ALL SEISMIC EXPLOSIVES ARE NOT THE SAME. So what do we do about it?

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1 ALL SEISMIC EXPLOSIVES ARE NOT THE SAME So what do we do about it? 2014

2 Discussion Points Seismic Explosive Types Composition Products of Detonation Source Test Goals Field Test Data Economics Conclusion Buggy Pit Drill East Texas 2

3 Seismic Explosive Types Composition Molecular - Pentolite Molecular Composite - Dynamite Composite - Emulsion 3

4 Explosives Systems for Geophysical Exploration INGREDIENTS Pentolite Premium Elastic Wave Generation PETN (Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate) Very sensitive molecular explosive TNT (trinitrotoluene) Molecular high explosive Bio-organism Tablets & Nutrients Aluminum (Al) 4

5 Explosives Systems for Geophysical Exploration PRODUCTS OF DETONATION Substance Methane State Gas Pentolite Premium Elastic Wave Generation Grams / 1 kg charge 74 Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Gas 283 Nitrogen Gas 140 Carbon Solid 78 Aluminum Oxide Solid 425 5

6 Explosives Systems for Geophysical Exploration PRODUCTS OF DETONATION Substance Methane State Gas Pentolite Bioremediation Technology Grams / 1 kg charge 90 Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Gas 600 Nitrogen Gas 170 Carbon Solid 27 Aluminum Oxide Solid 78 6

7 Explosives Systems for Geophysical Exploration INGREDIENTS Seismic Energy Source NG Dynamite Nitroglycerin (Nitrated Diethylene Glycol) Ethylene Glycol Dinitrate Sodium Nitrate Ammonium Nitrate Gum Micro Balloons Sulfur 7

8 Explosives Systems for Geophysical Exploration PRODUCTS OF DETONATION Substance State Seismic Energy Source lb / 5 lb Charge NG Dynamite g / 1 kg Charge Water (steam) Gas Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Gas Nitrogen Gas Calcium Carbonate Solid Sodium Carbonate Solid

9 Explosives Systems for Geophysical Exploration INGREDIENTS Emulsion Seismic Energy Source Water (H 2 O) Microballoons Glass density control Sodium Nitrate Common fertilizer White Mineral Oil Ammonia Nitrate Common fertilizer (basic ammonia & nitric acid) Aluminum (Al) Metallic Element

10 Explosives Systems for Geophysical Exploration PRODUCTS OF DETONATION Emulsion Seismic Energy Source Substance State Grams / 1 kg charge Water (steam) Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Nitrogen Carbon Aluminum Oxide Sodium Oxide Silica Gas Gas Gas Solid Solid Solid Solid

11 Geophysical Exploration Explosives Comparison Geoprime dbx 1,880 Geoprime (pentolite) 1,500 VIBROGEL (dynamite) Seispro (emulsion) * * 1,250 1,000 SEISMIC ENERGY SOURCE = Premium Elastic Wave Generation CALORIES / GRAM represents the chemical energy that produces shock, heat and gas energy. The value indicates the absolute weight strength of the explosive GAS VOLUME (moles/kg)is an expression of the effects of the detonation. 23,950 7,300 24,600 7,500 20,000 6,100 16,075 4,900 VELOCITY OF DETONATION (VOD) (ft/sec above, m/sec below) of an explosive is the average speed of the detonation DETONATION PRESSURE (Kbars) increases with an increase in density or VOD. Detonation Pressure (Kbar) = 2.5 x density x velocity 2 (m/sec) x DENSITY (g/cc) Density contributes to Velocity of Detonation. 11

12 dbx Technology Fractured earth absorbs and scatters energy diminishes elastic wave amplitude and propagation Excess gas vents through borehole creating safety, environmental and reclamation problems Conventional Explosive Consolidated earth conducts more of the energy results in improved elastic wave penetration dbx Effect of shock energy plus gas volume Effect of shock energy Benefit of Lower Gas Volume 12

13 Seismic Explosive Source Tests GOALS Improving seismic data quality through explosive testing Improve energy transfer Improve signal to ambient noise ratio Increase seismic bandwidth Increase reflected signal strength Improve imaging in final processed data Improve Economics 13

14 Seismic Explosive Source Test Data Sets Alberta Canada Carbon Field Los Banos California USA Client Source Study Alberta Canada Migrated 3D Alberta Canada 14

15 Carbon Field Test Shot Records (Relative Amplitude) 2043 g (4.5 lb) Pentolite 1500 g (3.3 lb) dbx 15

16 Carbon Field Test: Shot Record Spectra 1500 g dbx 8 db gain over Pentolite at 75% of the explosive weight Averaged Spectra ms Window Trace g Pentolite 16

17 California Field Test Relative Amplitude Color showing the signal to noise uplift 17

18 California Field Test - Spectra Analysis db gain across the spectra 18

19 Alberta Compressive Field Study 8 explosive types tested 4 explosive manufacturers 50 ft hole depth Charge sizes: 1 kg, 2kg, 4kg, 8kg and 16 kg Duplicates on each product at both line ends Oil company designed, conducted, processed and evaluated the data 19

20 Alberta Compressive Field Study Geoprime dbx SeisPro dbx Geoprime 20

21 Alberta Compressive Field Study Geoprime dbx SeisPro dbx Geoprime 21

22 Alberta 3D Test 652 Source Points, double drilled - Vibrogel (NG Dynamite) - dbx Static 3D Spread Random Source Recording Identical Processing through Migration 22

23 Alberta 3D Test Processing Flow Geometric Spreading Correction Refraction and Residual Statics NMO Mute- CMP Sort Stack 3D FK Filter attenuates linear propagated noise DAS (Pred. Dist. = 12ms, Oper. = 220ms) 12 Hz low cut filter 3D RNA random noise attenuation (FX Decon) 3D Extended Stolt Migration Residual Amplitude Compensation (RAC) Single time variant gain function calculated on ME brute stack and applied to both datasets 23

24 Grande Prairie Vibrogel Migrated Stack 24

25 Grande Prairie dbx Migrated Stack 25

26 Seismic Testing Economics (Gulf Coast) January SQUARE MILE SHOT HOLE 3D - $5,000,000+ TESTING COSTS 1.2% of 3D ($60,000) Drilling 25 Test holes - $10,000 Recording 5 mile test line - $40,000 PPV Test - $3,500 Permits Drills and Recording crew mobilization can impact these prices SAVINGS can be $100, hole with 11 lbs. = $ hole with 5.5 lbs. = $ hole with 5.5 lbs = $285 $35 X 5,400 = $189,000 $55 X 5,400 = $297,000 26

27 DON T LEAVE RESERVES BEHIND Most new field discoveries have old seismic data over them Poor seismic data quality results in reserves being left behind for the next company - Limited bandwidth - Low signal amplitude - Poor spatial sampling What did those lost reserves cost your company? 27

28 Conclusions Every explosive type has different chemical makeup and different products of detonation Determine your test goals and design your test accordingly The earth responds differently from one geographic area to another Testing can save you money while improving you data quality Discover more reserves from improved data quality 28

29 Dyno Nobel Seismic Products Technical Information and MSDS at

30 Thank you to DYNO NOBEL

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33 Seismic Testing Economics (Rockies) January SQUARE MILE SHOT HOLE 3D - $8,000,000 TESTING COSTS 1% of 3D ($80,000) Drilling 25 Test holes - $25,000 Recording 5 mile test line - $50,000 PPV Test - $3,500 Permits Drills and Recording crew mobilization can impact these prices SAVINGS can be $360,000+ (Heli-Portable) 60 hole with 11 lbs. = $1, hole with 11 lbs. = $1,100+ $50 X 3,600 = $180,000 $100 X 3,600 = $360,000 33

34 Seismic Testing Economics (California) January SQUARE MILE SHOT HOLE 3D - $5,000,000+ TESTING COSTS 1% of 3D ($51,000) Drilling 25 Test holes - $7,500 Recording 5 mile test line - $40,000 PPV Test - $3,500 Permits Drills and Recording crew mobilization can impact these prices SAVINGS can be $250, hole with 11 lbs. = $ hole with 5.5 lbs. = $ hole with 5.5 lbs. = $ hole with 3.3 lbs. = $145 $45 X 6,400 = $288,000 $65 X 6,400 = $416,000 34