis Spatial Moments Analysis for the Lithium Plume Results and Discussion Flow Pattern of the Lithium Plume Breakthrough Curves of Bromide Mass of Lithium Flowing through the Fe 0 Reactive Medium Groundwater Velocity Conclusions References 332 Appendix 337 Subject Index 339 ix