Nuclear Hydrogen Production Research in Thorium Molten Salt Reactor(TMSR)

Transcription

1 Nuclear Hydrogen Production Research in Thorium Molten Salt Reactor(TMSR) Jian-Qiang Wang Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences

2 OUTLINE Introduction of molten salt reactor project in China Progress of molten salt reactor research in TMSR Nuclear hydrogen by high temperature steam electrolysis 2

3 3 Changing of Energy Consumption in China Nuclear Power Electric or Hydrogen Care

4 Nuclear Power in China Mainland China has 17 reactors in operation, 28 under construction, and more about to start construction, including advance reactors, AP1000, to give a increase to four fold at least 58 GWe by 2020, then possibly 200 GWe by 2030, and 400 GWe by 2050.

5 Evolution Nuclear Reactor Technology in China Gen-III Gen-IV Gen-II PWR BWR AP1000 EPR CAP1400 Hualong Molten Salt Reactor Sodium Fast Reactor High Temp. Gas Reactor Lead Fast Reactor GEN II GEN III GEN IV Advanced Reactor

6 Innovative Action Plan for Energy Technology Revolution ( )-CNEA Molten Salt Reactor Technology is listed in the important task 5 Nuclear Hydrogen is listed in the important task 9

7 7 History of MSR in SINAP ARE ORNL MSRE ORNL Zero-power coldstate MSR SINAP FHR TMSR SINAP Break off Years Demonstrated by MSRE experiments Excellent operating performance for four years Good neutron economy and inherent safety Online reprocessing and breeding of nuclear fuel can be achieved Corrosive test of Hastelloy-N MSR with Solid Fuel (AHTR,FHR) Fluoride salt cooling/triso Electricity/hydrogen production MSR with Liquid Fuel (MSR) Fuel dissolved in fluoride salt Electricity/Breeder/Burner

8 TMSR Project Overview January, 2011, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) initiated the Thorium Molten Salt Reactor Nuclear Energy System (TMSR) project. August, 2013, TMSR has been chosed as one of the National- Energy Major R&D projects of Chinese National Energy Administration (CNEA) 2014, Shanghai Local Government plans to start a major new-energy project to support the TMSR project, including the manufacture of the special materials, devices, building&utilities. 2017/7/20 8

9 The Aims of TMSR Project The Aims of TMSR Project is to develop Th-Energy, Nonelectric application of Nuclear Energy based on Liquid-Fuel TMSR and Solid-Fuel TMSR during coming years. Liquid-Fuel TMSR (TMSR-LF)--- MSRs Solid-Fuel TMSR (TMSR-SF1)--- FHR s TMSR-SF: Optimized for high-temperature based hybrid nuclear energy application (Non-electric application). TMSR-LF: Optimized for utilization of Thorium.

10 Four Applications In TMSR Project 10

11 OUTLINE Introduction of molten salt reactor in China Non-electric applications of molten salt reactor Nuclear hydrogen by high temperature steam electrolysis 11

12 Non-Electric Applications of Molten Salt Reactor Hydrogen production Coal gasification Steam reforming of NG Cogeneration of electricity and Steam Oil Shale and oil sand processing Petroleum refining o C o C o C o C o C District heating Seawater desalination o C LWRs HTRs 12

13 Advantages of Using Molten Salt as Coolant Heat capacity Boiling point Thermal conductivity Stability Viscosity Fluoride salt & Sodium & Helium & H 2 O Coolant (Reactor) FLiBe (MSR) Sodium (SFR) Helium /75atm (GFR) Water /150atm (PWR) Water-free cooling; High temperature output; Normal pressure operation; T m ( ) High power density; High thermal stability Note:Measurement conditions : Li 2 BeF o C,Na@550 o C, He@750 o C,H 2 O@300 o C T b ( ) Physical properties Cv (KJ/m 3 ) λ (W/m ) ν (10 6 m 2 /s)

14 Using Molten Salt for Long Distance Heat Transfer Parameters Molten Salt (FLi-BeF 2 ) Water Temperature( ) Pressure (atm) ~1 ~150 Volumetric heat Capacity(kJ/m 3 ) Power density(v<5m/s) ~4200W/m 2 ~3350W/m 2 Pressure loss(@20m 3 /h) 7.5kPa/m 0.25kPa/m Temperature drop /km /km Heat exchange (Nu/Pr ~50 ~42

15 High Temperature Molten Salt Loop in Solar Energy Cite from DOE Sunshot

16 Development of Molten Salt Equipment in TMSR Parameters Molten Salt Pump Temperature: 550~700 Flow rate:300m 3 /h Lift:~20m Rotary speed:1480r/min Valve Principle prototype Chemical pump Engineering pre-prototype Engineering pre-prototype Heat Exchanger Salt Air exchanger Salt- salt exchanger Meter NaK Pressure meter High T ultrasonic flow meter Molten Salt Loops HTS loop High-temperature FLiNaK loop Natural circulation loop

17 OUTLINE Introduction of molten salt reactor in China Non-electric applications of molten salt reactor Nuclear hydrogen by high temperature steam electrolysis 17

18 18 Nuclear Hydrogen Production by High Temperature Steam Electrolysis Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics (SINAP) is performing the research of hydrogen production with high temperature steam electrolysis (HTSE) based on solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOEC) for nuclear energy and solar energy conversion M. Mogensen, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 2011, 15, 1 23; Jian-Qiang Wang, SCIENCE CHINA Chem., 2017, doi: /s

19 More safety Nuclear Hydrogen Production in TMSR Normal pressure, compared with high pressure (LWR, 150atm), generate no combustible or explosive materials; Reactor materials will not melt under normal or emergency conditions, radioactive materials stay contained; Salt coolant cannot boil away (boiling point 1430 o C), loss of coolant accidents are physically impossible; High temperature heat output High output temperature ( o C) for hydrogen production from H 2 O Molten salt can be used for long distance transport High temperature steam electrolysis is selected as primary technology for nuclear hydrogen production in TMSR

20 Thermal-to-hydrogen Energy Efficiency

21 Platform for High Temperature Steam Electrolysis Research A series of testing platforms from the button-cell, the single-cell and SOEC stack have been established. Button cell Single cell 1kW stack 5kW stack

22 Configuration of SOEC Stack for High Temperature Steam Electrolysis Current flow H 2 H 2 O Interconnect Anode Electrolyte Cathode Interconnect Cell repeat unit O 2

23 Evaluation of Long Term Stability for 5kW-HTSE System The overall degradation rate for this system is 2.25%/1000hr. Hydrogen production rate is 1.4 m 3 /h. Conditions: 750 o C; 0.25 A/cm 2 ; 70% steam conversion;70%h 2 O/30%H 2 to Ni/YSZ

24 Nuclear Hydrogen Production Research by High Temperature Steam Electrolysis in TMSR Scale-up and mass production SINAP built laboratory for nuclear hydrogen research, developed SOEC module and is designing > 100-kW SOEC demo system; Scale up and application 48 Region II 42 ion Reg Voltage (V) h -1.71%/100h 1.22%/100h 1% 845h, 41.3V 344h, 40.9V 516h, 39.7V 0h, 32.4V 12 Hydrogen production rate: 197 L/h (STP) Average degradation rate: 3.25%/100h 6 0 Region III I / kW-HTSE demo system Time (h) 5kW-HTSE module Concept validation Lab-scale validation Platform Construction

25 Acknowledgement Partners Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, CAS Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology,CAS Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, CAS Funding CAS, NSFC, MOST, STCSM

26 SINAP-SSRF Campus ( 上海光源国家科学中心 ) SINAP-TMSR Campus ( 先进核能创新研究院 )