The photographs show three species of lichen. Each species can tolerate different concentrations of pollutants present in the air.
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1 Questions Q1. The photographs show three species of lichen. Each species can tolerate different concentrations of pollutants present in the air. (i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( Lichens are examples of A living indicators B pathogens C pollutants ) in the box next to your answer. D vectors (ii) Explain which one of these species is most likely to be found near a coal-burning power station. (2)
2 Q2. Catherine is an environmentalist studying water pollution in the stream shown in the diagram. She took samples of water from locations A, B and C and recorded the number of freshwater shrimps at each location on the diagram. Explain which location in the stream is most polluted. (2)
3 Q3. The diagram shows the processes involved in the carbon cycle. Each process is numbered. atmospheric carbon dioxide (i) What is the name of process 1? Put a cross ( A decomposition B denitrification C photosynthesis ) in the box next to your answer. D respiration (ii) Describe the numbered processes that return carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere. (3)
4 Q4. * Carbon is present in a wide variety of compounds in the carbon cycle. Describe how carbon is cycled in the environment. (6)
5 Q5. Carbon dioxide concentration in the air is thought to be changing as a result of human population increase. The graph shows how the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has changed in Europe between 1958 and (i) Describe the main trend shown in the graph. (ii) Calculate the difference in atmospheric carbon dioxideconcentration in Europe between 1980 and (2) answer =... parts per million (iii) The carbon dioxide concentration changes during each year. Suggest why the carbon dioxide concentration changes during a year. (3)
6 Q6. The photograph shows a lake which has been polluted by excess nutrients. (i) Nitrates can be produced by soil bacteria. Explain how soil bacteria produce nitrates. (ii) Name one type of bacteria that reduce the nitrate content of soil. (3) Q7. Explain how different types of bacteria act to increase nitrate concentration in the soil. (4)
7 Q8. Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( Plants use nitrates to make A carbohydrates B fats C phosphates D proteins ) in the box next to your answer. Q9. Plant A was grown in soil with a low concentration of nitrates. Plant B was grown in soil with a high concentration of nitrates. Andrew measured the width of a leaf from each of the plants. (i) Andrew removed two more of the leaves from each of the plants and measured their width. The results are shown in the table. Calculate the mean leaf width for plant B. (2) answer =... cm (ii) Explain the differences in the mean width of the leaves from plant A and plant B. (2)
8 Q10. The diagram shows one of the stages of the nitrogen cycle. (a) (i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( The name of this stage is A decomposition B denitrification C nitrification D nitrogen fixation (ii) Explain how plants use the nitrates from the soil. ) in the box next to your answer. (iii) Describe how the over-use of nitrate fertilisers can cause eutrophication. (b) Leguminous plants such as beans and peas have bacteria growing inside nodules on their roots. The diagram shows some nodules on a root. (2) (4) Explain the relationship between this bean plant and the bacteria growing in the root nodules. (3) (Total for Question is 10 marks)
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10 Q11. The diagram shows one of the stages of the nitrogen cycle. (i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( The name of this stage is A decomposition B denitrification C nitrification D nitrogen fixation (ii) Explain how plants use the nitrates from the soil. ) in the box next to your answer. (iii) Describe how the over-use of nitrate fertilisers can cause eutrophication. (2) (4) Mark Scheme Q1. (i) (ii) Answer Acceptable answers Mark A living indicators An explanation Accept sulphur for linking the correct sulphur dioxide species with the Note mark points are reason: independent 1 mark species 2 can be attained for reason candidate stating coal powered that sulphur dioxide power stations gas is produced by produce sulfur coal powered power dioxide gas stations species 2 is (2)
11 tolerant of sulfur Q2. Question Number Answer Acceptable answers Mark C least amount of freshwater shrimps found at C Reference to freshwater shrimps as indicator species freshwater shrimps can only survive in clean water / cannot survive in polluted water more shrimps die in polluted water (2) Q3. Answer Acceptable answers Mark (i) C photosynthesis (ii) A description of the processes that return carbon dioxide to the atmosphere including respiration in animals / respiration from arrow 2 respiration in plants / respiration from arrow 5 decomposition /respiration by microorganisms / decomposition /respiration arrow 3 accept trees combusting/burning releasing CO 2 ignore - references to arrow 1 returning carbon dioxide to the atmosphere / photosynthesis / references to arrow 4 (3)
12 Q4. Question Number Indicative Content Mark QWC * A description including some of the following points: photosynthetic material/plants will remove CO 2 from the atmosphere these plants will use the CO 2 to make glucose plant respiration will release CO 2 into the atmosphere animals will eat the plants which contain carbon animals and plants will eventually die and decay due to microbial/bacterial action releasing CO 2 the combustion/burning of fossil fuels will release CO 2 into the atmosphere the burning of carbon based products made from trees will release CO 2 into the atmosphere (6) Level 0 No rewardable content a limited description of one of the processes of the carbon cycle the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy a simple description of two of the processes of the carbon cycle including one method of adding carbon dioxide and one method of removing carbon dioxide the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy a detailed description of most of the processes of the carbon cycle that releases and removes carbon dioxide the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately to describe the carbon cycle spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors
13 Q5. Question Answer Acceptable answers Mark Number (i) increase in CO 2 concentration (over positive correlation time) Question Number Answer Acceptable answers Mark (ii) Accept: tolerance ppm (1990) marks for 339 ppm (1980) overall correct 16 answer (2) Question Answer Acceptable answers Mark Number (iii) Any three from the following points: seasonal / weather changes due to less leaves on trees/less plants less photosynthesis and CO 2 removed from the atmosphere more fossil fuels / wood may be burned during colder weather Accept refs to summer / winter more photosynthesis in the summer more car usage in summer / winter (3)
14 Q6. (i) (ii) Answer An explanation linking three of the following points: decomposers /decomposer bacteria bacteria /they break down dead animal and plant matter in the soil into ammonia ammonia / nitrites is/are converted into nitrates by nitrifying bacteria denitrifying (bacteria) Acceptable answers Mark ref to nitrogen fixing bacteria (fixing nitrogen) (3) named bacteria e.g Thiobacillus denitrificans, Micrococcus denitrificans, Serratia, Pseudomonas, and Achromobacter Q7. Question Number Answer Acceptable answers Mark an explanation linking the following points nitrogen fixing bacteria fix nitrogen gas for the plant decomposing bacteria / decomposers decompose / break down animal / plant matter / protein / urea into ammonia (then) nitrifying bacteria convert ammonia / nitrites into nitrates nitrogen fixing bacteria convert nitrogen into nitrates / nitrogen compounds (2) (4) Q8.
15 Question Number Answer Acceptable answers Mark D
16 Q9. Question Answer Acceptable answers Mark Number (i) substitution = 33.3 evaluation 33.3 / 3 = 11.1(cm) e.c.f if substitution answer is incorrect give full marks for correct answer, no working (2) Question Answer Acceptable answers Mark Number (ii) An explanation linking the following points (plant B) leaves are larger because they have a higher concentration of nitrate (nitrates are) required for making protein / growth mean is higher as plant has more nitrates (2)
17 Q10. (a) a(ii) a(iii) b Answer Acceptable answers Mark C nitrification an explanation to Ignore references include the following to use as food points (plants do not feed) used to make accept amino acids/ protein chlorophyll /DNA for growth ignore references to photosynthesis / A description linking four of the following points (nitrates) leach/flow into water algae and small plants grow rapidly /algal bloom underwater plants cannot photosynthesise (lack of photosynthesis / sunlight) causes plants to die decomposers / (decomposing) bacteria break down the dead material / plants these bacteria use up oxygen during respiration An explanation to include three of the following points bacteria use nitrogen / nitrogen fixing bacteria make ammonia / ammonium / nitrogen compounds /nitrates for use by plants bacteria protected (within the root nodule) bacteria obtain chemical substances / glucose / sugar from the plant this is called a mutualism / symbiosis respiration (2) accept fertilisers for nitrates Ignore food/nutrients reject parasitism (4) (3) Total for question = 10 marks
18 Q11. (i) (ii) (iii) Answer Acceptable answers Mark C nitrification an explanation to Ignore references include the following to use as food points (plants do not feed) used to make accept amino acids/ protein chlorophyll /DNA for growth ignore references to photosynthesis / A description linking four of the following points (nitrates) leach/flow into water algae and small plants grow rapidly /algal bloom underwater plants cannot photosynthesise (lack of photosynthesis / sunlight) causes plants to die decomposers / (decomposing) bacteria break down the dead material / plants these bacteria use up oxygen during respiration respiration (2) accept fertilisers for nitrates (4)
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