Carbon Sequestration and Water: A Department of Energy Perspective

Transcription

1 Carbon Sequestration and Water: A Department of Energy Perspective Andrea McNemar Project Manager Sequestration Division Water/Energy Sustainability Symposium, Salt Lake City, Utah September 2009

2 CCS and Water Points of Interest CO 2 Capture and Water Water Protection Practices Will Water be Extracted During CO 2 Storage? If yes, how will it managed? Could it have beneficial uses? Ongoing g research at NETL 2

3 Thermoelectric Generation & Water Thermoelectric water Public Supply, 13% U.S. Freshwater Withdrawal (2000) Domestic, 1% Irrigation, 40% requirements: Withdrawal: ~ 136 BGD Consumption: ~ 4 BGD U.S. Freshwater Consumption (1995) Thermoelectric, 39% Mining, 1% Livestock, 1% Aquaculture, 1% Commercial, 1% Thermoelectric, 3% Domestic, 6% Mining, 1% Industrial, 5% Industrial, 3% Thermoelectric power plants compete Livestock, 3% with other use sectors. Irrigation, 81% Sources: USGS, Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2000, USGS Circular 1268, March 2004 USGS, Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 1995, USGS Circular 1200,

4 Power Plant Water Withdrawal Requirements with and without CO 2 capture 25 Integrated gpm/mw Gasification net Combined Cycle gpm/mw net Pulverized Coal 22.1 Natural Gas Combined Cycle Water Withd drawal, gpm m/mw net GE CoP Shell Subcritical Supercritical NGCC WITHOUT CO2 WITH CO2 Source: Water Requirements for Existing and Emerging Thermoelectric Plant Technologies; NETL, August 2008

5 5 CO 2 Storage General Information

6 Water Protection Practices , , , Protected Water Potable Water Saltwater Brine EPA UIC Program through the SDWA Proposed regulations pertaining to CO2 injection well designs Criteria for purposes of protecting USDW: Geologic site characterization Fluid movement Area of review and corrective action Well construction Operation Mechanical integrity testing Monitoring Well plugging Post injection site care Site closure 6

7 Will Water be Extracted During CO 2 Storage? Answer is site specific EOR and ECBM commonly result in formation water extraction CO 2 storage in saline formations does NOT require extraction of formation water, but could be done to: Increase storage capacity Reduce formation pressure Control free-phase CO 2 movement To date, no saline formation CO 2 injection project has required formation water extraction 7

8 Oil & Gas Produced Water Experience Technology development and real world practices in produced water management: Disposal (generally by reinjection) Treatment and reuse (depends on initial water quality, regional water availability, and treatment costs): Waterflooding or hydraulic fracturing in oil and gas operations Thermal recovery (huff n puff) and steamflooding Industrial use Transportation Agricultural uses Etc. 8

9 Formation Water Characteristics Site dependent Influencing factors include: Reservoir geology of the formation Regional geology Type (if any) of hydrocarbon produced Potential constituents of concern: High concentrations of salts Trace metals Minerals Dissolved organic compounds (including hydrocarbons) 9

10 Potential Extracted Water Management Techniques Reinjection Treatment (site specific) Conventional water treatment processes (coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, active carbon absorption, ion exchange softening, lime softening, disinfection, distillation/evaporation, etc.) Innovative treatment processes (such as forward osmosis, freeze-thaw/evaporation, ti constructed t wetland treatment, t t etc.) Reuse (site specific) Depends on initial water quality, regional water needs, and treatment costs (use in oil and gas operations, industrial uses, geothermal energy from produced brines, agricultural uses, injection to mitigate saline water intrusion into aquifers, etc.) 10

11 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY CARBON SEQUESTRATION PROGRAM Core R&D Capture Geologic Storage Monitoring, Verification, and Accounting (MVA) Technology Solutions Infrastructure Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships Characterization Validation Technology Solutions Global Collaborations North America Energy Working Group Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum Simulation and Risk Assessment Development International Demonstration Projects CO 2 Use/Reuse Lessons Learned Other Large-Scale Projects Lessons Learned Asian-Pacific Partnership (APP) Benefits Benefits Benefits Reduced cost of CCS Human capital Knowledge building Tool development for risk Stakeholder networking Project development assessment and mitigation Regulatory policy development Collaborative international Accuracy/monitoring quantified Visualization knowledge center knowledge Capacity validation Best practices Capacity/model validation Indirect storage Public outreach and education CCS commercial deployment 11 Demonstration and Commercialization Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)

12 Current Activities SNL Developing a model examining advantages and challenges of an integrated system where a power plant captures and stores CO 2 in a formation and uses formation extracted water (after treatment) to offset cooling water demand LLNL Establishing the potential to use brine pressurized by CO 2 storage as feedstock for desalination and water treatment ANL Developing cost estimates for several extracted water management options; Identifying industries or sectors that can beneficially reuse water of lesser or different quality; Qualitatively investigating innovative use of components of formation water LANL Studying a natural analog site to quantify and understand CO 2 migration in a shallow aquifer; Using the CO 2 -PENS Risk Analysis model to understand the possible risks posed by CO 2 migration to aquifers; researching the geomechanical impacts that may be posed by CO 2 migration in fluid-filled filled reservoirs. 12

13 Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships (RCSPs) Engage regional, state, and local governments Determine regional sequestration benefits Baseline region for sources and sinks Establish monitoring and verification protocols Address regulatory, environmental, and outreach issues Validate sequestration technology and infrastructure Developing the Infrastructure for Wide-Scale Deployment 13

14 14 Formed to capture experiences in the RCSPs related to CCS & water; to provide a forum for brainstorming and communication on issues and opportunities Each RCSP has crosscutting challenges and opportunities but also many unique regional experiences WWG is only open to RCSPs and DOE at the current time WWG will develop a white paper, methodology document, and best practices manual during RCSP Phase III

15 Visit Office of Fossil Energy & NETL Websites