Draft Environmental Impact Report. Campus Master Plan California State University, Sacramento

Transcription

1 Draft Environmental Impact Report Campus Master Plan 2015 California State University, Sacramento January 2015

2 Draft Environmental Impact Report Campus Master Plan 2015 California State University, Sacramento January 2015 State Clearinghouse No Lead Agency The Board of Trustees of the California State University; California State University, Sacramento Facilities Planning and Construction Services 6000 J Street Sacramento, CA Consultant to Lead Agency Parsons Brinkerhoff, Inc. 444 South Flower Street, Suite 800 Los Angeles, CA 90071

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4 Table of Contents Summary Introduction Project Description Environmental Impact Analysis Aesthetics Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases (GHG) Traffic and Circulation Fire and Police Protection Services Utilities and Service Systems Construction Effects Alternatives to the Project Cumulative and Long-term Effects Preparers of the EIR Appendices Appendix A: NOP and Responses Appendix B: Traffic Study List of Tables Table 1: Summary of Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures... 8 Table 2: Air Pollution Standards, Sources, and Effects Table 3: Federal and State Ground-level Ozone Exceedances in Sacramento County Table 4: SMAQMD Long Term Operational Thresholds Table 5: Project Net New Operational Emissions, Year Table 6: Existing Year 2014 Intersection Level of Service Table 7: Existing Plus Project Level of Service (LOS) Table 8: Effect of Campus Master Plan on Peak-Hour Freeway Traffic Volumes Table 9: Existing and Future Parking Supply Table 10: Year 2035 No Project LOS at Study Intersections Table 11: Year 2035 Plus Project LOS at Study Intersections Table 12: City of Sacramento Water Supply CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO i ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

5 SUMMARY List of Figures Figure 1: Project Location Figure 2: Campus Framework Figure 3: Campus New and Renewed Facilities Figure 4: Academic Facilities Figure 5: Student Facilities Figure 6: Campus Pedestrian and Vehicular Circulation Figure 7: Campus Bicycle Circulation Figure 8: Hornet Greenway/Landscape Concept Figure 9: Campus Open Space Figure 10: Campus Master Plan Illustrative Landscape Plan Figure 11: Existing AM Peak Hour Intersection LOS Conditions Figure 12: Existing PM Peak Hour Intersection LOS Conditions Figure 13: Campus Stormwater Management System List of Examples Example 1: Typical Tree Foliage at Sacramento State Example 2: Building Placement in Relation to Open Space Example 3: New Student Events Center Example 4: Artist s Conceptual Rendering of the New South Housing Village Example 5: Conceptual Rendering of Library Exterior with Wood Accents Example 6: Iconic Campus Entry Sign Example 7: Grand Central Quad & Greenway Conceptual Aerial View Example 8: Artist s Rendering of the New Grand Central Quad and Hornet Greenway Example 9: New Student Events Center, Well and South Green Student Activities Quad CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO ii ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

6 Summary This Program Environmental Impact Report (EIR) has been prepared in accordance with the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) of 1970 (Public Resources Code, Section et seq.) and the CEQA Guidelines (California Code of Regulations, Section et seq.) to analyze the potential significant impacts associated with the Campus Master Plan project at the California State University, Sacramento (CSU Sacramento or Sacramento State). The Project The project is the adoption and implementation of the Campus Master Plan 2015 for CSU Sacramento. The Campus Master Plan will guide the future physical development of the University s campus through the year 2035 planning horizon. The University conducted over a year-long, wide-ranging planning process to develop the Campus Master Plan. The aim of that process was to develop a comprehensive plan for campus development that will maintain and enrich the campus as an attractive, accessible, safe and functional environment for learning, living, recreation, and culture for the University s faculty, staff and visitors, and for the surrounding communities. To do so, the Campus Master Plan incorporates Design Guidelines, Landscape Guidelines, Sustainability Guidelines, and Implementation Guidelines. The Campus Master Plan maintains the 25,000 full-time equivalent (FTE) students enrollment level established by the current Master Plan. Campus Master Plan Objectives The principal objective of the Campus Master Plan is to support and advance the University s educational mission by providing a guide to the development of the physical campus and its facilities. In support of this objective, the Campus Master Plan provides guidelines and framework for creating a campus environment that: Fosters and emphasizes academic excellence Elevates the University s presence in the global higher education arena Provides a vibrant and satisfying Live-Work-Teach-Learn-Play campus environment that serves students, faculty, and staff Maximizes connectivity with the surrounding community Maximizes intra-campus connectivity Optimizes physical assets through an integrated and comprehensive planning approach that responds to the academic strategic plan and campus life needs CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 1 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

7 SUMMARY Project Location The 300-acre University campus is located in the eastern portion of the City of Sacramento, between the American River s flood control levees and Lincoln Highway (US 50). The campus is bounded by the American River and its flood control levees to the northeast and east, a water treatment plant to the east, the Union Pacific railroad to the west, Folsom Boulevard and Lincoln Highway (US 50) to the south, and J Street to the north. These physical boundaries separate the campus from the nearby development within the City of Sacramento. Land uses in the vicinity are primarily single-family residential areas, but also include multi-family residences, institutional uses, and commercial businesses. The Hornet Tunnel, a pedestrian and bicycle route through the railroad embankment, serves as a link to the 65 th Street area, the Light Rail Station, and the Eastside Lofts. Campus Master Plan Characteristics The Campus Master Plan provides for the integration of the campus into a framework of eight functional and geographic zones (or precincts). The future development within the zones is planned to effectively concentrate the use of land within each zone and provide space for a broad range of programs, by: Making efficient use of University-owned land currently occupied by facilities that have reached the end of their useful life cycles Limit using significant campus open spaces for new building sites Reinforcing the campus open space context by using building edges to create new open spaces or delimiting the boundaries to existing open spaces Reinforcing the pedestrian pathway system by orienting buildings entrances to campus walkways The Campus Master Plan focuses on the facilities needed by the University s academic programs; campus life programs, including housing, recreation, esthetics, and facilities maintenance; and campus infrastructure, including roadways, parking, and utilities. Many of the existing academic, student housing, and other facilities have reached the end of their functional life and are in need of renewal or replacement. Therefore, the replacement and provision of remodeled facilities are large components of the 2015 Campus Master Plan. Facilities: The Campus Master Plan provides for million square feet of new academic and administrative facilities, including a new engineering academic facility, a performing arts center, an administrative/student services center, a new science facility, and new offices. In addition, seven facilities that have reached the end of their useful life will be remodeled or renovated, including Sequoia Hall, Lassen Hall, Shasta Hall, Capistrano Hall, Eureka Hall, Amador Hall, and the Library. To create a vibrant campus environment for the University s students, the Campus Master Plan CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

8 SUMMARY also provides for expanding the existing University Union facilities to include a new auditorium and new ballrooms/meeting rooms; expanding the existing Well fitness facility; developing a new Student Events Center with a 6,000 seat arena; and providing sufficient facilities for informal and intramural sports activities at the South Green and the Library Quad. The facilities envisioned to be developed earliest within the Campus Master Plan timeframe include the Parking Structure 5 (PS5), the University Union expansion, the expansion of the highly popular Well to serve the increasing number of students who use the activity center, and the new Science Building. Housing: Providing additional student housing on campus directly supports academic excellence and a vibrant live-work-teach-learn-play campus environment. To do so, the Campus Master Plan provides for replacement of seven older student housing facilities, and the construction of four new housing facilities for undergraduate students and four facilities for faculty, staff, and graduate students, as well as a remodeling of the dining hall. Open Space and Landscape: The Campus Master Plan provides for major open space, aesthetic, and design enhancements that will elevate the University s presence in the global higher education arena and the academic and living environment of the campus. These include developing quads, courtyards, and other open spaces; reinforcing the pedestrian environment of the campus; expanding the University s Arboretum with a better connection to the rest of the campus; enhancing the identity of the University and its campus through landscape and identification at campus entries; developing landscape and pedestrian connections in newly developed areas of the campus; and using Design Guidelines in the development of new facilities and integrate their form and materials with existing buildings and outdoor space. Infrastructure: The Campus Master Plan provides for improvements and enhancements to campus infrastructure that will showcase and maximize the sustainability features of the campus and optimize the campus physical assets. They include the Hornet Greenway, a unique organizing landscape and pedestrian feature providing a new sustainable central greenway that serves to enhance the campus landscape, manage stormwater in order to reduce pressure on the existing pumping system in the Western Ditch area, and clean the stormwater before it is reintroduced into the American River system. The Campus Master Plan also provides for modifications and augmentations of the campus utilities systems to serve the new and renewed facilities, including an expansion of the campus Central Plant and substation. Connectivity: The Campus Master Plan provides for functional enhancements to support the goals of optimizing the campus physical assets and maximizing intra-campus connectivity. They include supporting the use of public transit by continuing to provide shuttle connections and bus stops and parking for University and regional transit vehicles; enhancing campus entries and roadways to improve the flow of on-campus traffic; redistributing parking facilities to better accommodate on-campus traffic; re-organizing the pedestrian pathway system to create a more integrated and aesthetically-pleasing campus; restructuring bicycle routes through the campus and identifying bicycle and pedestrian zones that increase safety and functionality; and improving signage and wayfinding to make it easier for visitors to navigate throughout the campus. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 3 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

9 SUMMARY The Campus Master Plan also provides for the East Promenade to the new South Housing Village, which will become a pedestrian-only pathway, and the Landscape Guidelines provide for separating pedestrian and bicycle uses along promenades and pathways. Design Guidelines: All new and renewed facilities will be developed using the Campus Master Plan Design Guidelines. These guidelines are focused on giving the campus a distinct and coordinated visual appearance. They include guidelines for parking facilities, campus residential areas, as well as specific site design guidelines including site features and furnishings. Also included are design approaches for Sequoia Hall and the Library to serve as examples of elements to consider in remodeling campus buildings. The Design Guidelines also comprehensively address wayfinding and signage for the campus to enhance and create a distinct image for the campus. Landscape Guidelines: The new and enhanced landscape and open spaces on campus will be developed using the Landscape Guidelines. The guidelines provide for new and enhanced campus landscaping that builds on the campus designation as a Tree Campus USA. Components of the Landscape Guidelines include the Hornet Greenway, an Arboretum expansion, tree-lined campus roadways, pedestrian promenades that connect new developments, reinforced open spaces for recreation, expanded quads and plazas, flexible art installation sites, permeable paving, and edible gardens installations. Sustainability Guidelines: The Campus Master Plan builds upon the University s policies and initiatives by providing both the framework and the specific guidelines for the campus stormwater runoff management, active energy systems, solar energy, energy efficiencies, water conservation, and aligning the University s new buildings with LEED Gold criteria. Environmental Impacts CSU Sacramento prepared this EIR to analyze the potential environmental impacts associated with the Campus Master Plan project. In addition, the EIR identifies mitigation measures capable of avoiding or substantially reducing significant impacts. A summary of environmental impacts, mitigation measures, and a level of impact remaining after mitigation is presented in Table S-1 at the end of this Summary. The analysis contained in this EIR uses words significant and less than significant in the discussion of impact. These words specifically define the degree of impact and parallel language used in CEQA Guidelines. As required by CEQA, mitigation measures have been identified in this EIR to avoid or substantially reduce the level of potentially significant adverse impacts to the greatest extent possible. Certain significant impacts, even with the inclusion of mitigation measures, cannot be reduced to a level below significance. Such impacts are identified as unavoidable significant impacts. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

10 SUMMARY Beneficial Impacts This EIR identifies the following effects of the Campus Master Plan that are beneficial: Reducing vehicle miles traveled (VMTs) Reducing vehicular air pollutant emissions and greenhouse gases (GHG) Improving pedestrian and bicycle circulation networks on campus Increasing energy efficiency and reducing the use of electrical power for campus facilities and operations Reducing the use of water and generation of wastewater on campus Reducing stormwater flows and improving water quality Enhancing aesthetics and visual character of the campus Impacts Considered and Found to be Less Than Significant The analysis contained in the EIR indicates that the project will not result in a significant impact with respect to the following: Effect of project traffic on study intersections Police and fire protection services Cumulative effects, other than short-term cumulative peak construction emissions Growth-inducing and significant irreversible effects Pursuant to CEQA and the CEQA Guidelines, an Initial Study was prepared for this project (refer to Appendix A). The Initial Study concluded that implementation of the Campus Master Plan will result in either no impact or a less than significant impact with regards to: Agricultural and forest resources Biological resources Cultural resources Geology and soils Hazards and hazardous materials Hydrology Land use and planning Mineral resources Noise Population and housing Recreation CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 5 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

11 SUMMARY Potentially Significant Impacts that Can Be Mitigated The EIR analysis identified the following potentially significant impact associated with the Master Plan that can be mitigated to less than significant levels. Construction-related impact on solid waste facilities Unavoidable Significant Impacts The CEQA Guidelines define a significant impact on the environment as a substantial, or potentially substantial, adverse change in any of the physical conditions within an area affected by the project, including land, air, water, flora, fauna, ambient noise, and objects of historic or aesthetic significance (Section 15382). In order to approve a project with unavoidable significant impacts, the lead agency must adopt a Statement of Overriding Considerations. In adopting such a statement, the lead agency finds that it has reviewed the EIR, has balanced the benefits of the project against its unavoidable significant effects, and has concluded that the benefits of the project outweigh the unavoidable adverse environmental effects, and thus, the adverse environmental effects may be considered acceptable (CEQA Guidelines, Section 15093[a]). The EIR identifies the following unavoidable significant impacts associated with implementation of the Campus Master Plan: Short-term project-specific and cumulative air quality impact, and project-specific noise impact from the peak construction day Alternatives to the Project The alternatives to the Campus Master Plan considered include the following: Alternative 1: No Project Continuation of Current Master Plan alternative, required by CEQA Alternative 2: Smaller Facility Development Alternative 3: More Housing on Campus Alternative 4: Increasing Enrollment Level to 35,000 FTEs Among the alternatives considered, none of the alternatives discussed is considered clearly environmentally superior to the project. Each alternative results in potential impacts, with a number of impacts that may be greater and some impacts that may be lesser than those associated with the Campus Master Plan. Overall, when both direct and indirect impacts of each alternative are considered together, the alternatives are either environmentally comparable or inferior to the project. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 6 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

12 SUMMARY Issues Identified During the NOP Process No areas of controversy were identified during the Notice of Preparation (NOP) process. In response to the NOP, certain issues were raised by public agencies and these issues are addressed in the EIR as follows: Climate change and energy efficiency (addressed in Section 3.2 and Section 3.5) Traffic (addressed in Section 3.3) Water quality (addressed in Section 3.5) Hazardous materials (addressed in Section 3.5 and Appendix A) Mitigation Monitoring Program In accordance with CEQA Section , a mitigation monitoring program will be adopted by the Board of Trustees of the California State University if the Campus Master Plan is approved. The mitigation monitoring program will be prepared as a separate document and will be designed to ensure compliance with the adopted mitigation measures contained in the Final EIR. The program will be available for public review prior to Board of Trustees actions on the Campus Master Plan. Summary of Impacts Table S-1 summarizes the environmental effects associated with implementation of the Campus Master Plan, the mitigation measures required to avoid or minimize adverse impact, and the level of impact remaining after full implementation of identified mitigation measures. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 7 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

13 SUMMARY Beneficial Impacts Table 1: Summary of Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures Potential Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures Level of Impact After Mitigation Traffic By providing additional housing for students, faculty, and staff on campus, the Campus Master Plan will result in reducing vehicle miles traveled (VMTs) by at least 25,000 VMTs per day. Impact will be beneficial, no mitigation is required. Impact will be beneficial, no mitigation is required. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases (GHG) By reducing vehicular commute, the Campus Master Plan will result in reducing long-term air pollutant emissions (NOx and ROG by at least 2.6 and 6.1 pounds per day, respectively, and reducing GHG by at least 1,558 metric tons of CO2e per year. Impact will be beneficial, no mitigation is required. Impact will be beneficial, no mitigation is required. Pedestrian and Bicycle Circulation The Campus Master Plan will result in new and re-configured pedestrian and bicycle networks and amenities throughout the campus. Impact will be beneficial, no mitigation is required. Impact will be beneficial, no mitigation is required. Aesthetics The Campus Master Plan will result in substantially enhancing the visual and aesthetic campus character and quality. With the Master Plan s Design Guidelines, Landscape Guidelines, and Sustainability Guidelines, the new and renewed buildings and other facilities, landscaping, open space, signage, and other elements will create visual appearance of the campus that is both distinct and cohesive. Impact will be beneficial, no mitigation is required. Impact will be beneficial, no mitigation is required. Utility and Service Systems The implementation of the Campus Master Plan will result in reduction in water use, sewer generation, electrical energy use, and stormwater flows. Impact will be beneficial, no mitigation is required. Impact will be beneficial, no mitigation is required. The Campus Master Plan includes the guidelines to promote water efficiency for new and existing buildings, including using watersaving fixtures to reduce potable water use in new and existing buildings by at least 30% and to CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 8 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

14 SUMMARY Potential Environmental Impact reduce sewage conveyance in new buildings 50% below the baseline case usage, as well as to reduce the overall water use on campus by 20% by the year Mitigation Measures Level of Impact After Mitigation The Campus Master Plan includes Sustainability Guidelines that define energy efficiency goals to reduce energy consumption and promote the utilization of renewable energy resources. The Campus Master Plan includes the following energy efficiency goals: Move toward zero net energy consumption for 50% of the square footage of existing stateowned buildings by 2025; zero net energy consumption from all new or renovated state buildings beginning design after 2025; and providing up to 60% of the peak campus load by on-site solar PV electricity, among others. Stormwater and Water Quality The Campus Master Plan includes a number of features that will reduce stormwater flows, including the Hornet Greenway that will traverse the entire campus and incorporate bioswale areas to capture and filter stormwater and irrigation water runoff before it returns to the American River. This will result in an estimated reduction in stormwater peak flows by 41% for the 10-year storm event and by 38% for the 100-year storm event 1. Similarly, the total volume of stormwater entering the American River will be reduced by 29%. Furthermore, it is estimated that approximately 90% of the campus stormwater will receive primary biotreatment before entering the American River. This represents a nine-fold increase in clean water entering the American River from the campus. Impact will be beneficial, no mitigation is required. Impact will be beneficial, no mitigation is required. 1 Draft 2015 Campus Master Plan. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 9 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

15 SUMMARY Potential Environmental Impact Impacts Considered But Found To Be Less Than Significant (CEQA Guidelines Section 15128) Mitigation Measures Level of Impact After Mitigation Traffic The implementation of the Campus Master Plan is not projected to result in a change in level service (LOS) at any of the 15 study intersections. Impact will be less than significant, and no mitigation is required. Impact will be less than significant, and no mitigation is required. Fire and Police Protection Services While with more residents and facilities on campus, the implementation of the Campus Master Plan will result in incremental increase in demand for fire and police protection services, it does not result in the need for new fire or police protection facilities. Enhanced operating procedures, incorporation of required fire suppression and safety features, continued emergency response training, and appropriate staffing of the University Police Department will work to minimize increased demand for service. Impact will be less than significant, and no mitigation is required. Impact will be less than significant, and no mitigation is required. Short-term Construction- related Water Quality In compliance with existing regulations, all construction activities will implement a Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP), which includes best management practices (BMPs), such as scheduling grading during dry weather and replanting vegetation as soon as possible, and/or other measures, impact will be less than significant. Impact will be less than significant, and no additional mitigation beyond compliance with existing regulations are required. Impact will be less than significant, and no mitigation is required. Cumulative impacts, other than short-term construction-related air quality The Campus Master Plan s contribution to potential cumulative impacts on traffic, public services and utilities, and aesthetics will be less than significant. Impact will be less than significant, and no mitigation is required. Impact will be less than significant, and no mitigation is required. Growth-inducing impacts The Campus Master Plan will not foster economic or population growth. Implementation of the Campus Master Plan will result in Impact will be less than significant, and no mitigation is required. Impact will be less than significant, and no mitigation is required. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 10 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

16 SUMMARY Potential Environmental Impact infill facilities and reinvigoration of the existing CSU Sacramento campus. The campus is located within a fully urbanized area that is well served by existing infrastructure. The project will not result in excess capacity that may induce growth. Mitigation Measures Level of Impact After Mitigation Significant Environmental Impacts That Can Be Avoided or Mitigated (CEQA Guidelines Section ) Construction-related impact on solid waste facilities Construction of new facilities and demolition of some existing facilities and provision of infrastructure improvements will generate construction materials waste. Even though the construction of individual campus facilities and infrastructure improvements will be phased over the 20-year span of the Campus Master Plan - thus representing relatively small activities at any given time which do not involve massive construction activities that could generate significant amounts of solid waste, mitigation measures have been identified to reduce this potential impact 1. Demolition and construction inert materials, including vegetative matter, asphalt, concrete, and other recyclable materials will be recycled to the extent feasible. Less than significant Short-Term Construction-related Traffic Construction trucks and equipment may cause localized congestion at some locations, and may adversely affect pedestrian flows on campus at some locations. Construction activities also may temporarily affect bus and bicycle circulation routes at some locations on campus. 1. A flag person will be employed as needed to direct traffic when heavy construction vehicles enter the campus from J Street, Folsom Boulevard, and College Town Drive. 2. Construction trucks will avoid travel on residential areas to access campus and use the City of Sacramento designated truck routes to travel to and from campus. Less than significant 3. Construction-related truck traffic will be scheduled to avoid peak travel time on the US Highway Route 50 (US 50), as feasible. 4. If major pedestrian or bicycle CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 11 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

17 SUMMARY Potential Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures routes on campus are temporarily blocked by construction activities, alternate routes around construction areas will be provided, to the extent feasible. These alternate routes will be posted on campus for the duration of construction. 5. If any bus stop or other transit facility on campus is obstructed by construction activity, the University, in cooperation with the transit service providers, will temporarily relocate such transit facility on campus as appropriate. Level of Impact After Mitigation Unavoidable Significant Environmental Impacts (CEQA Guidelines Section 15126[b] Lead Agency must issue a Statement of Overriding Considerations under CEQA Guidelines Section if the Agency determines these effects are significant and approves the project.) Short-term Construction-related Air Quality (project-specific and cumulative) During construction, short-term air quality impact will result from worker travel, construction equipment and activities including dust emissions that may exceed SMAQMD daily thresholds for oxides of nitrogen (NOx) since at certain times some construction activities may overlap over the life of the Campus Master Plan. The combined effect of these peak day construction-related emissions from the project together with construction emissions from other development in the Sacramento general area will likely exceed SMAQMD daily threshold. 1. Construction hours will be limited to between 6:00 am and 8:00 pm during the week and 8:00 am and 7:00 pm on weekends. 2. Contractors will be required to minimize exhaust emissions by maintaining equipment engines in good condition and properly tuned. 3. The hours of operation of heavy-duty equipment will be minimized. 4. The idling time of construction equipment at the construction site will be limited to no more than 5 minutes. Significant 5. The contractor will ensure that diesel particulate filters are installed on diesel equipment and trucks. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 12 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

18 SUMMARY Potential Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures Level of Impact After Mitigation 6. Trucks carrying contents subject to airborne dispersal will be covered. 7. Alternative fueled or electrical construction equipment will be used when feasible. 8. The minimum practical engine size for construction equipment and electric carts and other smaller equipment will be used when feasible. Short-term Construction-related Noise (project-specific) Construction activities will result in a temporary and intermittent noise that may affect the nearby noise-sensitive uses on campus. 9. Throughout the construction period of individual facilities and improvements in close proximity to student residence halls, campus academic facilities, health and wellness facilities, and/or other sensitive uses on campus, ventilation systems in those facilities will be tested more frequently to provide for the maintenance schedule that ensures proper ventilation. 1. Muffled heavy construction equipment will be used. 2. Construction staging areas will be located as far as possible from student residence halls, campus academic facilities, health and wellness facilities, and other places where students gather. Significant 3. The contractor will ensure that each piece of operating equipment is in good working condition and that noise suppression features, such as engine mufflers and enclosures, are working and fitted properly. 4. The contractor will locate noisy construction equipment as far as possible from nearby sensitive uses. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 13 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

19 1.0 Introduction Purpose of the EIR This Program Environmental Impact Report (EIR) has been prepared to evaluate the environmental effects of the adoption and implementation of the proposed California State University, Sacramento (CSU Sacramento) Campus Master Plan The Campus Master Plan constitutes a project for the purposes of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) and the State CEQA Guidelines. According to the CEQA Guidelines, an EIR is an informational document which will inform public agencies, decision makers, and the public generally of the significant environmental effects of a project on the environment, identify possible ways to minimize the significant effects, and describe alternatives to the project. This Draft EIR is an informational document to be used by decision makers, public agencies, and the general public. It is not a policy document of CSU Sacramento. The EIR will be used by CSU Sacramento in assessing impacts of the proposed project. During the project implementation process, mitigation measures identified in the EIR may be applied to the project by CSU Sacramento and/or other involved agencies. Program EIR This document is a Program EIR prepared pursuant to the provisions of Section of the CEQA Guidelines. A Program EIR is an EIR prepared on a series of actions that can be characterized as one large project. The project consists of a series of physical and programmatic actions and improvements pursuant to the updated Campus Master Plan implemented over time to the year 2035 planning horizon. A Program EIR allows later activities, i.e. a subsequent actions and improvements, to be approved provided that the effects of such projects were examined in the Program EIR, and no new effect could occur or no new mitigation measure would be required upon implementation of such subsequent action or improvement. At the time that each facility improvement or other action pursuant to the Master Plan is carried forward, CSU Sacramento will review each individual action or improvement to determine whether the Program EIR fully addressed the potential impacts and identified appropriate mitigation measures. If so, no further review will be required. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 14 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

20 1.0 INTRODUCTION Legal Requirements This EIR has been prepared in accordance with the California Environmental Quality Act of 1970 (Public Resources Code, Section et seq.) and the Guidelines for Implementation of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA Guidelines) published by the Public Resources Agency of the State of California (California Code of Regulations, Title 14, Section et seq.), and in accordance with the CSU CEQA Guidelines. The Board of Trustees of the California State University is the lead agency for this EIR, as defined in Section of CEQA. Pursuant to CEQA and the CEQA Guidelines, an Initial Study was prepared for this project. The Initial Study concluded that the project might have a significant effect on the environment. The Initial Study checklist is included in Appendix A of this EIR. A Notice of Preparation (NOP) for this EIR was issued by the University on October 9, 2014 in accordance with the requirements of the CEQA Guidelines Sections 15082(a) and The NOP indicated that an EIR was being prepared and invited comments on the project from public agencies and the general public. This EIR was prepared by environmental planning consultants under contract to CSU Sacramento and under the direction of University staff. Scope of the Project The project is the Campus Master Plan for CSU Sacramento to guide the physical development of its campus within the Master Plan s horizon of the year The updated Master Plan identifies primary physical facilities required to accommodate CSU Sacramento s strategic and academic plans and programs. The Master Plan is designed to provide new in-fill facilities in the interior of the campus and replace existing aged, obsolete, and inefficient facilities. Associated infrastructure and landscape improvements will also be provided throughout campus. The Campus Master Plan improves open spaces, pedestrian corridors, and campus architectural themes. Overall, the Master Plan aims to enhance the University s distinct character, update and expand campus facilities and infrastructure, and preserve the quality of the physical environment. Scope of the Environmental Analysis Pursuant to CEQA and the CEQA Guidelines, an Initial Study was prepared for this project. The Initial Study concluded that the Master Plan will not result in a significant effect on the following environmental issue areas: Agriculture and forest resources Biological resources Cultural resources Geology and soils Hydrology and water quality Land use and planning Mineral resources Noise CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 15 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

21 1.0 INTRODUCTION Hazards and hazardous materials Population and housing Recreation The Initial Study concluded that the proposed project might have a significant effect on the environment with respect to the following environmental issue areas: Aesthetics Air quality Greenhouse gas Public services Traffic, circulation, and parking Utilities and service systems Short-term construction effects These issues are addressed in this EIR in the appropriate section. No additional environmental issue areas were raised in response to the NOP. Appendix A contains the Initial Study and NOP for the project. Appendix B contains the traffic study. All other reference documents cited in the EIR are on file with CSU Sacramento Facilities Planning and Construction Services, 6000 J Street, Sacramento, CA Intended Uses of the EIR The Campus Master Plan and subsequent implementing actions are subject to review and approval by the Board of Trustees of the California State University. This EIR may also be used to provide information to other agencies for their discretionary actions related to the project implementation, including the following: City of Sacramento Input on connectivity with the surrounding community, including pedestrian, bicycle, and circulation improvements and enhancements Office of the State Architect Checks for ADA compliance for facility plans State Fire Marshall Facility fire safety review and approval Regional Water Quality Control Board Issuance of Construction Storm Water General Permit for construction of new facilities Others, as may be necessary Public Review and Comment The Draft Program EIR will be circulated for a 45-day public review period. The public is invited to comment in writing on the information contained in this document. Persons and CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 16 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

22 1.0 INTRODUCTION agencies commenting are encouraged to provide information that they believe was missing from the Draft EIR, or to identify where the information could be obtained. All comment letters, and oral comments received at the public meeting on the Draft EIR that will be held by the University, will be responded to in writing, and the comment letters, together with the responses to those comments, will be incorporated into the Final EIR. Contact Person The primary contact person regarding information presented in this Draft EIR is Victor Takahashi, Director, Facilities Planning and Construction Services, 6000 J Street, Sacramento, CA ; fax (916) ; takahashiv@csus.edu. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 17 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

23 2.0 Project Description Established in 1947 as Sacramento State College, the California State University, Sacramento (CSU Sacramento or Sacramento State) is the primary higher education institution serving the Sacramento region. With its 300-acre campus and 24,237 full-time equivalent (FTE) student enrollment (as of Fall 2014), Sacramento State is one of the largest universities and urban campuses within the CSU system. The University is highly ranked in a number of categories nationally and currently offers 58 undergraduate degrees, 42 Master degrees, 2 doctoral degrees, as well as other post-undergraduate degrees. The University has graduated over 200,000 students over the last 42 years including 1 of every 22 Sacramento residents. The Project The project is the adoption and implementation of the Campus Master Plan 2015 for CSU Sacramento. The Campus Mater Plan will guide the future physical development of the University s campus through the year 2035 planning horizon. The University launched a wideranging planning process in 2014 to develop a Campus Master Plan that will that maintain and enrich the campus as an attractive, accessible, safe and functional environment for learning, living, recreation and culture for the University s faculty, staff and visitors, and the surrounding communities. To do so, the Campus Master Plan incorporates Landscape Guidelines, Sustainability Guidelines, Design Guidelines, and Implementation Guidelines. The Campus Master Plan maintains the 25,000 full-time equivalent (FTE) students enrollment level established by the current Master Plan. Project Objectives The principal objective of the Campus Master Plan is to support and advance the University s educational mission by providing a guide to the development of the physical campus and its facilities. In support of this objective, the Campus Master Plan provides guidelines and a framework for creating a campus environment that: Fosters and emphasizes academic excellence Elevates the University s presence in the global higher education arena Provides a vibrant and satisfying Live-Work-Teach-Learn-Play campus environment that serves students, faculty, and staff Maximizes connectivity with the surrounding community Maximizes intra-campus connectivity Optimizes physical assets through an integrated and comprehensive planning approach that responds to the academic strategic plan and campus life needs. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 18 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

24 2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION Project Location The 300-acre University campus is located in the eastern portion of the City of Sacramento, between the American River s flood control levees and Lincoln Highway (US 50), as illustrated in Figure 1. Figure 1 Project Location Source: Campus Master Plan 2015 Surrounding Uses The campus is bounded by the American River and its flood control levees to the northeast and east, a water treatment plant to the east, the Union Pacific railroad to the west, Folsom Boulevard and Lincoln Highway (US 50) to the south, and J Street to the north. These physical boundaries separate the campus from the nearby development within the City of Sacramento. Land uses in the vicinity are consist primarily of single-family residential areas, but also include multi-family residences, institutional uses, and commercial businesses. The Hornet Tunnel, a pedestrian and bicycle route through the railroad embankment, serves as a link to the 65 th Street area, the Light Rail Station, and the Eastside Lofts. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 19 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

25 2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION Project Characteristics Campus Framework The Campus Master Plan provides for the integration of the campus into a framework of eight functional and geographic zones (or precincts) as illustrated in Figure 2. The future development within the zones is planned to effectively concentrate the use of land within each zone and provide space for a broad range of programs, to achieve the following objectives: Making efficient use of University-owned land currently occupied by facilities that have reached the end of their useful life cycles Limiting the use of significant campus open spaces for new building sites Reinforcing the campus open space context by using building edges to create new open spaces or delimiting the boundaries to existing open spaces Reinforcing the pedestrian pathway system by orienting buildings entrances to campus walkways CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 20 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

26 2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION Figure 2 Campus Framework CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 21 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

27 2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION Facilities and improvements within the eight campus zones, or precincts are summarized below. North Campus New North Gateway campus entry with relocated Transit Center New parking structure (PS5) Arboretum Expansion New Administrative office building to accommodate Parking Services and Public Safety functions Facilities Services and campus support facilities to remain as currently existing Athletics Center to remain as currently existing Renewed North Housing Village Two new student residence halls American River Courtyard complex retained Five existing residence halls to be replaced by new facilities Expanded and remodeled Dining Commons New parking structure (PS6) One existing surface parking lot to remain Academic Core New Administrative/Student Services building Three new academic buildings: Science, Engineering and Performing Arts Main Quad reconfigured to incorporate Hornet Greenway and become the Grand Central Quad Seven remodeled and re-purposed buildings: Library, Sequoia Hall, Lassen Hall, Shasta Hall, Capistrano Hall, Eureka Hall, Amador Hall Student Activities New Student Events Center Expansion of University Union facilities Reinforced South Green/Student Activities Quad Additions to the Well fitness facility Athletics /Recreation Remodeled Hornet Stadium Athletic fields and playfields to remaining as existing South Housing Village One new housing complex comprised of 2-bedroom apartments for faculty, staff and/or graduate students One new housing complex comprised of 2-bedroom apartments for undergraduate students Parking Structures PS7 and PS8 South Campus New Children s Center facilities and exterior space New Ramona Avenue Extension roadway New parking structure (PS9) South Gateway Folsom Annex Folsom Hall and parking facilities to remain CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 22 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

28 2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION Campus Facilities The Campus Master Plan focuses on the facilities needed by the University s academic programs; campus life programs including housing, recreation, esthetics, and facilities maintenance; and campus infrastructure, including roadways, parking, and utilities. Many of these existing academic, student housing, and other facilities, which comprise approximately 5.2 million gross square feet with approximately 2.2 million assignable square feet, have reached the end of their functional life and many are in need of renewal or replacement. Therefore, the replacement and provision of remodeled facilities are large components of the 2015 Campus Master Plan. Figure 3 illustrates the Campus Master Plan s new and renewed facilities. Academic, Administrative, and Student Facilities To improve campus facilities, the Campus Master Plan provides for million square feet of new academic and administrative facilities, including a new engineering academic facility, a performing arts center, an administrative/student services center, a new science facility, and new offices. Figure 4 depicts the new facilities identified in the Campus Master Plan. In addition, seven facilities that have reached the end of their useful life will be remodeled or renovated, including Sequoia Hall, Lassen Hall, Shasta Hall, Capistrano Hall, Eureka Hall, Amador Hall, and the Library. Figure 5 illustrates the location of these facilities. Student Housing Providing additional student housing on campus directly supports academic excellence and a vibrant live-work-teach-learn-play campus environment. To accommodate students within the 25,000 FTE enrollment cap established by the current Master Plan, the Campus Master Plan provides for replacement of seven older student housing facilities, and the construction of four new housing facilities for undergraduate students and four facilities for faculty, staff, and graduate students, as well as a remodeling of the dining hall. The new and replaced student housing facilities will provide 3,000-3,500 beds, resulting in an increase of at least 2,047 beds in student housing on campus. In addition, new apartments will be provided for faculty, staff, and graduate students. Student Activities To create a vibrant campus environment for the University s students the Campus Master Plan provides for expanding the existing University Union facilities to include a new auditorium and new ballrooms/meeting rooms; expanding the existing Well fitness facility; developing a new Student Events Center with a 6,000 seat arena; and providing sufficient facilities for informal and intramural sports activities at the South Green and the Library Quad. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 23 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

29 2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION Figure 3 Campus New and Renewed Facilities CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 24 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

30 2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION Figure 4 Academic Facilities CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 25 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

31 2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION Figure 5 Student Facilities CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 26 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

32 2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION Campus Connectivity The Campus Master Plan provides for functional enhancements to support the goals of optimizing the campus physical assets and maximizing intra-campus connectivity. They include: Supporting the use of public transit by continuing to provide shuttle connections and bus stops and parking for University and regional transit vehicles; Enhancing campus entries and roadways to improve the flow of on-campus traffic; Redistributing parking facilities to better accommodate on-campus traffic; Re-organizing the pedestrian pathway system to create a more integrated and aesthetically-pleasing campus; Restructuring bicycle routes through the campus and identifying bicycle and pedestrian zones that increase safety and functionality; and Improving signage and wayfinding to make it easier for visitors to navigate the campus. The Campus Master Plan also provides for the East Promenade to become a pedestrian-only pathway to the new South Housing Village, and the Landscape Guidelines provide for separating pedestrian and bicycle uses along promenades and pathways. Figure 6 illustrates the primary and secondary pedestrian pathways as well as the campus access points and both new and existing parking structures. Figure 7 shows the campus bicycle circulation. Campus Infrastructure The Campus Master Plan provides for improvements and enhancements to campus infrastructure that will showcase and maximize sustainability features and optimize the campus physical assets. As illustrated in Figure 8, they include the Hornet Greenway, a unique organizing landscape and pedestrian feature providing a new sustainable central greenway that serves to enhance the campus landscape, manage stormwater in order to reduce pressure on the existing pumping system in the Western Ditch area, and clean the stormwater before it is reintroduced into the American River system. The Campus Master Plan also provides for modifications and augmentations of the campus utilities systems to serve the new and renewed facilities, including an expansion of the campus Central Plant and substation. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 27 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

33 2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION Figure 6 Campus Pedestrian and Vehicular Circulation CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 28 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

34 2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION Figure 7 Campus Bicycle Circulation CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 29 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

35 2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION Figure 8 Hornet Greenway/Landscape Concept CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 30 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

36 2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION Open Space The Campus Master Plan provides for major open space, aesthetic, and design enhancements that will elevate the University s presence in the global higher education arena and the academic and living environment of the campus. These include: Developing quads, courtyards, and other open spaces as part of building plans to encourage social interactions for students, faculty, staff, and visitors Reinforcing the pedestrian environment of the campus Expanding the University s Arboretum with a better connection to the rest of the campus and conserving open space throughout the campus Enhancing the identity of the University and its campus through landscape and identification at campus entries Developing landscape and pedestrian connections in newly developed areas of the campus, and Using design guidelines in the development of new facilities and integrating their form and materials with existing buildings and outdoor space. Figure 9 illustrates the open space concept for the campus. Landscape Guidelines The Landscape Guidelines provide for new and enhanced campus landscaping that builds on the campus designation as a Tree Campus USA. Components of the Landscape Guidelines include the Hornet Greenway, an Arboretum expansion, tree-lined campus roadways, pedestrian promenades that connect new developments, reinforced open spaces for recreation, expanded quads and plazas, flexible art installation sites, permeable paving, and edible garden installations. Design Guidelines Design Guidelines are focused on giving the campus a distinct and coordinated visual appearance. They include guidelines for parking facilities, campus residential areas, as well as specific site design guidelines including site features and furnishings. Also included are design approaches for Sequoia Hall and the Library to serve as examples of elements to consider in remodeling campus buildings. The Design Guidelines also comprehensively address campus wayfinding and signage to enhance and create a distinct image for the campus. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 31 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

37 2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION Figure 9 Campus Open Space CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 32 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

38 2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION Sustainability Guidelines The Campus Master Plan builds upon the University s policies and initiatives by providing both the framework and the specific guidelines for the campus stormwater runoff management, active energy systems, solar energy, energy efficiencies, water conservation, and aligning the University s new buildings with LEED Gold criteria. Implementation Guidelines The Campus Master Plan includes guidelines for construction of facilities and improvements that avoid disrupting academic, housing, recreation, athletic, and maintenance functions on campus. The Implementation Guidelines provide the conceptual framework that clusters the future facilities and improvements into major groups. Each of the major groups could be developed separately or concurrently with other groups. Overall, new academic facilities are anticipated to be developed over the first 10 years, and building remodels phased in over the entire 20-year timeframe. Housing facilities, both new and replacements, are also phased in over the 20-year time span of the Campus Master Plan. The facilities envisioned to be developed earliest within the Campus Master Plan timeframe include: Parking Structure 5 (PS5): The new PS5 providing approximately 1,600 spaces is anticipated to be constructed in Lot 1, adjacent to the Athletic Center. Along the southeast corner of the new garage, a multi-floor office building could be constructed to house the Parking Administration Office and Campus Public Services. Upon completion of the structure, the Parking Administration and Public Services can relocate to the new building. Following the relocation, the existing Public Services building could be demolished. University Union Expansion: The University Union expansion by approximately 35,000-40,000 square feet will address its three primary programs: dining and meeting space, study lounges, and ballrooms. Also included will be a new Auditorium. On the first floor, dining and meeting room space could increase by 375 seats achieved mostly by enclosing the east walkway. The new meeting room suites could be arranged to allow catering access. New bathrooms and storage areas will be constructed to serve the increased loads. The study lounge on the second floor of the Union could be expanded to accommodate additional patrons, located over the new first floor extension. A new dual-chamber ballroom could be added to the south wing, and the square footage of the existing ballrooms could be increased through reconfiguring the existing layout of the ballrooms and new construction. The reconfiguring will require the construction of new greenrooms, storage, and receiving. University Union Receiving can remain to the south. The Well: The highly popular Well requires an expansion to serve the increasing number of students who use the activity center. This approximately 23,000-25,000 square-foot expansion CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 33 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

39 2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION will include fitness program space, health services offices and a gym addition. The fitness program space will increase by the addition of new locker rooms, new fitness studio space, and expansion of the second floor gym. Heath Services offices will be added for counseling and psychological services, including new therapy rooms and additional exam rooms. A new gym addition, at the rear of the existing Well, could include two gym courts and upper deck spectator seating. Science Building: The new, approximately 200, ,000 square-foot Science Building is anticipated to be constructed in Lot 4. The building will house the state-of-the arts classrooms, laboratories, and spaces and amenities needed for the Departments of Biology and Chemistry, and the Departments of Mathematics and Statistics, which could be located within its own wings of the building. By locating this building within the campus Academic Core, and locating the Departments of Astronomy, Physics, and Geography in the a new building that will be constructed later on the existing Humbolt Hall site, the physical sciences will be kept near the Engineering Sciences and Geology buildings and will help create a physical sciences cluster on campus. As part of the new Science Building development, the first phase of the East Promenade also could be constructed. New planters, seating, shade trees and structures can form the beginning of a new pedestrian promenade that ultimately will connect to the new South Housing Village. Relationship to Regional Plans The Sacramento Area Council of Governments (SACOG) is an association of local governments for the six-county Sacramento Region. SACOG provides transportation planning and funding for the region, and serves as a forum for the study and resolution of regional issues. In addition to preparing the region's long-range transportation plan, SACOG approves the distribution of affordable housing in the region and assists in planning for transit, bicycle networks, clean air, and airport land uses. SACOG uses an integrated regional growth planning called blueprint planning. Using blueprint planning, the SACOG s Metropolitan Transportation Plan/Sustainable Communities Strategy (MTP/SCS) provides a long-range plan for the Sacramento region s transportation investment, air quality, and housing that is linked more closely to local plans and coordinated with other plans, including energy plans and habitat plans. The Campus Master Plan 2015 is consistent with the regional plan and strategies. The Master Plan is designed to accommodate the student enrollment within the 25,000 FTE cap established by the current Master Plan, and therefore will not change population or employment levels in the region. The Campus Master Plan focuses on guiding the future development of the campus in a sustainable manner and that will help reduce vehicle trips generated by student enrollment at the University. This includes the substantial addition of on-campus housing opportunities for students that will reduce the number of commuter trips to and from campus; the preservation and enhancement of open space; and the enhancement of pedestrian and bicycle circulation networks and transit connections, all of which will encourage pedestrian and bicycle activity throughout the campus and reduce internal auto trips, among others. The Campus Master Plan also includes CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 34 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

40 2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION a wide range of components and strategies that will reduce energy use, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and reduce generation of wastewater and stormwater. As such the Campus Master Plan works toward achieving goals of SACOG s regional sustainable communities and transportation mobility plans. Project Actions The Campus Master Plan and subsequent implementing actions are subject to review and approval by the Board of Trustees of the California State University, including approvals of schematics plans for individual facilities and improvements. Implementation of the Campus Master Plan may also involve actions of other agencies, including the following: City of Sacramento Input on connectivity with the surrounding community, including pedestrian, bicycle, and circulation improvements and enhancements Office of the State Architect Checks for ADA compliance for individual facility plans State Fire Marshall Individual facility fire safety review and approval Regional Water Quality Control Board Issuance of Construction Storm Water General Permit for construction of new facilities Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) Approval of new connections and approval of fees for new connections Sacramento Area Sewer District (SASD) Approval of new connections and approval of fees for new connections Others, as may be necessary CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 35 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

41 3.0 Environmental Impact Analysis This section of the EIR examines potentially significant effects associated with the CSU Sacramento Campus Master Plan 2015 as identified through the NOP process (see Section 1.0 and Appendix A) and identifies mitigation measures to avoid or substantially reduce impacts found to be potentially significant in the EIR analysis. Each environmental issue for which the Initial Study (see Appendix A) identified a potentially significant impact is discussed in the following manner: Environmental Setting describes the existing environmental conditions in the vicinity of the project as it exists before the commencement of the project to provide a baseline for comparing before the project and after the project environmental conditions. Impact Criteria defines and lists specific criteria used to determine whether an impact is considered to be potentially significant. Appendix G of the CEQA Guidelines; applicable local, State, federal or other standards; and officially established thresholds of significance are the major sources used in crafting criteria appropriate to the specifics of a project, since.an ironclad definition of significant effect is not always possible because the significance of an activity may vary with the setting (CEQA Guidelines Section 15064[b]). Principally, a substantial, or potentially substantial, adverse change in any of the physical conditions within an area affected by the project, including land, air, water, flora, fauna, ambient noise, and objects of historic and aesthetic significance constitutes a significant impact (CEQA Guidelines Section 15382). Environmental Impact presents evidence, based to the extent possible on scientific and factual data, about the cause and effect relationship between the project and potential changes in the environment. The exact magnitude, duration, extent, frequency, range or other parameters of a potential impact are ascertained to the extent possible to provide facts in support of finding the impact to be or not to be significant. In determining whether impacts may be significant, all the potential effects, including direct effects, reasonably foreseeable indirect effects, and considerable contributions to cumulative effects, are considered. If, after thorough investigation, a particular impact is too speculative for evaluation, that conclusion is noted (CEQA Guidelines Section 15145). Mitigation Measures identify measures that can reduce or avoid the potentially significant impact identified in the EIR analysis. Standard existing regulations, requirements, and procedures applicable to the project are considered a part of the existing regulatory environment. Mitigation measures are those feasible, project-specific measures that may be needed in addition to compliance with existing regulations and requirements, in order to reduce significant impacts. Mitigation, in addition to measures that the lead agency will implement, can also include measures that are within the responsibility and jurisdiction of another public agency (CEQA Guidelines Section 15091[a][2]). CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 36 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

42 3.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ANALYSIS Level of Impact After Mitigation indicates what effect remains after application of mitigation measures, and whether the remaining effect is considered significant. When these impacts, even with the inclusion of mitigation measures, cannot be mitigated to a level considered less than significant, they are identified as unavoidable significant impacts. To approve a project with significant unavoidable impacts, the lead agency must adopt a Statement of Overriding Considerations. In adopting such a statement, the lead agency finds that it has reviewed the EIR, has balanced the benefits of the project against its significant effects, and has concluded that the benefits of the project outweigh the unavoidable adverse environmental effects, and thus, the adverse environmental effects may be considered acceptable (CEQA Guidelines Section [a]). CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 37 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

43 3.1 AESTHETICS 3.1 Aesthetics Environmental Setting The most visible and unifying element of the 300-acre Sacramento State campus visual character is its distinctive canopy of 3,000 trees, which gives the campus a rare distinction of being designated as a Tree Campus USA. Example 1: Typical Tree Foliage at Sacramento State The quality of the campus landscape is a recognizable part of Sacramento State s brand. The components of the landscape tree-lined campus roadways, pedestrian pathways, and plazas are critical features of the campus aesthetic and work to reinforce the integrative role of open space: creating connections between landscape and structures, and a comfortable, human-scaled setting for educational activities. The trees and other campus mature landscaping serve to moderate the appearance of individual campus buildings, tempering an otherwise discordant visual diversity of building types and styles. Since the campus was established in 1953, a variety of classrooms, laboratories, student services, recreational, housing, and support services facilities have been incrementally added to the campus. As a result, these facilities, numbering some 40 structures, reflect a wide range of architectural styles, building materials, heights, and massing that does not provide visual continuity. Varied exterior CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 38 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

44 3.1 AESTHETICS building colors also contribute to a lack of visual continuity, further adding to the heterogeneous nature of the campus built environment. Many older buildings reflect outdated color schemes using white color palette and materials, and many have large blank or nearly blank facades or imposing massing that create an aloof presence and an environment that is not consistent with human scale. The newer buildings tend to incorporate high proportions of glass and some use metal panels as facade materials. As the new buildings were added over the decades, the connections between buildings and the campus pedestrian pathway system became poorly defined. Some buildings have their main entries along minor pedestrian pathways, lack clearly delineated entries, or do not take advantage of views to adjacent open spaces. Also, some buildings present massive vertical walls to the pedestrian and typically lack first floor architectural elements such as wall projections, window patterning, arcades or entries that would provide a more human scale. The campus is located behind the levees along the left (south) bank of the American River. The American River is designated as a Wild and Scenic River, with its channel and banks located within the American River Parkway corridor. However since the campus lies behind and below the levees along the river, the views of the river are limited to upper floors of the campus facilities located along the levees. Impact Criteria Impact is considered to be significant if the implementation of the Campus Master Plan will substantially degrade the existing visual character or quality of the University campus or its surroundings, have a substantial adverse effect on a scenic vista, and/or create substantial light and glare that will adversely affect day or nighttime views in the area. Environmental Impact The Campus Master Plan provides a program of new facilities; a reorganized pedestrian pathway system; the new Hornet Greenway and Grand Central Quad that organizes landscape and activities within the campus Academic Core; new housing for students, faculty, and staff; and new open spaces that are created by the eventual removal of a number of older campus structures and the siting of the new campus features. The Campus Master Plan capitalizes on the most vivid, character-defining attribute of the campus its lush and extensive landscape setting, broadening its reach and the influence with six central features of the Master Plan that will transform the campus over its lifetime, as follows: CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 39 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

45 3.1 AESTHETICS The Hornet Greenway - a unique organizing landscape and pedestrian circulation feature that serves as the centerpiece of a comprehensive sustainability and stormwater management plan. The Arboretum Expansion - extends the Arboretum, a significant but sometimes overlooked campus resource. North and South Gateways - reinforced and redefined through signage, landscape and placement of parking facilities that will help distribute traffic, enhance wayfinding, and reduce vehicle congestion. Academic Core Renewal - removing outdated classroom and laboratory buildings that have reached the end of their useful lives and replacing them with landscaped open spaces and new, purpose-built teaching/learning facilities. Expanded Housing - in North and South Housing Villages, increase and renew the University s undergraduate student housing facilities, add housing for faculty, staff, and graduate students, and increase the round-the-clock population on the campus. The Campus Master Plan for the housing villages maximizes views of the American River and incorporates generous open space areas for gathering, recreation, dining, and food service. Student Activities Precinct Additions - including the 6,000-seat Student Events Center and additions to the University Union and the Well Health and Fitness Facility. These features are integrated with and threaded through campus open space, vehicle and pedestrian circulation, and renewed and conserved landscape. The Campus Master Plan also includes a relocated transit center at the north, reconfigured bicycle routes through the campus, and parking facilities that will be developed as needed. The South Campus and Folsom Annex are relatively unchanged, incorporating only a relocated Children s Center and potential new parking. Integral parts of the Campus Master Plan are the Design Guidelines and Landscape Guidelines. The purpose of the Design Guidelines is to unify the campus visual environment, including its architectural character and landscape setting, in order to reinforce the University s educational mission and fortify the campus sense of place. To this end, the Guidelines set a series of parameters for new and remodeled buildings, and for aspects of the campus landscape and sustainability features. These include the visual aspects of building exteriors and the connections between structures, landscape, both pedestrian and vehicle circulation systems, and the campus signage. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 40 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

46 3.1 AESTHETICS The Design Guidelines are based upon the following major goals: Enhance and continue the use of consistent design themes to further unify the visual campus environment; Use landscaping as a major unifying element in and of the environment; Orient buildings to major pedestrian pathways, campus views and visual axes; and Provide building features that visually and functionally connect with the pedestrian environment The Design Guidelines comprehensively address all aspects of building and site design, from materials, colors, building orientation, building massing and scale, design of campus residential areas, and design of parking structures to architectural treatment details and signage. In particular, the Guidelines include the following: Colors: A campus color palette oriented around light neutral colors with warm earth tones or green accents as primary colors for new facilities, and warm earth-tone colors as secondary colors. Building Orientation: Building orientation is a critical aspect of new facilities and campus improvements. Therefore, the Guidelines include the following major principles: Using building placement and orientation to create new open spaces such as courtyards, quads and plazas, and to reinforce existing open spaces. Placing new buildings to enclose open space, and, in concert with adjacent buildings, create congenially-sized open spaces throughout the campus. Placing new buildings constructed along the perimeters of the Hornet Greenway and Grand Central Quad areas oriented to face these open spaces. Designing and siting open spaces between buildings to accommodate a variety of programmed and informal activities. Designing and orientating building s entrances and lobbies to function as important components of the pedestrian pathway system by providing connectivity and enhancing the pedestrian experience and wayfinding. Massing and Scale: The development of campus buildings will proceed in accordance with the following principles: The height of an individual building will be appropriate to that of other structures abutting the contiguous open space. Buildings entries will be readily visible, placed to relate to adjacent open spaces, and configured such that activity from buildings easily flows into nearby open spaces and pedestrian pathways. Future buildings will reflect efficient land use. Small single- story buildings will be avoided in favor of larger, 3-5 story buildings that respect land value, efficiency, and function. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 41 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

47 3.1 AESTHETICS The mass of larger campus buildings will be modulated through the use of fenestration patterns, surface materials, and segmentation within the facade and landscape. Large blank walls or an uninterrupted building mass will be avoided. Building frontages along streets and major paths must create a welcoming and attractive street environment for pedestrians. The campus is located behind the levees along the left bank of the American River, with its channel and banks located within the American River Parkway corridor. As the campus is located behind and below the levee along the American River Parkway corridor, only upper floors of the new three to five-story campus facilities - including new student residence halls, located along the levee - will be visible from the Parkway. In accordance with the Campus Master Plan Design Guidelines and Landscape Guidelines, those facilities will include landscaping throughout the site, open plazas or similar features, and architectural design which will improve the visual character of the sites in comparison with existing visual environment. To further reduce any potential effects associated with upper floors of new facilities that could be visible from the Parkway, the University will continue to use the following features consistent with the American River Parkway Plan in development of those facilities. The design that includes the use of medium to dark earth tone colors and nonreflective surface materials. Landscaping that includes trees and other vegetation to provide screening for the facilities, including replacement trees for any trees removed during construction. Using lighting that is shielded and directed downwards. Using lighting that incorporates most effective lighting engineering technology that avoids exposing adjacent areas to direct light or glare, such as the use of specified non-glare fixtures and placement of lights to direct illumination into only those areas where it is needed; fixture selection and light placement that minimizes light projection and enhance color rendition; the use of refractive, i.e. non-glare, lenses and shielding; the use of walkway lighting fixtures mounting no higher than twenty feet unless necessary for safety reasons, and/or other similar features. The continued inclusion of these features into design of new facilities that could be visible from the Parkway will ensure that no adverse impact will occur from the implementation of the Campus Master Plan. Example 2 through Example 6 illustrate some of some of these principles. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 42 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

48 3.1 AESTHETICS Example 2: Building Placement in Relation to Open Space where buildings face onto the new Grand Central Quad/Hornet Greenway and main Academic Core pedestrian routes. Building 3, the new Administration/Student Services building, faces both the North Gateway entry road loop and the Grand Central Quad open space to its south. Similarly, Building 2, the new Performing Arts Center, faces onto the Grand Central Quad open space. Example 3: New Student Events Center which screens the parking structure PS3 by wrapping around its west and north facades. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 43 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

49 3.1 AESTHETICS Example 4: Artist s Conceptual Rendering of the New South Housing Village where South Housing Village buildings are placed to enclose a large open space used for residents formal and informal activities. Example 5: Conceptual Rendering of Library Exterior with Wood Accents CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 44 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

50 3.1 AESTHETICS Example 6: Iconic Campus Entry Sign The campus community prides itself on the beauty of the Sacramento State campus, its canopy of mature trees and its designation as a Tree Campus USA that form indelible components of the University s identity and brand. The Campus Master Plan s Landscape Guidelines build on this foundation by reinforcing, expanding and, in some areas, redesigning the landscape to more comprehensively serve the campus and to significantly advance the campus sustainability stature. The Landscape Guidelines focus on: Sustainable strategies to strengthen the open space and campus stormwater management with new Hornet Greenway and rain gardens. Sustainable strategies to strengthen the open space and pedestrian circulation systems on campus. This will contribute to strengthened connections between the campus and the surrounding community, including providing landscape at the Hornet Tunnel. Building upon existing plant palettes and making use of consistent themes and characters by deploying and extending well-developed plant palettes, paving materials, light fixtures, and site furniture to emphasize the design of open spaces and reinforce key pedestrian connections and gathering areas. Landscaping with monumentation, and an effective signage and wayfinding system, to create welcoming and legible campus entries and a clear pedestrian circulation system. The Hornet Greenway, to be developed over the life span of the Campus Master Plan, is a new unifying open space feature of the Landscape Guidelines. As a central part of the campus open space and stormwater management system, along with a system of rainwater gardens incorporated into individual building sites, the Greenway will operate to retain, infiltrate and clean stormwater runoff to recharge the groundwater and return cleaner water to the American River. Thus, this large open space, starting in the CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 45 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

51 3.1 AESTHETICS Academic Core not only provides an aesthetic landscape element through the length of the campus but is also a functional component of the overall campus sustainability strategy. The Greenway is integrated with a new pedestrian pathway system that incorporates bridges to cross from one side to another. Example 7 and Example 8 illustrate the Greenway. Example 7: Grand Central Quad & Greenway Conceptual Aerial View Example 8: Artist s Rendering of the New Grand Central Quad and Hornet Greenway CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 46 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

52 3.1 AESTHETICS Example 9 illustrates a vision for the new Student Events Center, Well, and South Green Student Activities Quad. Example 9: New Student Events Center, Well and South Green Student Activities Quad The Landscape Guidelines also include the eventual reconstruction of athletic playfields to serve as stormwater retention and infiltration elements. Other Landscape Guidelines components include the following features: Arboretum Expansion - The Arboretum is an important resource for the University and is a community-serving facility that welcomes elementary school classes and other visitors. Due to its location to the west of the North Gateway at J Street, it can be overlooked by those entering the campus. The Arboretum will be expanded via a north-south parcel that creates a landscape link to the main campus open space system and links it to Hornet Greenway south of Bay Laurel Way. Tree-lined campus roadways Reconfigured pedestrian pathway system - incorporating new pedestrian promenades that connect new developments in the southern precincts to the Academic Core Reinforced open spaces - for recreation and gathering Expanded quads and plazas Ten new flexible art installation sites Permeable paving Edible garden installations CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 47 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

53 3.1 AESTHETICS These features enhance and extend the campus aesthetics and work to reinforce the integrative role of open space by creating connections between landscape and structures, and by creating a comfortable, human-scaled setting for educational activities. Figure 10 illustrates the Campus Master Plan Landscape Plan. Figure 10 Campus Master Plan Illustrative Landscape Plan CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 48 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

54 3.1 AESTHETICS Mitigation Measures The Campus Master Plan will result in substantially enhancing the visual and aesthetic campus character and quality. With the Master Plan s Design Guidelines, Landscape Guidelines, and Sustainability Guidelines, the new and renewed buildings and other facilities, landscaping, open space, signage, and other elements will create visual appearance of the campus that is both distinct and cohesive. With incorporation of these Campus Master Plan s features and components, impact will be beneficial; no mitigation is required. Level of Impact After Mitigation The Campus Master Plan will result in a beneficial impact of substantially enhancing the visual and aesthetic character and quality of the campus; no mitigation is required. No adverse impact will result. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 49 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

55 3.2 Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases (GHG) This section examines the potential long-term air quality impacts, including GHG, associated with the Campus Master Plan. Short-term impacts from construction of individual facilities pursuant to the Campus Master Plan are discussed in Section 3.6, Construction Effects. Environmental Setting The Sacramento State campus lies on the eastern side of the City of Sacramento, adjacent to the American River. Due to the unique geography and meteorology of the Sacramento Valley Air Basin, ozone (O 3 ) levels have been some of the highest in the country and are expected to continue to violate the federal and state ambient air quality standards even with the implementation of vigorous control measures. High levels of fine particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) also continue to exceed federal and/or state standards. The Sacramento Valley Air Basin is in attainment for carbon monoxide (CO) levels, nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), and lead (Pb). Air Pollution Control Efforts Both the federal and state governments have set health-based ambient air quality standards for the following 6 pollutants: Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) Lead (Pb) Carbon monoxide (CO) Fine particulate matter (PM10) Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) Ozone (O 3 ) Standards for these pollutants have been designed to protect the most sensitive persons from illness or discomfort with a margin of safety. The California standards are more stringent than federal standards, especially in the case of PM10 and SO 2. The Federal government has also set standards for PM2.5. Table 2 outlines current federal and state ambient air quality standards, and sources and health effects of these pollutants. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 50 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

56 3.2 AIR QUALITY AND GREENHOUSE GASES (GHG) Air Pollutant Ozone (O 3 ) Respirable Particulate Matter (PM10) Particulate Matter less than 2.5 Microns in Diameter (PM2.5) Carbon Monoxide (CO) Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 ) Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2 ) Lead (Pb) Visibility- Reducing Particles State Standards 0.07 ppm, 8-hr. avg ppm, 1-hr. avg. 50 g/m 3, 24-hr. avg. 20 g/m 3, AAM Table 2 Air Pollution Standards, Sources, and Effects National Standards (Primary) Sources Health Effect ppm, 8-hr. avg. Atmospheric reaction of Aggravation of respiratory and organic gases with cardiovascular diseases, irritation nitrogen oxides in of eyes, impairment of sunlight cardiopulmonary function, plant 150 g/m 3, 24-hr. avg. 12 g/m 3, AAM 35 g/m 3, 24-hr. avg. 12 g/m 3, AAM 9.0 ppm, 8-hr. avg. 20 ppm, 1-hr. avg ppm, 1-hr. avg ppm, AAM 0.04 ppm, 24-hr avg ppm 1-hr. avg. 1.5 g/m 3, 30 day avg. Extinction coefficient of 0.23 per km, visibility of 10 miles or more due to particles when relative humidity is less than 70%. 9 ppm, 8-hr. avg. 35 ppm, 1-hr. avg. 100 ppb, 1-hr. avg ppm, AAM 0.03 ppm, AAM 0.14 ppm, 24-hr. avg. 75 ppb, 1-hr. avg. 1.5 g/m 3, calendar quarter No Federal Standards Stationary combustion of solid fuels, construction activities, industrial processes, industrial chemical reactions Combustion from mobile and stationary sources, atmospheric chemical reactions Incomplete combustion of fuels and other carbon-containing substances such as motor vehicle exhaust, natural events, such as decomposition of organic matter Motor vehicle exhaust, high-temperature stationary combustion, atmospheric reactions Combustion of sulfurcontaining fossil fuels, smelting of sulfurbearing metal ores, industrial processes Contaminated soil Note: ppm = parts per million by volume g/m 3 = micrograms per cubic meter AAM = annual arithmetic mean Source: California Air Resources Board, leaf injury Reduced lung function, aggravation of the effects of gaseous pollutants, aggravation of respiratory and cardio-respiratory diseases, increased coughing and chest discomfort, soiling, reduced visibility Health problems, including asthma, bronchitis, acute and chronic respiratory symptoms such as shortness of breath and painful breathing, and premature deaths. Reduced tolerance for exercise, impairment of mental function, impairment of fetal development, death at high levels of exposure, aggravation of some heart diseases (angina) Aggravation of respiratory illness, reduced visibility, reduced plant growth, formation of acid rain Aggravation of respiratory diseases (asthma, emphysema), reduced lung function, irritation of eyes, reduced visibility, plant injury, deterioration of metals, textiles, leather, finishes, coating, etc. Increased body burden, impairment of blood formation and nerve conduction Visibility impairment on days when relative humidity is less than 70% Most pollution control programs have relied on development and application of cleaner technology and add-on emission control devices to vehicular and industrial sources, such CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 51 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

57 3.2 AIR QUALITY AND GREENHOUSE GASES (GHG) as catalytic converters for automobiles. Recent efforts have been directed toward how emission sources are used (e.g. the Inspection and Maintenance Program, High Occupancy Vehicle [HOV] Lanes, and mandatory maintenance procedures on industrial sources). Monitored Air Quality The Sacramento Metropolitan Air Quality Management District (SMAQMD) monitors air quality throughout the Basin at various locations. Monitoring stations at Branch Center Road, the Sacramento Health Department, and Del Paso Manor report data most descriptive of conditions at the Sacramento State campus. Table 3 summarizes the number of days State and/or federal standards for ozone (O 3 ) were exceeded for the Sacramento area. Table 3 Federal and State Ground-level Ozone Exceedances in Sacramento County State 1-hour Ozone Federal 1-hour Ozone Federal 8-hour Ozone Source: Sacramento Metropolitan Air Quality Management District, The air quality (and especially in terms of PM10 and O 3 ) in the metropolitan Sacramento region has been improving over recent years as a result of stringent air quality improvement programs such as the District s Spare the Air and Burn Check programs, and general improvements in energy and transportation efficiency. Air pollutant emissions are currently generated by activities occurring at the campus, including vehicular travel and heating and air conditioning of campus facilities. Impact Criteria A project will have a significant impact if it violates any ambient air quality standard or substantially contributes to an existing or projected air quality violation, and/or results in a cumulatively considerable net increase of any criteria pollutant for which the region is in non-attainment. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 52 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

58 3.2 AIR QUALITY AND GREENHOUSE GASES (GHG) The SMAQMD has established thresholds for certain criteria pollutants for which the region is in non-attainment. Thresholds for operation-related emissions are shown in Table 4. Table 4 SMAQMD Long Term Operational Thresholds Criteria Pollutant Reactive Organic Gases (ROG) Oxides of Nitrogen (NO x ) Greenhouse Gases (GHG) as CO2e Pounds per Day/Metric Tons per Year 65 pounds per day 65 pounds per day 1,100 metric tons (MT) per year Source: Sacramento Metropolitan Air Quality Management District Environmental Impact The implementation of the Campus Master Plan will not create additional regional growth as the Campus Master Plan maintains the University s 25,000 FTE enrollment level established by the current Master Plan. The Campus Master Plan provides for substantial additional student, staff, and faculty housing on campus and other improvements that will have a beneficial effect of reducing vehicular commute trips to and from the campus. As discussed in Section 3.3, Traffic and Circulation, it is estimated that 43,800 vehicle trips a day are attributable to off-campus students, or 1.72 vehicle trip per day per student, with an average commute distance of 12.9 miles. With the implementation of the Campus Master Plan, the provision of on-campus housing for students will result in 1,125 fewer commute trips, which translates to at a minimum, a reduction of 25,000 VMT per day from commuting trips. Using the EPA emission calculation of 0.81 lb of CO 2 per mile, this translates to a reduction of more than 9.2 tons of CO 2 e per day that will result from the elimination of these commute trips. Similarly, the reduction in commute trips will result in reduction in ROG and NO X emissions. Table 13 summarizes estimated 2035 net new air pollutant emissions resulting from the implementation of the Campus Master Plan. A worst-case scenario is used to analyze long-term air quality impacts. Area ROG and NOx emissions are calculated for both winter and summer using the CalEEMod model, with the higher emissions estimate reported. GHG (CO2e) emissions are calculated on an annual basis using the CalEEMod model. Vehicular ROG and NOX emissions by VMT were calculated using California Air Resource Board per-mile formulas; GHG emissions by VMT were calculated using EPA per-mile formulas. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 53 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

59 3.2 AIR QUALITY AND GREENHOUSE GASES (GHG) Table 5 Project Net New Operational Emissions, Year 2035 Reactive Organic Gases (ROG) pounds/day Oxides of Nitrogen (NO X ) pounds/day GHG (CO2e) metric tons/year Vehicular Emissions ,201 Area Sources Total ,558 SMAQMD Threshold ,100 Exceeds Threshold? No No No The area source emissions are primarily emissions associated with the use of energy for heating and cooling of the new facilities on campus. These emissions are anticipated to be substantially lower in comparison with the worst case estimates summarized in Table 5 since the Campus Master Plan includes Sustainability Guidelines that define energy efficiency goals to reduce energy consumption and promote the utilization of renewable energy resources. The Campus Master Plan includes the following energy efficiency goals: Move toward zero net energy consumption for 50% of the square footage of existing state-owned buildings by Move toward zero net energy consumption from all new or renovated state buildings beginning design after Target an average EUI of up to 40kBtu/sf-yr for new and renovated buildings. Energy efficiency goals will be achieved with sustainability actions that include the following: Increase on site renewable power generation with solar photovoltaics and solar hot water systems. Use on-campus building solar power production potential (roof area) and estimated full-build-out energy consumption to evaluate a pathway to Net-Zero Energy Campus. LEED v4 certification for new buildings on campus. LEED v4 certification for major existing building remodels and renovations. In addition to the energy efficiency goals to reduce energy consumption, the University is striving to optimize the energy performance of buildings and move buildings towards Zero-Net Energy. Zero-Net Energy means that buildings generate as much renewable energy on site or nearby as they consume on a net-annual basis. Actions to optimize energy performance include: 1. Promote energy efficient distribution transformers to reduce no lead and lead losses. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 54 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

60 3.2 AIR QUALITY AND GREENHOUSE GASES (GHG) 2. Model energy performance and compare various cost strategies to achieve optimum and economical building envelope combinations to help maximize energy efficiency and minimize operating costs. 3. Use of solar tubes to minimize electric lighting. 4. Use of new high-efficiency outdoor lighting to reduce energy use. 5. The University has identified additional photovoltaic (PV) installation opportunities for Parking Structures 2 and 3, the University Union, American River Courtyard, Solano Hall, and Folsom Hall. Up to 60% of the peak campus load could be provided by solar PV electricity. As shown, emissions due to the campus new facilities and a growth up to a 25,000 FTE enrollment level are more than offset by a reduction in VMT emissions resulting from the provision of housing for more students, faculty, and staff on campus, and therefore reducing commute travel and vehicular emissions. The implementation of the Campus Master Plan Sustainability Guidelines will further reduce the use of energy for campus facilities and as a result, the net effect of the Campus Master Plan on air quality and GHG is beneficial. No adverse impact will occur. Mitigation Measures As the implementation of the Campus Master Plan will result in beneficial long-term impacts of reducing air pollutant emissions and GHG, no mitigation is required. Level of Impact After Mitigation As the Campus Master Plan will result in beneficial long-term impacts, no mitigation is required. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 55 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

61 3.3 Traffic and Circulation This section discusses off-site traffic and circulation issues associated with the CSU Sacramento Campus Master Plan A transportation impact study was prepared for the Campus Master Plan in September The study findings are summarized below, and the study is included in Appendix B of this EIR. Environmental Setting The University campus is generally bordered by the American River on the east, the Union Pacific Railroad right-of-way on the west, U.S. Highway Route 50 (US 50) to the south, and J Street to the north. As a major academic, sports, cultural as well as employment hub of activity in the Sacramento region, the university attracts both local and regional traffic. Roadway Network The off-campus roadway system in the vicinity of the campus includes: US Highway Route 50 (US 50) is an important east-west commuter route, truck route, and recreational route in the Sacramento area. It also connects the major north-south routes in the area (including I-5, SR 99, and SR 51) and connects the region to other parts of the state and country. Through the City of Sacramento limits, US 50 is a general eightlane divided freeway cross-section with a 65 mph posted speed limit. US 50 provides regional and inter-regional connection to/from the Sacramento State campus routed predominantly via the US 50/Howe Avenue/Hornet Drive full-access interchange. Howe Avenue is a north-south arterial roadway with a full access interchange to US 50. Howe Avenue is a six lane arterial with center median between Folsom Boulevard and the Alta Arden Expressway (except for at the American River overcrossing where it is only four lanes). Howe Avenue is one of the key arterials that carries Sacramento State campus traffic on a daily basis. College Town Drive is an east-west arterial road connecting Sacramento State and Howe Avenue. College Town Drive has two travel lanes and a class II bicycle lane in each direction and a center turn lane. Folsom Boulevard is an east-west arterial road connecting downtown Sacramento to the City of Folsom. In the vicinity of Sacramento State, Folsom Boulevard has two lanes per direction west of 67th Street, transitioning to one lane per direction and a center turn lane between 67th Street and Elvas Avenue, and one lane per direction east of Elvas Avenue. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, LONG BEACH 56 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT CAMPUS MASTER PLAN

62 3.3 TRAFFIC AND CIRCULATION J Street is an east-west arterial connecting Downtown Sacramento to Sacramento State and River Park areas. In the vicinity of Sacramento State, J Street has two lanes per direction and a center median with turn lanes. Elvas Avenue is an arterial street with two southbound lanes and one northbound lane between J Street and 65th Street. South of 65th Street it has one lane per direction. 67th Street is a short two-lane private street connecting Folsom Boulevard to Q Street. 67th Street is one of the entrances used by buses serving the 65th Street LRT station and is also used as access to the businesses on Q Street. 65th Street is a north-south arterial connecting the Sacramento State area to South Sacramento. In the Sacramento State vicinity, 65th Street has two lanes per direction with a center turn lane between Elvas Avenue and 4th Avenue. Intersection Operations Traffic operational conditions at intersections are described in terms of Level of Service (LOS) which ranges from LOS A, which indicates that vehicles experience little delay in passing through the intersection, to LOS F, which indicates that vehicles are likely to encounter long queues and stop-and-go conditions. The intersection LOS analysis was conducted in compliance with City of Sacramento LOS standards. Traffic counts were performed at 15 off-campus study intersection. Existing AM and PM peak-hour turning movement data were collected at each of the study intersections. Table 6 summarizes the results of the intersection capacity analysis indicating ICU values and corresponding LOS for each intersection at AM and PM peak hours. Table 6 Existing Year 2014 Intersection Level of Service ID Intersection Traffic Control LOS Standar d AM Peak Hour Delay (sec/veh) Notes: CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 57 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT For signalized intersections average delay and LOS for all approaches are reported. "SSSC" means "side-street stop controlled." For SSSC intersections, delay and LOS for the w orst performing CAMPUS approach MASTER PLAN are reported LOS PM Peak Hour Delay (sec/veh) 1 65th St/Folsom Blvd Signal E 31.9 C 48.8 D 2 65th St/US-50 WB Ramps Signal E 23.4 C 25.5 C 3 65th St/US-50 EB Ramps Signal E 13.0 B 14.1 B 4 67th St/Folsom Blvd SSSC E 10.4 B 11.7 B 5 Ramona Ave/Folsom Blvd Signal E Does not exist in this scenario 6 State University Dr /Folsom Blvd Signal E 10.3 B 14.2 B 7 State University Dr /College Town Dr Signal E 40.1 D 40.9 D 8 Hornet Dr/College Town Dr Signal D 19.1 B 14.4 B 9 Howe Ave/College Town Dr Signal D 24.3 C 36.2 D 10 Hornet Dr/Folsom Blvd Signal E 17.6 B 26.3 C 11 Howe Ave/Folsom Blvd Signal E 36.8 D 48.3 D 12 Carlson Dr/J St Signal D 24.2 C 35.2 D 13 Carlson Dr/H St Signal D 14.5 B 17.0 B 14 Cadillac Dr/Fair Oak Blvd Signal D 7.7 A 7.6 A 15 Fair Oaks Blvd/Howe Ave Signal D 34.2 C 53.7 D LOS

63 3.3 TRAFFIC AND CIRCULATION Figure 11 and Figure 12 depict the existing LOS at study area intersections. All study intersections currently operate at acceptable peak hour LOS (D or better) conditions. Figure 11 Existing AM Peak Hour Intersection LOS Conditions CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 58 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

64 3.3 TRAFFIC AND CIRCULATION Figure 12 Existing PM Peak Hour Intersection LOS Conditions CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 59 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

65 3.3 TRAFFIC AND CIRCULATION Congestion Management Program The Sacramento Transportation Authority (STA) oversees preparation and implementation of the Congestion Management Program (CMP), a State-mandated program to monitor traffic growth on the regional transportation system and work to maintain pre-established LOS on critical routes. The only Congestion Management Program facility in the project vicinity is US 50. Per 2013 Caltrans traffic count data, US 50 mainline currently carries an Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) of 197,000 vehicles and a peak month ADT of 215,000 vehicles between the 65 th Street interchange and Howe Avenue interchange. Internal Vehicular Circulation The existing internal roadway system at the campus is comprised of the following roadways: State University Drive is a north-south roadway along the eastern edge of the Sacramento State campus with between one and three lanes in each direction. State University Drive has a continuous sidewalk on the west side between the Transit Center and the Guy West Bridge. Arboretum Way is a two-lane undivided collector at the north end of the Sacramento State campus. Arboretum Way forms the northwest portion of the campus loop, connecting State University Drive and Bay Laurel Way. Bay Laurel Way is an east-west roadway connecting the intersection of Arboretum Way and College Town Drive to State University Drive at the Transit Center. Bay Laurel Way has one travel lane in each direction from College Town Drive to the Parking Lot 1. Moraga Way is a northbound, one-way road with one travel lane. There is parallel parking for the handicapped on the left side and incomplete sidewalks. College Town Drive runs parallel to the Union Pacific Railroad tracks from is northern terminus at Arboretum Way to Hornet Stadium, where it curves into a northwestsoutheast alignment that continues outside the campus. Sinclair Road is an east-west road through the center of campus with one travel lane in each direction between State University Drive and Moraga Way. Jed Smith Drive is a north-south access road in the center of campus. It is closed to general traffic, but open to bicycles, pedestrians, and delivery and maintenance vehicles. Morison Pine Way is an east-west roadway along the north edge of Parking Structure 2 on the Sacramento State campus with one lane in each direction. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 60 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

66 3.3 TRAFFIC AND CIRCULATION Atlas Cedar Way is an east-west roadway along the south edge of Parking Structure 2 on the Sacramento State campus with one lane in each direction. Stadium Drive is a two-lane road that is the main vehicular access way to Hornet Stadium and the nearby parking facilities. White Poplar Way is an east-west roadway between Parking Structure 3 and Parking Lots 7 and 8 on the Sacramento State campus. Callery Pear Way is a north-south roadway next to Parking Structure 3 and between Parking Lots 7 and 8 on the Sacramento State campus. Cottonwood Way is an east-west roadway between the north and south portions of Parking Lot 7 on the Sacramento State Campus. Red Buckeye Way is an east-west roadway through Parking Lot 8 on the Sacramento State campus. Transit Public transit in Sacramento County is primarily the responsibility of the Sacramento Regional Transit District (RT). RT operates seven fixed-route bus services in the vicinity of the project as well as light rail transit (LRT) service. Besides RT, Amador Transit operates a commuter shuttle from Amador County to the 65th Street LRT Station. The fixed-route public transit services serving the Sacramento State area are: RT Gold Line LRT Service RT Route 26: Fulton (Watt/I-80-University/65th Street) RT Route 30: J Street (CSUS-Downtown) RT Route 34: McKinley (University/65th Street-CSUS-McKinley-Downtown) RT Route 38: P/Q Streets (University/65th Street-Downtown-River Oaks) RT Route 81: Florin 65th Street (Florin-University/65th Street) RT Route 82: Howe 65th Street (ARC-University/65th Street) RT Route 87: Howe (University/65th Marconi/Arcade) Amador Transit Route 1 There are two major transit transfer points in the vicinity of Sacramento State; one at the 65th Street LRT Station and the other on the State University Drive at the north end of the Sacramento State campus. In addition to the public transit system, Sacramento State operates its own system of shuttle buses connecting the campus to residential areas. There are three routes, namely: CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 61 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

67 3.3 TRAFFIC AND CIRCULATION Hornet Express Gold Line connects the University Transit Center to the retail and medium-density residential areas along Howe Avenue north of the campus and to the Arden Fair regional shopping mall. Hornet Express Green Line runs in a loop around the campus, then in a loop serving the residential neighborhoods along La Riviera Drive and Folsom Boulevard southeast of campus. The Hornet Express Hornet Line runs in a small loop at the south end of campus, then travels to Folsom Hall (located south of U.S. 50) and to the 65th Street Light Rail Station before returning to campus along Folsom Boulevard. In addition to the public and Sacramento State transit systems, some private apartment complexes catering to students offer shuttle buses to and from the campus. Bicycles and Pedestrians The Sacramento State campus is connected by a network of pedestrian and bicycle facilities. The pedestrian circulation system focuses on the center of the campus with the primary paths connecting Athletic Facility on the south and the Library and academic buildings in the center of the campus. A network of secondary pedestrian paths extends to the periphery areas of the campus. All campus buildings are currently accessible via the pedestrian network. The on-campus and off-campus bicycle facilities are connected at the following locations: There is a Class 1 mixed-use tail along the top of the American River levee that continues along the south side of the American River in both directions from campus. The Guy West Bridge is a mixed bicycle/pedestrian facility that crosses the American River and connects the campus to the Class 1 American River Bicycle Trail, which runs along the north bank of the American River north, a Class 1 mixed-use path that runs along the top of the northern American River levee, and the Class 2 bicycle lanes on University Avenue. At the south end of campus the Class 2 bicycle lanes along State University Drive connect to Class 2 bicycle lanes on College Town Road and Folsom Boulevard. On the west side of campus, the Hornet Tunnel is a pedestrian/bicycle passageway beneath the tracks of the Union Pacific Railroad connecting Elvas Avenue with State University Drive West. This provides convenient access to the 65th Street Light Rail Station and to retail establishments in the Folsom Boulevard/65th Street area. At the north end of campus the Class 1 mixed-use trail on the west side of the State University Drive and the Class 2 bicycle lane on the eastern side of the State University Drive connect to Class 2 bicycle lanes on J Street and Carlson Drive. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 62 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

68 3.3 TRAFFIC AND CIRCULATION The University has provided bicycle racks and lockers at convenient locations near many campus buildings. University regulations require cyclists to dismount and walk their bicycles when they are not on the designated bicycle paths. Impact Criteria Senate Bill 743 (SB743) changed the way in which transportation impacts are analyzed under CEQA. Under SB743, the focus of transportation analysis shifted from driver delay to reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, creation of multimodal networks, and promotion of a mix of land uses. Measurements of transportation impacts may include vehicle miles traveled, vehicle miles traveled per capita, automobile trip generation rates, or automobile trips generated. In compliance with SB 743, this traffic analysis considers vehicle miles traveled (VMT). In addition to VMT analysis, the traffic analysis also includes a discussion of driver delay measured by LOS. Based on the California State University criteria, LOS impact is considered significant if: A roadway segment or intersection operates at LOS D or better under a No Project scenario and the addition of project trips causes overall traffic operations on the facility to operate at LOS E or F. A roadway segment or intersection operates at LOS E or F under a No Project scenario and the project adds both 10 or more peak hour trips and 5 seconds or more of peak hour delay, during the same peak hour. An intersection operates at a very poor LOS F (control delay of 120 seconds or more), and the project increases the volume-to-capacity (v/c) ratio by 0.02 or more. Impact is also considered to be significant if the project substantially degrades bicycle, pedestrian, or transit service. Environmental Impact Existing Plus Project Conditions Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) One key effect of the Campus Master Plan is a shift from an overwhelmingly commutercharacter campus to one with a more residential-college character. From a traffic standpoint, this effect translates to a reduction in trips destined to campus that originate from off-campus locations. With more students residing on campus, there could be some CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 63 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

69 3.3 TRAFFIC AND CIRCULATION increase in trips that originate from campus to off-campus locations such as shopping, etc. Sacramento State attracts students from around the Sacramento region and beyond. In addition to the effects on local intersections, the new on-campus residence halls will also affect regional VMT. Reduction in VMT from Commute Trips to/from Campus Information from student residential zip-codes indicates that the average commute distance for off-campus students is 12.9 miles. Traffic counts at campus gateways indicate that approximately 43,800 vehicle-trips (VT) per day are attributable to offcampus students, or 1.72 VT/day per off-campus student. Combining this with the change in off-campus student population of 1,125 fewer off-campus students that will occur with implementation of the Master Plan, the Campus Master Plan will result in a reduction of at least approximately 25,000 VMTs/day from commuting trips. This is a conservative estimate since the students living furthest from campus have the greatest incentive to move into the new residence halls, so the actual reduction in travel distance is likely to be higher than the average commute distance. Reduction in VMT from Other Trips Students make other trips from their homes besides trips to and from campus, such as shopping, errands, and recreation trips. Tests with SACOG s regional travel demand model indicate that these types of trips tend to be shorter for people living in the vicinity of the Sacramento State campus than they are for people living elsewhere in the region; 4.8 miles/trip compared to the regional average of 5.2 miles/trip. So moving students from low-density suburbs to the Sacramento State campus is likely to shorten these other trips by about 8%. In addition, an even bigger reduction in VMTs is expected based on the fact that many services used by students, such as restaurants, mini-marts, and printing services, will be available on campus and will not involve driving at all to those destinations. Therefore, the implementation of the Master Plan will result in a beneficial impact on regional VMT due to reduction in VMT from both the commute and other trips. Intersection Operations The anticipated net change in traffic pursuant to the Campus Master Plan is a net reduction in inbound AM peak hour volume by 56 trips and a small increase in outbound AM peak hour trips by 68 trips, relative to existing volumes at the campus gateways. In the PM peak hour, the Campus Master Plan is anticipated to result in a small increase in both inbound and outbound trips, by 123 trips and 81 trips respectively. The increase in outbound trips in the AM peak and inbound trips in the PM peak affect the reversecommute directions where existing traffic volumes are well below capacity. The only project-caused increase in traffic in the peak commute direction is the 81-trip outbound CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 64 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

70 3.3 TRAFFIC AND CIRCULATION increase in the PM peak hour. The net trips were added on top of existing/baseline traffic volumes. The LOS at the study intersections were then evaluated using Existing Plus Project traffic volumes. The resulting LOS operations are summarized in Table 7 for the AM peak hour and PM peak hour conditions. ID Intersection Table 7 Existing Plus Project Level of Service (LOS) Traffic Control LOS Standar d AM Peak Hour Delay (sec/veh) Existing Conditions LOS PM Peak Hour Delay (sec/veh) LOS Delay (sec/veh) LOS Delay (sec/veh) 1 65th St/Folsom Blvd Signal E 31.9 C 48.8 D 32.1 C 49.2 D 2 65th St/US-50 WB Ramps Signal E 23.4 C 25.5 C 23.4 C 25.4 C 3 65th St/US-50 EB Ramps Signal E 13.0 B 14.1 B 13.0 B 14.2 B 4 67th St/Folsom Blvd SSSC E 10.4 B 11.7 B 10.4 B 11.8 B 5 Ramona Ave/Folsom Blvd Signal E Does not exist in this scenario Does not exist in this scenario 6 State University Dr /Folsom Blvd Signal E 10.3 B 14.2 B 10.2 B 14.5 B 7 State University Dr /College Town Dr Signal E 40.1 D 40.9 D 38.9 D 42.7 D 8 Hornet Dr/College Town Dr Signal D 19.1 B 14.4 B 18.9 B 14.8 B 9 Howe Ave/College Town Dr Signal D 24.3 C 36.2 D 24.2 C 36.7 D 10 Hornet Dr/Folsom Blvd Signal E 17.6 B 26.3 C 17.5 B 26.3 C 11 Howe Ave/Folsom Blvd Signal E 36.8 D 48.3 D 36.9 D 48.6 D 12 Carlson Dr/J St Signal D 24.2 C 35.2 D 24.2 C 36.0 D 13 Carlson Dr/H St Signal D 14.5 B 17.0 B 14.5 B 17.1 B 14 Cadillac Dr/Fair Oak Blvd Signal D 7.7 A 7.6 A 7.6 A 7.7 A 15 Fair Oaks Blvd/Howe Ave Signal D 34.2 C 53.7 D 34.5 C 54.8 D Notes: For signalized intersections average delay and LOS for all approaches are reported. "SSSC" means "side-street stop controlled." For SSSC intersections, delay and LOS for the w orst performing approach are reported. Existing Plus Project Conditions AM Peak Hour PM Peak Hour LOS As shown in Table 7, the Campus Master Plan is not projected to result in a change in existing LOS operations at any of the study intersections and therefore, impact is considered to be less than significant. Congestion Management Program (CMP) Table 8 summarizes the effect of the Campus Master Plan on peak-hour traffic volumes on US 50. Table 8 Effect of Campus Master Plan on Peak-Hour Freeway Traffic Volumes AM Peak Hour PM Peak Hour Inbound Outbound Inbound Outbound US 50 West of 65th Street Net Effect of Project on Traffic at Campus Gateway % of Project Traffic Using US 50 26% 20% 15% 14% Change in Traffic by Direction Total Change in Traffic on US US 50 East of Howe Avenue Net Effect of Project on Traffic at Campus Gateway % of Project Traffic Using US 50 18% 21% 15% 13% Change in Traffic by Direction Total Change in Traffic on US CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 65 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

71 3.3 TRAFFIC AND CIRCULATION As shown in Table 8, the net effect of the project on US 50 freeway traffic is well below the 100 vehicle trips/peak-hour threshold that would necessitate an LOS analysis for the state freeway system. Off-Peak Traffic Impacts The Campus Master Plan includes a student event center for performing arts events, basketball games, special events, etc. that take place during off-peak traffic hours. To check the worst-case traffic impacts of the event center, it was assumed that: (1) all 6,000 seats would be filled; (2) none of the seats would be taken by a student already present on campus; and (3) that all spectators would drive solo to the event. Existing traffic counts in the vicinity of the Sacramento State campus were reviewed for typical weekday PM peak hour demand patterns between 3:00 PM and 8:00 PM. Off-site weekday PM peak period background traffic demands drop dramatically (by over 50%) after 6:30 PM. Therefore, the off-campus vicinity roadway system provides sufficient off-peak traffic-carrying capacity to accommodate incremental off-peak traffic generated by the project. Therefore, even under such extreme worst-case conditions there will be available roadway capacity to accommodate the spectators and impact is considered less than significant. Pedestrian Connections To assess existing pedestrian conditions, pedestrian traffic counts were performed at the 15 study intersections on the same day as the vehicular traffic counts. The Campus Master Plan envisions additional primary pathways and the reinforcement of existing pathways to maintain pedestrian connectivity throughout the campus, and extending this connectivity to the south as the campus develops. The Campus Master Plan pedestrian and vehicle circulation shows a future pedestrian tunnel connecting to the 65th Street area at a location north of and parallel to the existing Hornet Tunnel. With these improvements in on-campus pedestrian facilities and circulation patterns, the project impact is considered to be beneficial. Bicycle Connections To assess existing bicycle conditions, bicycle traffic counts were performed at the 15 study intersections on the same day as the vehicular traffic counts. The Master Plan s bikeway circulation includes on-campus bike paths/routes enhancements. These enhancements will not affect off-campus bikeway circulation. Overall, the proposed oncampus bikeway circulation enhancements, the project impact will be beneficial. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 66 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

72 3.3 TRAFFIC AND CIRCULATION Transit Conditions The Campus Master Plan proposes an enhanced on-campus Transit Stop at the north end of the campus at/near the Bay Laurel Way/State University drive intersection. No change in off-campus transit routes or services will occur. With this enhancement, the project s overall impact will be beneficial. Parking The Campus Master Plan envisions an increase in total on-campus housing supply to 3,719 student beds and 285 apartment units by year This represents a net increase in on-campus housing supply by 2,047 student beds and 285 apartment units compared to an existing (2014) on-campus housing of 1,672 student beds and no apartments. Parking for new residents will be provided through a combination of new structured parking and re-allocation of existing structured parking. Table 9 shows that the Campus Master Plan will maintain the existing ratio for oncampus resident students to residential parking spaces. The Faculty/Staff apartments are allocated one residential parking space per apartment, corresponding to the minimum parking ratio for apartments in the City of Sacramento. Since at least one resident of these apartments will be able to walk to work on-campus there is no need to supply more than one space per apartment, especially since visitors to the apartments would have the option to use the daily parking spots. With the provision of housing for students on campus, the number of spaces for offcampus students will be reduced consistent with policies of the Campus Master Plan to encourage alternate modes of travel and reduce single-driver commuting. As a result, the overall amount of parking on campus will remain nearly the same, with 13,242 future spaces versus 13,232 existing spaces. Since there will be sufficient parking, the Campus Master Plan will not impact parking. Population Type North-Campus Residents South-Campus Student Residents South-Campus Faculty/Staff Off-Campus Commuters Total Students Table 9 Existing and Future Parking Supply Existing (2014) Parking Spaces Spaces per Student Students Parking Spaces Spaces per Student Future requirement) and East Sacramento (Year Parking 2035) District Map (shows No Sac State as Project being in a "traditional" area). Conditions Master Plan (2035) Resident Faculty/ Staff Fac/Staff Apartment Parking Spaces Spaces per Faculty/Staff 1, ,589 1, , ,128 12, ,003 11, ,800 13, ,000 13, Notes: The City of Sacramento minimum requirement for spaces per faculty/staff in an apartment building in a traditional neighborhood is one (1). See Page 81 of City Council Report (states The Future (Year 2035) No Project scenario considers a condition wherein the Sacramento State campus maintains its current status quo characteristics (current enrollment, existing traffic generation, etc.), while the surrounding off-campus vicinity CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 67 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

73 3.3 TRAFFIC AND CIRCULATION develops through year 2035 as envisioned in the Sustainable Community Strategy, the approved long-term forecast for the Sacramento region. Intersection Operations The Year 2035 No-Project traffic volumes are shown in Table 10. ID Table 10 Year 2035 No Project LOS at Study Intersections Intersection Traffic Control LOS Standar d AM Peak Hour Delay (sec/veh) LOS PM Peak Hour Delay (sec/veh) 1 65th St/Folsom Blvd Signal E 39.9 D 50.9 D 2 65th St/US-50 WB Ramps Signal E 23.0 C 25.7 C 3 65th St/US-50 EB Ramps Signal E 12.9 B 21.8 C 4 67th St/Folsom Blvd SSSC E 11.5 B 14.2 B 5 Ramona Ave/Folsom Blvd Signal E 5.1 A 9.4 A 6 State University Dr /Folsom Blvd Signal E 9.4 A 12.6 B 7 State University Dr /College Town Dr Signal E 40.8 D 42.3 D 8 Hornet Dr/College Town Dr Signal D 19.2 B 16.2 B 9 Howe Ave/College Town Dr Signal D 24.7 C 39.9 D 10 Hornet Dr/Folsom Blvd Signal E 24.5 C 31.4 C 11 Howe Ave/Folsom Blvd Signal E 46.1 D 54.1 D 12 Carlson Dr/J St Signal D 25.5 C 36.4 D 13 Carlson Dr/H St Signal D 15.1 B 17.7 B 14 Cadillac Dr/Fair Oak Blvd Signal D 7.7 A 7.8 A 15 Fair Oaks Blvd/Howe Ave Signal D 34.6 C 56.4 E Notes: For signalized intersections average delay and LOS for all approaches are reported. "SSSC" means "side-street stop controlled." For SSSC intersections, delay and LOS for the w orst performing approach are reported. LOS As shown in Table 10, all study intersections are projected to operate at acceptable peak hour LOS, except the Howe Avenue/Fair Oaks Blvd. intersection which is forecast to operate at LOS E under Year 2035 No Project PM peak hour conditions. Bicycle, Pedestrian, and Transit Conditions The planned off-campus bicycle improvements within the vicinity of the Sacramento State campus were assumed to be in place under the Year 2035 No Project bikeway and pedestrian system conditions. The City of Sacramento is considering a plan to establish Class 2 bicycle lanes on J Street between 41st Street and 56th Street (three blocks west of the Sacramento State campus). Neither the University nor RT has plans to revise/expand existing transit services within campus vicinity. The Year 2035 No Project transit system conditions were therefore assumed to be the same as Existing Conditions. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 68 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

74 3.3 TRAFFIC AND CIRCULATION Future (Year 2035) Plus Project Conditions Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) Similar to Existing Plus Project conditions, the Campus Master Plan will result in a reduction in trips destined to campus that originate from off-campus locations. With more students residing on campus, there could be some increase in trips that originate from campus to off-campus locations such as shopping, etc. Sacramento State attracts students from around the Sacramento region and beyond. In addition to the effects on local intersections, the new on-campus residence halls will also affect regional VMT. Reduction in VMT from Commute Trips to/from Campus Information from student residential zip-codes indicates that the average commute distance for off-campus students is 12.9 miles. Traffic counts at campus gateways indicate that approximately 43,800 vehicle-trips (VT) per day are attributable to offcampus students, or 1.72 VT/day per off-campus student. Combining this with the change in off-campus student population of 1,125 fewer off-campus students that will occur with implementation of the Master Plan, the Campus Master Plan will result in a reduction of at least approximately 25,000 VMTs/day from commuting trips. This is a conservative estimate since the students living furthest from campus have the greatest incentive to move into the new residence halls, so the actual reduction in travel distance is likely to be higher than the average commute distance. Reduction in VMT from Other Trips Students make other trips from their homes besides trips to and from campus, such as shopping, errands, and recreation trips. Tests with SACOG s regional travel demand model indicate that these types of trips tend to be shorter for people living in the vicinity of the Sacramento State campus than they are for people living elsewhere in the region; 4.8 miles/trip compared to the regional average of 5.2 miles/trip. So moving students from low-density suburbs to the Sacramento State campus is likely to shorten these other trips by about 8%. In addition, an even bigger reduction in VMTs is expected based on the fact that many services used by students, such as restaurants, mini-marts, and printing services, will be available on campus and will not involve driving at all to those destinations. Therefore, the implementation of the Campus Master Plan will result in a beneficial impact on regional VMT due to reduction in VMT from both the commute and other trips. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 69 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

75 3.3 TRAFFIC AND CIRCULATION Intersection Operations The net effect of the project on traffic volumes were added to the Year 2035 No Project traffic volumes to forecast Year 2035 Plus Project traffic volumes. The Year 2035 plus Project LOS at study intersections is shown in Table 11. ID Table 11 Year 2035 Plus Project LOS at Study Intersections Intersection Traffic Control LOS Standar d Delay (sec/veh) 2035 No Project Conditions AM Peak Hour LOS PM Peak Hour Delay (sec/veh) LOS Delay (sec/veh) LOS Delay (sec/veh) 1 65th St/Folsom Blvd Signal E 39.9 D 50.9 D 40.0 D 51.5 D 2 65th St/US-50 WB Ramps Signal E 23.0 C 25.7 C 23.0 C 25.6 C 3 65th St/US-50 EB Ramps Signal E 12.9 B 21.8 C 12.9 B 22.0 C 4 67th St/Folsom Blvd SSSC E 11.5 B 14.2 B 11.5 B 14.3 B 5 Ramona Ave/Folsom Blvd Signal E 5.1 A 9.4 A 5.1 A 9.5 A 6 State University Dr /Folsom Blvd Signal E 9.4 A 12.6 B 10.0 A 13.4 B 7 State University Dr /College Town Dr Signal E 40.8 D 42.3 D 40.0 D 44.7 D 8 Hornet Dr/College Town Dr Signal D 19.2 B 16.2 B 18.9 B 16.7 B 9 Howe Ave/College Town Dr Signal D 24.7 C 39.9 D 24.7 C 40.6 D 10 Hornet Dr/Folsom Blvd Signal E 24.5 C 31.4 C 24.5 C 31.7 C 11 Howe Ave/Folsom Blvd Signal E 46.1 D 54.1 D 46.2 D 54.5 D 12 Carlson Dr/J St Signal D 25.5 C 36.4 D 25.6 C 37.4 D 13 Carlson Dr/H St Signal D 15.1 B 17.7 B 15.1 B 17.9 B 14 Cadillac Dr/Fair Oak Blvd Signal D 7.7 A 7.8 A 7.6 A 7.9 A 15 Fair Oaks Blvd/Howe Ave Signal D 34.6 C 56.4 E 34.9 C 58.1 E Notes: For signalized intersections average delay and LOS for all approaches are reported. "SSSC" means "side-street stop controlled." For SSSC intersections, delay and LOS for the w orst performing approach are reported Plus Project Conditions AM Peak Hour PM Peak Hour LOS As shown in Table 11, the Campus Master Plan is not forecast to result in a change in LOS relative to Year 2035 No Project conditions at any of the 15 study intersections. All study intersections are projected to operate at acceptable peak hour LOS under Year 2035 Plus Project conditions, except the Howe Avenue/Fair Oaks Blvd. intersection, which is projected to operate at LOS E without the project. However, since the project s contribution to the change in average delay (1.7 seconds/vehicle) is less than 5 seconds/vehicle, the impact at this intersection is considered less than significant. Off-Peak Traffic Impacts The worst-case traffic impacts of the event center were analyzed, assuming (as for the Existing Plus Project scenario), that all 6,000 seats would be filled, that none of the seats would be taken by a student already on campus, and that all spectators drive solo to the event. Even under such extreme worst-case assumptions the impact in 2035 is considered less than significant because off-campus vicinity roadway system provides sufficient off-peak traffic-carrying capacity to accommodate incremental off-peak traffic generated by the project. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 70 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

76 3.3 TRAFFIC AND CIRCULATION Pedestrian Conditions The Campus Master Plan envisions additional primary pathways and the reinforcement of existing pathways to maintain pedestrian connectivity throughout the campus, and extending this connectivity to the south as the campus develops. The Campus Master Plan pedestrian and vehicle circulation shows a future pedestrian tunnel connecting to the 65th Street area at a location north of and parallel to the existing Hornet Tunnel. With these improvements in on-campus pedestrian facilities and circulation patterns, the project impact is considered to be beneficial. Bicycle Connections The Master Plan s bikeway circulation includes on-campus bike paths/routes enhancements. These enhancements will not affect off-campus bikeway circulation. Overall, with the proposed on-campus bikeway circulation enhancements the project impact will be beneficial. Transit Conditions The Campus Master Plan proposes an enhanced on-campus Transit Stop at the north end of the campus at/near the Bay Laurel Way/State University Drive intersection. With this enhancement, no change in off-campus transit routes or services will occur and the project s overall impact will be beneficial. Parking Similar to Existing Plus Project conditions, the Campus Master Plan will maintain the existing ratio for on-campus resident students to residential parking spaces and reduce the number of spaces for off-campus students, encouraging use of other transportation modes. Since the total number of spaces will remain consistent, there will be no significant impact to parking. Mitigation Measures Under both the current conditions and future year conditions, the implementation of the Campus Master Plan will result in beneficial impacts on traffic by reducing VMTs, as well as on transit and pedestrian and bicycle circulation systems. Impacts to intersections will be less than significant as will be the impact to parking. Therefore, no mitigation is required. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 71 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

77 3.4 Fire and Police Protection Services Environmental Setting Fire protection for the Sacramento State University campus is provided by the City of Sacramento Fire Department. Police protection is provided by the University Police Department. Fire Protection The City of Sacramento Fire Department (SFD) provides fire protection services through its 24 active fire stations. The stations are strategically located throughout the SFD s service area, with 8 stations located north of the American River, 7 stations in the central downtown and eastern sections of the City, and 9 stations in the southern portions of the City. Over 500 suppression personnel operate from these stations which deploy 24 engine companies, 8 truck companies, 1 rescue company, 13 ALS ambulances, and 3 battalion chiefs. The SFD also has a swift water rescue team, 3 rescue boat companies, 2 hazardous materials response teams, and support vehicles such as wildland fire engines and air compressor units that are cross-staffed with fire engine/truck personnel 2. The fire station closest to the campus is Station No. 8, located just northwest of the campus at 5990 H Street. Other stations in the campus vicinity include Fire Stations No. 4, 6, and 60. Police Protection The Public Safety/University Police Department provides police protection services for the University s students, faculty, staff, and visitors. The Department provides a number of services to the campus community, including: 24-hour patrol of the university campus and surrounding area 24-hour public safety/university police dispatch center Investigations Crime prevention education Related law enforcement duties for the campus community Special event security Crowd and traffic control 2 CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 72 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

78 3.4 FIRE AND POLICE PROTECTION SERVICES Live scan fingerprinting services for various licensing and certification programs Bike licensing Alarm monitoring and response Lost and found property management Workplace violence prevention and response Student orientation presentations University union service center Hornet safety escort Citizen ride-a-long program Crisis planning/emergency preparedness Community service officer program Impact Criteria Impact on police and/or fire protection services will be significant if the project will require construction of new facilities or expansion of existing facilities, the construction of which would result in significant adverse effects, in order to maintain acceptable service ratios, response times, and other performance objectives. Environmental Impact Fire Protection The Campus Master Plan provides for the replacement of the existing functionally obsolete facilities and for new academic, student housing, student support services, administrative services, and other campus facilities. These facilities are needed to accommodate the University s students within the 25,000 FTE enrollment cap established by the current Master Plan. While the Campus Master Plan maintains the established student enrollment level, it provides for additional student, faculty, and staff housing and other facilities to create a vibrant Live-Work-Teach-Learn-Play campus environment. With more residents and facilities on campus, the implementation of the Master Plan will result in incremental increase in demand for fire prevention and suppression services from the Sacramento Fire Department. Same as the existing buildings on campus, all new and renewed University buildings will be equipped with smoke detectors and fire alarms which are set to provide both visual and audio alarms in the event a fire is detected or a fire alarm pull station is activated. All fire equipment at the University will continue to be maintained in accordance with State and local regulations, and will be inspected on a regular schedule and re-charged, repaired, or replaced as needed. The University will continue to implement fire safety training and response procedures to facilitate fire suppression. New buildings and other facilities will continue to include all necessary ingress and egress for traffic circulation and emergency response, and will comply with all applicable requirements for construction, access, water mains, fire flows, and life safety requirements. If a fire situation is identified, University Police will continue to institute an emergency response and contact the Sacramento Fire Department, if necessary. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 73 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

79 3.4 FIRE AND POLICE PROTECTION SERVICES Therefore, while the Master Plan includes new facilities, thus contributing to an incremental increase in demand, it does not result in the need for new fire protection facilities, the construction of which would result in significant adverse effects, in order to maintain acceptable response times, service ratios, or other performance objectives. Enhanced operating procedures, incorporation of required fire suppression and safety features, and continued emergency response training will work to minimize increased demand for services. Therefore, impact is considered less than significant. Police Protection The Campus Master Plan provides for the replacement of the existing functionally obsolete facilities and for new academic, student housing, student support services, administrative services, and other campus facilities. While the Campus Master Plan maintains the established student enrollment level, it provides for additional student, faculty, and staff housing and other facilities to create a vibrant Live-Work-Teach-Learn-Play campus environment. All new campus facilities, including access and internal site circulation plans, will be reviewed with regards to security objectives and police mobilization purposes, and to ensure adequate ingress/egress for emergency vehicles. New buildings and other facilities will be incorporated into the University s security and emergency response plans to ensure appropriate access for police and emergency response. New campus facilities may include passive and/or active security systems, and/or other measures, to minimize the need for new security personnel. The Campus Master Plan also provides for relocation of the University s Police and Public Safety Services onto the site adjacent to the new Parking Structure PS5 in the north campus, between Arboretum Drive and College Town Drive. At this new location, police vehicles will have access to a bollarded roadway that is not accessible to the public for fast access to all areas of the campus in case of emergency, enhancing the emergency response times. While the provision of new facilities on campus - including student housing, is anticipated to result in an incremental increase in demand for police protection services, this increase will be minimized through enhanced operating procedures, continued campus safety training, and appropriate staffing of the University Police Department. Therefore, no major new local or regional facilities will be required, the construction of which would result in significant adverse effects, and impact is considered less than significant. Mitigation Measures Impact will be less than significant and no mitigation beyond continued compliance with all applicable existing regulations, requirements, and procedures is required. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 74 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

80 3.5 Utilities and Service Systems This section discusses long-term impacts of the implementation of the Campus Master Plan 2015 on water supply and public utility infrastructure and services. Short-term impacts from construction-related activities are addressed in Section 3.6, Construction Effects, of this EIR. Much of the information presented in this section is derived from the University s Utility Master Plan 3. Environmental Setting Water Water is supplied to the Sacramento State campus by the City of Sacramento. The City s primary water source is water from the American and Sacramento Rivers, which provide 89% of its water supply. The remaining 11% of the City supply is groundwater from the Sacramento Valley Groundwater Basin 4 delivered via 27 municipal wells for the City s drinking water system, and 14 additional wells for irrigation of City parks. The City s total water use was 113,367 acre-feet per year (AFY) 5 in The campus water use in fiscal year was 215 AFY, with an estimated factor of 10 gallons per day per full time equivalent (FTE) student. Based on an enrollment level of 24,237 FTEs as of Fall , the campus currently uses approximately AFY of water. The City of Sacramento owns and operates the E.A. Fairbairn Water Treatment Plant (WTP) in east Sacramento. The WTP is designed to treat up to 200 million gallons of water per day (mgd), or about half of the City s drinking water supply. Domestic water is supplied to the campus by the E.A. Fairbairn WTP, with 99% of the campus water supplied through a 12-inch main from the City s E.A. Fairbain service connection, and the remaining 1% supplied by a 14-inch main that ties into the City s Discovery Park Pump Station 8. 3 CSU Sacramento Utility Master Plan, May Urban Water Management Plan, City of Sacramento, acre-foot is 1 acre of water, 1 foot deep, or 325,851gallons. 6 Urban Water Management Plan. City of Sacramento, Sacramento State Performance Indicators. Student FTE by College. Office of Institutional Research CSU Sacramento Utility Master Plan, May CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 75 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

81 3.5 UTILITIES AND SERVICE SYSTEMS Sewer The campus sewer system is comprised of a network of vitrified clay pipe (VPC) and SDR 35 pipes. Wastewater service is provided by the Sacramento Area Sewer District which collects wastewater and conveys it to the Sacramento County Regional Sewer District interceptor system, where it is then conveyed to the Sacramento Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant near Elk Grove. The cleaned water from the Plant is then discharged into the Sacramento River. With the exception of Modoc Hall, Napa Hall and the Capital Public Radio building that discharge at College Town Drive, the entire campus discharges to City of Sacramento facilities at the west end of Sinclair Road. The Sacramento Regional Wastewater Treatment Plan treats wastewater of the entire Sacramento region and has a permitted capacity of 181 mgd. The estimated campus s average day sewer flow for fiscal years was 0.13 mgd, with the maximum flow of 0.39 mgd 9. Stormwater Drainage The campus is located adjacent to the American River levee on a low flat-lying area that is subject to flooding during storm events. Therefore, the campus has an extensive storm drain system, with portion dating back to the 1950s. Campus surface runoff is currently now collected by numerous drain inlets, funneled into a limited number of surface channels and buried storm pipes, and then conveyed to a series of pumps that lift the water up over the American River levee where it is discharged into the river. Electrical Energy Electrical service is provided to the campus by the Sacramento Municipal Utility District s (SMUD) 69 kilovolt (KV) system. The campus is served by a single 69 kc- 12KV substation owned by the University. SMUD provides redundancy to the substation through two circuits (Pocket Line 3 and Hurley Line 7). The 69kV service is transformed to 12.4kV with a single transformer located on the southwest side of the campus. The secondary side of this transformer serves the main campus 15kV rated, 1200A switchgear. The switchgear is equipped with a main 1200A breaker and three 600A feeder breakers. Adjacent to this switchgear is a capacitor bank that improves the overall power of the campus. The main 15kV switchgear serves three circuits, which serve the main 15kV switchgear, the Hornet Stadium, and a capacity bank. The University operates and maintains the transformer and the 12kV switchgear 10. Installed capacity at the campus is 48 megavolt amperes (MVA), with a maximum demand of approximately 8.75 MVA during the months of September and October. The 9 CSU Sacramento Utility Master Plan, May CSU Sacramento Utility Master Plan, May CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 76 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

82 3.5 UTILITIES AND SERVICE SYSTEMS total energy consumption of the campus is approximately 44.5 million kilowatt hours (kwh) per year 11. The University is a leader in green : Two major campus buildings the University s recreation and wellness center, known as The WELL, and the American River Courtyard residence hall are certified LEED Gold for achieving environmental industry standards. The campus is also home to the California Smart Grid Center, which develops technological solutions to help utility companies respond to peak electrical power demands. Impact Criteria Impact on public utility services will be significant if the project will exceed the utility s capacity to provide services and/or will require construction of new facilities or expansion of existing facilities, the construction of which would cause significant physical effects on the environment. Environmental Impact Water As illustrated in Table 12, total water supply for the City of Sacramento is projected to increase from 177,035 AFY in 2015 to 231,162 AFY in Source Table 12 City of Sacramento Water Supply (acre-feet per year) Year Surface Water 154, , , , ,862 Groundwater 22,300 22,300 22,300 22,300 22,300 Total 177, , , , ,162 Source: Urban Water Management Plan. City of Sacramento Department of Utilities, Based on the enrollment cap of 25,000 FTEs, the campus demand of water is projected to be approximately 280 AFY, or 250,000 gallons per day. This water demand 11 Draft 2015 Campus Master Plan. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 77 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

83 3.5 UTILITIES AND SERVICE SYSTEMS constitutes less than two-tenths of one percent (0.16%) of the City of Sacramento s water supply in 2015, and less than two-tenths of one percent (0.12%) of the City s water supply in As illustrated in Table 12, this demand can be accommodated within the City of Sacramento s water supply. Water is an essential resource and the reduction of potable water use is a major sustainability goal for the University. The University will continue to work to reduce demand for potable water through active conservation and education, and aims to achieve no net increase over the year 2014 baseline. The Campus Master Plan includes the following guidelines to promote water efficiency for new and existing buildings. New Buildings Use water-saving fixtures to reduce potable water use in new buildings by at least 30% and sewage conveyance by 50%, below the baseline case usage, based on the Energy Policy Act of 1992 and LEED methodology. Existing Buildings Audit water fixtures in existing buildings and prioritize replacement of inefficient fixtures over time to reduce potable water use in existing buildings by at least 30% below the baseline case usage, based on the Energy Policy Act of 1992 and LEED methodology. In accordance with the system-wide goals of the CSU and in alignment with LEED criteria, the University will reduce individual building water consumption by 20% in new buildings, by incorporating LEED design and by auditing existing buildings. Furthermore, the University will pursue water conservation aimed to reduce the overall water consumption by 20% by This goal will be achieved using a broad range of initiatives, some of which are already being implemented: developing sustainable landscaping, installing controls to optimize irrigation water use, reducing water usage in restrooms and showers, and promoting the use of reclaimed/recycled water. Also, the use of decorative fountains on campus will be minimized. Therefore, as the implementation of the Campus Master Plan will result in reduction in water use, the project impact will be beneficial. No adverse impact will result. Sewer Wastewater from the campus will continue to be conveyed by the campus sewer system to the Sacramento Area Sewer District for treatment at the Sacramento Regional Wastewater Treatment Plan. The treatment plant has a permitted capacity of 181 mgd 12. Based on a conservative factor of 60% of potable water becoming wastewater 13, the enrollment level of 25,000 FTE students will generate approximately 0.15 mgd of wastewater, or less than one-tenth of one percent (0.08%) of the treatment plan s capacity. 12 Waste Discharge Requirement Order WQ for Sacramento Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant. State of California, State Water Resources Control Board, Currently approximately 55% of the campus potable water use becomes wastewater. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 78 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

84 3.5 UTILITIES AND SERVICE SYSTEMS Furthermore, The University will continue to work to reduce demand for potable water through active conservation and education, and aims to achieve no net increase over the year 2014 baseline. The Campus Master Plan includes the guidelines to promote water efficiency for new and existing buildings, including using water-saving fixtures to reduce potable water use in new and existing buildings by at least 30% and to reduce sewage conveyance in new buildings 50% below the baseline case usage, as well as to reduce the overall water use on campus by 20% by the year As a result, the campus wastewater generation will be proportionally reduced. Therefore, as the implementation of the Campus Master Plan will result in reduction in wastewater generation and sewage conveyance, the project impact will be beneficial. No adverse impact will result. Stormwater Drainage One of the Campus Master Plan s major components is a stormwater management system that combines with the campus landscape open space. This comprehensive stormwater management system will significantly contribute to the University s sustainability profile. The central element of this system is the Hornet Greenway (See Figure 13 ). The Hornet Greenway will traverse the entire campus and incorporate bioswale areas to capture and filter stormwater and irrigation water runoff before it infiltrates into the water table or returns to the American River. By detaining and filtering a significant portion of the stormwater that lands on the campus, Hornet Greenway will reduce the pressure on the Western Ditch and reduce the volume of stormwater that needs to be filtered and pumped into the American River. Furthermore, as part of the Sustainability Guidelines of the Campus Master Plan, various existing roof drains, parking lot outfalls and roadway drains will be redirected to adjacent surface rainwater gardens and bioswale gardens to clean the runoff and retain it before it enters the underground pipe network prior to being pumped into the American River. Similarly, multiple independent and dispersed rain gardens and bioswale gardens will serve similar functions in areas outside the central Hornet Greenway open space system. Additionally, some portions of surface parking lots will be retrofitted with permeable paving to further facilitate stormwater retention and infiltration. These improvements to the drainage system eliminate the need to construct more costly cistern type underground detention systems. In addition, reclaimed water systems will be incorporated into the design of new irrigation systems when feasible. All these stormwater management components will be implemented over time, as buildings, utilities, parking areas, roadways and other components of campus facilities are removed, remodeled, or newly constructed Buildings adjacent to the Hornet Greenway to be demolished include: Sacramento Hall, Douglas Hall, Kadema Hall, Calaveras Hall, Alpine Hall, Brighton Hall, Child Development Center, and Benica Hall. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 79 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

85 3.5 UTILITIES AND SERVICE SYSTEMS These stormwater management elements of the Campus Master Plan will result in an estimated reduction in stormwater peak flows by 41% for the 10-year storm event and by 38% for the 100-year storm event 15. Similarly, the total volume of stormwater entering the American River will be reduced by 29%. Furthermore, it is estimated that with the stormwater plan, approximately 90% of the campus stormwater will receive primary biotreatment before entering the American River. This represents a nine-fold increase in clean water entering the American River, since it is estimated that currently about 10% of the stormwater receives such biotreatment. Therefore, as the implementation of the Campus Master Plan will result in substantial reduction in stormwater flows and in extraordinary improvement in stormwater quality entering the American River, the project impact will be beneficial. 15 Draft 2015 Campus Master Plan. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 80 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

86 3.5 UTILITIES AND SERVICE SYSTEMS Figure 13 Campus Stormwater Management System Source: Draft 2015 Campus Master Plan. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 81 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

87 3.5 UTILITIES AND SERVICE SYSTEMS Electrical Energy The Campus Master Plan provides for new facilities that could add approximately 1.6 million net new square feet of buildings to the existing campus. An analysis of the electrical demands of these future buildings increase in demand by approximately 1.7 megawatt (MW) for academic/administration/student support buildings and approximately 4.5 MW for student housing, for a total increase of approximately 6.2 MW. The installed capacity of the campus is 48 MW, with a maximum demand of approximately 8.7 MW during the months of September and October. The maximum demand of 8.7 MW, in addition to a total increase of 6.2 MW, constitutes 31% percent of campus installed capacity. In addition, the Campus Master Plan provides for the expansion and upgrades of the campus Central Plant, substation upgrades, and enhanced feeds to serve new and existing academic buildings. The Campus Master Plan includes Sustainability Guidelines that define energy efficiency goals to reduce energy consumption and promote the utilization of renewable energy resources. The Campus Master Plan includes the following energy efficiency goals: Move toward zero net energy consumption for 50% of the square footage of existing state-owned buildings by Move toward zero net energy consumption from all new or renovated state buildings beginning design after Target an average EUI of up to 40kBtu/sf-yr for new and renovated buildings. Energy efficiency goals will be achieved with sustainability actions that include the following: Increase on site renewable power generation by 6 MW with solar photovoltaic and solar hot water systems. Study on-campus building solar power production potential (roof area) and estimated full-build-out energy consumption to evaluate a pathway to Net-Zero Energy Campus. LEED v4 certification for new buildings on campus. LEED v4 certification for major existing building remodels and renovations. In addition to the energy efficiency goals to reduce energy consumption, the University is striving to optimize the energy performance of buildings and move buildings towards Zero-Net Energy. Zero-Net Energy means that buildings generate as much renewable energy on site or nearby as they consume on a net-annual basis. Actions to optimize energy performance include: Promote energy efficient distribution transformers to reduce no lead and lead losses. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 82 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

88 3.5 UTILITIES AND SERVICE SYSTEMS Model energy performance and compare various cost strategies to achieve optimum and economical building envelope combinations to help maximize energy efficiency and minimize operating costs. Use of solar tubes to minimize electric lighting. The University has identified new high-efficiency outdoor lighting to reduce energy use. The University has identified additional photovoltaic installation opportunities for Parking Structures 2 and 3, the University Union, American River Courtyard, Solano Hall and Folsom Hall. Up to 60% of the peak campus load could be provided by solar PV electricity. Therefore, the implementation of the Campus Master Plan will result in an increased use of renewable energy and a reduced consumption of electricity, and therefore project impact will be beneficial. No adverse impact will result. Mitigation Measures As the implementation of the Campus Master Plan will result in beneficial long-term impacts on water, sewer, drainage, and electrical energy service systems, no mitigation is required. Level of Impact After Mitigation As the Campus Master Plan will result in beneficial long-term impacts, no mitigation is required. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 83 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

89 3.6 Construction Effects This section examines short-term effects associated with construction of campus facilities and improvements pursuant to the Campus Master Plan Construction impacts from each individual facility and improvement are considered short-term as they will cease upon the completion of construction activities. Due to the long-term comprehensive nature of the Campus Master Plan, construction activities for specific facilities or improvements may overlap and/or result in some continuous activities on-campus throughout the life of the Master Plan. The Campus Master Plan includes guidelines for construction of facilities and improvements that avoid disrupting academic, housing, recreation, athletic, and maintenance functions on campus. The Implementation Guidelines provide the conceptual framework that clusters the future facilities and improvements into major groups. Each of the major groups could be developed separately or concurrently with other groups. Overall, new academic facilities anticipated to be developed over the first 10 years, and building remodels phased in over the entire 20-year timeframe. Housing facilities, both new and replacements, are also phased in over the 20-year time span of the Campus Master Plan. The facilities envisioned as being developed earliest within the Campus Master Plan timeframe include Parking Structure 5, The Well, Student Event Center, and Science Building. Environmental Setting Generally, construction activities result in short-term noise, dust, air, and water pollution impacts, as well as increased truck and construction worker trips and localized traffic congestion. In most cases, general disturbance and annoyance associated with construction affects uses in close proximity to the specific construction site. As the 300- acre Sacramento State University campus is physically separated from the development within the city of Sacramento by the American River and its flood control levee, a water treatment plant, a railroad, Folsom Boulevard, Lincoln Highway (US 50), and J Street, most construction impacts are confined within the campus. Within the campus, campus academic facilities, student residence halls, health and wellness facilities, and other places where students gather are considered to be sensitive uses. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 84 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

90 3.6 CONSTRUCTION EFFECTS Impact Criteria Construction activities are considered to have a significant impact if they substantially disrupt or interfere with day-to-day operations of surrounding land uses, substantially affect sensitive uses, or create public health and/or safety hazards. Environmental Impact Construction Effects on Air Quality The existing air quality in the project area is discussed in Section 3.2, Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases. Criteria Pollutant Emissions The construction of new and renewed facilities and improvements on campus will include demolition, grading, and other site preparation activities. All construction activities will proceed in compliance with the Sacramento Metropolitan Air Quality Management District (SMAQMD) rules and regulations, including Rules 403, 404, and 405, governing fugitive dust, particulate matter, and dust, respectively. The SMAQMD established a threshold of 85 lbs/day for oxides of nitrogen (NOx) for construction emissions and construction resulting in emissions of 85 lbs/day or more is considered to result in a significant impact. The daily peak short-term construction emissions associated with construction activities and workers traveling to and from the site, construction equipment, and dust emissions were calculated using the CalEEMod model version To account for a worst-case peak day construction emissions it is assumed that construction of some facilities will proceed concurrently and that each phase of the construction (demolition, grading, construction, etc.) of each facility will also occur concurrently, even though such scenario is unlikely. Also, the highest number of equipment pieces on any given day is used and all equipment pieces are assumed to operate full 8 hours a day, even though in practice, not all this equipment will be in use simultaneously for 8 hours during any single construction day. The estimated such worst-case peak day construction emissions will be approximately lbs/day of NOx. Since short-term peak day construction emissions could be above the SMAQMD threshold amounts for NO x should the construction of several facilities and/or improvements substantially overlap, this impact, albeit short-term and intermittent, is considered significant. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 85 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

91 3.6 CONSTRUCTION EFFECTS Toxic Air Pollutants Toxic air contaminants are a group of pollutants defined by the Federal Clean Air Act and the California Health and Safety Code. Federal, State, and local governments have implemented a number of programs to control air toxic emissions. For example, the Federal Clean Air Act regulates emissions of nearly 200 hazardous air pollutants. The California Legislature has implemented regulation to limit toxic emissions, such as the Tanner Toxics Act (AB1807), the Air Toxics Hot Spot Assessment Program (AB2588), the Toxics Emissions Near Schools Program (AB305), and the Disposal Site Air Monitoring Program (AB374). The Campus Master Plan provides for the replacement of existing obsolete and inefficient facilities. Since a number of these facilities were constructed before 1967, the existing buildings may contain asbestos and lead paint. All construction activities will comply with existing rules and regulations concerning toxic air pollutants, including SMAQMD Rule 902 (Asbestos) for proper handling and disposal of asbestos-containing materials. Other known hazardous substances and toxic emissions are controlled by SMAQMD, federal, and State rules and regulations. Mandatory compliance with these regulations regarding asbestos, lead-based paint, and other toxic materials during demolition will ensure a less than significant impact related to the removal of these materials during construction. The California Air Resources Board has identified diesel particulate emissions as carcinogenic air toxics. No safe threshold for the emissions has been established. However, the amount of diesel emissions associated with a modest amount of replacement and new facility on-campus construction provided for in the Campus Master Plan will be relatively small and will not involve massive or prolonged operations of diesel trucks or equipment. While diesel exposure from construction of facilities and infrastructure improvements on campus is not expected be a significant impact, nonetheless, because there are student residences and students present on campus, mitigation measures will be required to reduce diesel particulate emissions from construction equipment. Construction Effects on Water Quality Construction operations can impact water quality in several ways. First, to comply with SMAQMD guidelines, some construction activities may include watering the site to reduce emissions of PM10 and dust. This can result in runoff from the site containing construction debris (including trash, cleaning solvents, cement wash, asphalt and car fluids like motor oil, grease, and fuel) and sediment, potentially affecting local waterways. Second, during rain storms, stormwater runoff from construction sites can carry construction debris and sediment into local waterways. Third, construction activities, although not anticipated, can result in dewatering, which can carry contaminants into nearby waterways. The campus has an extensive storm drain system and storm runoff drains directly to area drains and catch basins, which are connected to storm drain pipes that drain directly to CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 86 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

92 3.6 CONSTRUCTION EFFECTS the American River or Western Ditch through pump stations. The Campus Master Plan s central element is the Hornet Greenway, which incorporated bioswale areas to capture and filter stormwater and irrigation water runoff before it infiltrates into the water table or returns to the American River. One of the major institutional framework goals of the 2015 Campus Master Plan is to divert 29% of campus stormwater from direct discharge into the American River. The stormwater management plan that includes the bioswales and a wide range of other elements will be implemented over time, as buildings are removed, remodeled, or newly constructed. Also, the University is co-permittee under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) stormwater permit covering the County of Sacramento (NPDES No. CAS082597). NPDES requires for construction in areas of 1 acre or more in size, design and implementation of a Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP), which focuses on the implementation of Best Management Practices (BMPs). SWPPPs may include the following BMPs to reduce impacts on water quality: Schedule excavation and grading work for dry weather Use as little water as possible for dust control Never hose down dirty pavement of impermeable surfaces where fluids have spilled Utilize re-vegetation, if feasible, for erosion control after clearing, grading, or excavating Avoid excavation and grading activities during wet weather Construct diversion dikes to channel runoff around the site, and line channels with grass or roughened pavement to reduce runoff velocity Cover stockpiles and excavated soil with wraps or plastic sheeting Remove existing vegetation only when absolutely necessary Consider planting temporary vegetation for erosion control on slopes where construction is not immediately planned With implementation of these BMPs impact will be less than significant, and no additional mitigation measures beyond compliance with existing regulations are required. Noise Construction activities will result in a temporary increase in ambient noise levels in the vicinity of individual construction sites. During construction, noise from heavy equipment, power and air tools, compressors, trucks, and from loading and unloading will occur with varying frequency and intensity. At a distance of 50 feet from the noise source, construction equipment noise levels (principally from engine exhaust and engine noise) range from 75 to 95 db(a) for tractors, up to 95 db(a) for construction trucks, up to 88 db(a) for concrete mixers, and up to 87 db(a) for compressors. These temporary noise levels will not be continuous but will vary as equipment is used for varying lengths of time throughout the construction period. During grading and other construction, peak noise levels at 50 feet would range from 75 to 90 db(a), with occasional higher peaks. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 87 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

93 3.6 CONSTRUCTION EFFECTS Noise levels fall substantially with increasing distance from the noise source, both as a result of spherical spreading of sound energy and absorption of sound energy by the air. Spherical spreading of sound waves reduces the noise of a point source by 6 decibels for each doubling of distance from the noise source. Absorption by the atmosphere typically accounts for a loss of 1 decibel for every 1,000 feet. Thus, high levels of construction noise usually are limited to the immediate vicinity of construction activities. Nonetheless, since construction activities of some specific facilities or improvements could be audible at the nearby residence halls, academic facilities, or other campus sensitive uses, mitigation measures have been identified to reduce this potentially significant impact. Traffic/Circulation Construction activity will add trucks and construction equipment to streets in the area. Haul trucks and heavy equipment usually travel more slowly than other traffic on the street network and require more time to enter and exit traffic flows. When heavy equipment enters or exits a construction site, it may interrupt vehicular or pedestrian traffic. Construction activities on campus will involve the use of trucks, usually for short periods of time, to haul away demolition and construction debris and deliver construction materials. These trucks and equipment may cause localized congestion at some locations in the surrounding area, which is a potentially significant impact if not properly mitigated. With students walking from one building to another throughout the day, construction activity for specific facilities could adversely affect pedestrian flows in some areas of the campus. Construction activities also may temporarily affect bus and bicycle circulation routes on campus. Mitigation measures have been identified to reduce these potential impacts. Solid and Hazardous Waste Demolition of existing facilities and construction of the new facilities and associated infrastructure improvements will generate construction materials waste. Even though the construction of individual campus facilities and infrastructure improvements will be phased over the 20-year span of the Campus Master Plan - thus representing relatively small activities at any given time which do not involve massive construction activities that could generate significant amounts of solid waste, mitigation measures have been identified to reduce this potential impact. Many of the existing academic, student housing, and other facilities on campus have reached the end of their functional life and therefore, replacement and provision of remodeled facilities are large components of the Campus Master Plan. Some of those obsolete facilities may contain some hazardous substances materials and therefore, demolition materials that contain such hazardous substances will be disposed of at certified disposal facilities in strict compliance with all existing applicable regulations. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 88 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

94 3.6 CONSTRUCTION EFFECTS Mandatory compliance with the existing regulations will ensure that impact will be less than significant. Mitigation Measures Compliance with existing regulations and requirements will ensure that impact on water quality will be less than significant and no additional mitigation is required. The University will implement the following mitigation measures to reduce identified significant impacts by imposing conditions on the construction contractor. Air Quality Noise 1. Construction hours will be limited to between 6:00 am and 8:00 pm during the week and 8:00 am and 7:00 pm on weekends. 2. Contractors will be required to minimize exhaust emissions by maintaining equipment engines in good condition and properly tuned. 3. The hours of operation of heavy-duty equipment will be minimized. 4. The idling time of construction equipment at the construction site will be limited to no more than 5 minutes. 5. The contractor will ensure that diesel particulate filters are installed on diesel equipment and trucks. 6. Trucks carrying contents subject to airborne dispersal will be covered. 7. Alternative fueled or electrical construction equipment will be used when feasible. 8. The minimum practical engine size for construction equipment and electric carts and other smaller equipment will be used when feasible. 9. Throughout the construction period of individual facilities and improvements in close proximity to student residence halls, campus academic facilities, health and wellness facilities, and/or other sensitive uses on campus, ventilation systems in those facilities will be tested more frequently to provide for the maintenance schedule that ensures proper ventilation. 10. Muffled heavy construction equipment will be used. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 89 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

95 3.6 CONSTRUCTION EFFECTS 11. Construction staging areas will be located as far as possible from student residence halls, campus academic facilities, health and wellness facilities, and other places where students gather. 12. The contractor will ensure that each piece of operating equipment is in good working condition and that noise suppression features, such as engine mufflers and enclosures, are working and fitted properly. 13. The contractor will locate noisy construction equipment as far as possible from nearby sensitive uses. Traffic and Parking 14. A flag person will be employed as needed to direct traffic when heavy construction vehicles enter the campus from J Street, Folsom Boulevard, and College Town Drive. 15. Construction trucks will avoid travel on residential areas to access campus and use the City of Sacramento designated truck routes to travel to and from campus. 16. Construction-related truck traffic will be scheduled to avoid peak travel time on the US Highway Route 50 (US 50), as feasible. 17. If major pedestrian or bicycle routes on campus are temporarily blocked by construction activities, alternate routes around construction areas will be provided, to the extent feasible. These alternate routes will be posted on campus for the duration of construction. 18. If any bus stop or other transit facility on campus is obstructed by construction activity, the University, in cooperation with the transit service providers, will temporarily relocate such transit facility on campus as appropriate. Solid Waste 19. Demolition and construction inert materials, including vegetative matter, asphalt, concrete, and other recyclable materials will be recycled to the extent feasible. Level of Impact After Mitigation The implementation of the identified measures will reduce construction impacts on solid waste facilities to a less than significant level. The identified mitigation measures will reduce air pollutant emissions, however, even with the implementation of these identified feasible mitigation measures, peak day emissions of NO x could remain above the SMAQMD threshold of significance amount, and therefore this impact is considered CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 90 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

96 3.6 CONSTRUCTION EFFECTS significant and unavoidable. The impact of noise from construction activity on the closest sensitive uses in the vicinity of some facilities construction sites, albeit reduced and intermittent, could remain significant and unavoidable. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 91 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

97 4.0 Alternatives to the Project The following discussion considers alternative scenarios to the Campus Master Plan Through comparison of these alternatives, the relative advantages of each can be weighed and analyzed. The CEQA Guidelines state that an EIR need not consider every conceivable alternative to the project [Section (a)], or an alternative whose effect cannot be reasonably ascertained and whose implementation is remote and speculative [Section (f)(3)]. The Guidelines require that a range of alternatives be addressed governed by a rule of reason that requires the EIR to set forth only those alternatives necessary to permit a reasoned choice. The discussion of alternatives must focus on alternatives that are potentially feasible and capable of achieving major project objectives while avoiding or substantially lessening any significant environmental effects of the project [CEQA Guidelines, Section (f)]. The principal objective of the Campus Master Plan is to support and advance the University s educational mission by providing a guide to the development of the physical campus and its facilities. In support of this objective, the Campus Master Plan provides guidelines and framework for creating a campus environment that: Fosters and emphasizes academic excellence Elevates the University s presence in the global higher education arena Provides a vibrant and satisfying Live-Work-Teach-Learn-Play campus environment that serves students, faculty, and staff Maximizes connectivity with the surrounding community Maximizes intra-campus connectivity Optimizes the campus physical assets through an integrated and comprehensive planning The EIR analysis indicates that the implementation of the Campus Master Plan could result in significant and unavoidable impacts with regards to project-specific short-term construction-related noise and to project-specific and cumulative short-term peak construction day air quality. All other impacts analyzed in this EIR were found to be either less than significant or to be beneficial. The following alternatives to the Campus Master Plan are considered: Alternative 1: No Project alternative required by CEQA Alternative 2: Smaller Facility Development Alternative 3: Development with More Housing on Campus Alternative 4: Increased Student Enrollment to 35,000 FTEs CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 92 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

98 4.0 ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROJECT Alternative 1: No Project Continuation of Current Campus Master Plan The No Project alternative, required to be evaluated in the EIR, considers existing conditions as well as what would be reasonably expected to occur in the foreseeable future if the project were not approved, based on current plans and consistent with available infrastructure and community services [CEQA Guidelines Section (e)(2)]. Pursuant to this alternative, the current Campus Master Plan would continue to be implemented. Campus Development: Pursuant to this alternative, development according to the current Master Plan (adopted in 1964 and revised in 2004) would continue, with student enrollment level at the campus capped at 25,000 FTE students. As most of the current Master Plan facilities have already been developed, this alternative would basically retain the existing conditions on campus. Existing facilities, including obsolete and inefficient buildings would not be renewed or replaced with the needed modern facilities, and no new on-campus housing for students, faculty, and staff would be provided. Also, no infrastructure improvements, open space, stormwater management system, enhanced pedestrian and bicycle circulation, and other improvements proposed in the Campus Master Plan would be provided pursuant to this alternative. Environmental Effects: The No Project alternative would result in new adverse environmental effects as it would not eliminate vehicle trips associated with the commute to campus and the related exhaust air pollutant and GHG emissions, since the No Project alternative would not provide new housing for students, faculty, and staff on campus. With the same level of student enrollment but without the system-wide improvements proposed under the Campus Master Plan to improve efficiency and reduce demand for energy, water, sewer, and stormwater utilities and services, the existing impacts would continue while the Campus Master Plan s beneficial impacts on these utilities and services would not be achieved. With less construction, this alternative would reduce short-term construction-related noise and air quality impacts, although peak day impacts associated with construction of remaining facilities would be expected to remain significant. Relation to Campus Master Plan Objectives: The No Project alternative would not achieve any of the major Campus Master Plan objectives to: foster and emphasize academic excellence; elevate the University s presence in the global higher education arena; provide a vibrant and satisfying Live-Work-Teach-Learn-Play campus environment that serves students, faculty, and staff; maximize connectivity with the surrounding community; maximize intra-campus connectivity; or optimize the campus physical assets through an integrated and comprehensive planning approach that responds to the academic strategic plan and campus life needs. With this alternative, no Design Guidelines, Sustainability Guidelines, or Landscape Guidelines would be adopted to provide frameworks and tools needed to achieve the project objectives. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 93 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

99 4.0 ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROJECT Most of all, the continuation of the current Master Plan is not feasible because it does not provide for the facilities and programs needed to support the University s academic programs. To adequately support the University s programs and its academic mission requires providing facilities and improvements beyond those considered in the current Master Plan. Alternative 2: Smaller Facility Development This alternative considers the provision of fewer facilities and improvements on campus to reduce the identified significant and unavoidable short-term construction-related impacts. Campus Development: A smaller project could potentially reduce environmental impacts. Reducing short-term construction-related unavoidable significant impact on air quality below the SMAQMD significance threshold would require reducing peak day construction emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) by roughly 50%. To do so, a commensurate reduction in construction activities for new and renewed facilities would be needed. Theoretically, such a reduction might be achieved by proportionally reducing development of new facilities on campus by 50% overall, which would eliminate half of the facilities provided for in the Campus Master Plan. The potential that construction of some facilities could be audible at the closest residence halls, academic facilities, or other campus sensitive uses could theoretically be reduced by not developing new facilities near such uses. Considering that such uses are typical campus uses and are present throughout the campus, this alternative would result in out-of-place development with clusters of facilities concentrated in very few locations. Environmental Effects: This alternative could theoretically reduce short-term emissions to below the SMAQMD daily threshold amount of 85 pounds of NOx per day, resulting in a less than significant impact under the SMAQMD criteria. However, the development with half of the needed facilities on campus would result in less housing for students, faculty, and staff. As a consequence, this alternative would result in more students commuting to campus, which would generate new potentially significant longterm impacts associated with additional traffic, air pollutant, and GHG emissions. If no facilities are built or renewed near the existing residence halls, academic facilities or other campus sensitive uses, the construction-related noise would be a less than significant impact under this alternative. Relation to Campus Master Plan Objectives: While this alternative might provide a few of the needed facilities on campus, the needed replacement and/or renewal of existing obsolete buildings would not be achieved to the same extent as with the Campus Master Plan, and the vitality created by the provision of campus student housing and associated facilities would not be realized. Therefore, this alternative would fall short of the University s aims to foster academic excellence and achieve greater distinction for campus life and the environment, and would not achieve the Campus Master Plan s major objectives. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 94 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

100 4.0 ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROJECT Most of all, this alternative represents a theoretical supposition and is not a feasible alternative. The campus development pursuant to the Master Plan will result in beneficial environmental impacts of reducing vehicular travel, reducing air pollutant emissions and GHG, reducing consumption of energy and water, reducing stormwater and sewer flows, and improving water quality, among others. To reduce that development by 50% in order to bring the short-term and intermittent peak day construction emissions below the threshold would eliminate most of the environmental benefits of the Campus Master Plan and would result in new adverse environmental impacts. Peak day construction emissions and noise associated with that development could also be theoretically reduced by prolonging the construction of individual facilities and constructing only one facility at a time so that NOx emissions do not reach 85 pounds on any given day. While this would reduce the impact below the level of significance, the actual total emissions associated with construction would be the same but would be just spread over a longer period of time. With longer construction of each facility, the construction effects would not be any more intermittent or short term resulting in a new significant adverse impact. Alternative 3: More Housing on Campus Under this alternative, more housing would be provided on campus for students, faculty, and staff. As with the Campus Master Plan, the campus enrollment level would be maintained at 25,000 FTE students pursuant to this alternative, but by increasing oncampus housing, commuter trips would be further reduced. Campus Development: Pursuant to this alternative, a total of up to 5,000 new beds for undergraduate students and 500 new apartments for graduate students, faculty, and staff would be provided on campus. This is about 1,500 more student beds and 150 more apartments, than provided for by the Campus Master Plan, or an increase of more than 40% in on-campus housing. Additional housing could either be provided in larger buildings of the planned student residence halls, or in additional buildings that could be located in the vicinity of the existing and planned residence halls in the North and South Housing Villages, or elsewhere within developed portions of campus. Other components provided for in Campus Master Plan would remain the same pursuant to this alternative, including replacement of obsolete academic and other facilities, as well as the implementation of Design, Landscape, and Sustainability Guidelines. Environmental Effects: Provision of more on-campus housing would further reduce commute trips and vehicle miles traveled (VMTs) from at least 25,000 VMTs per day to at least 35,500 VMTs per day from commuting trips. With fewer trips, the less than significant effect on the local intersections would be further reduced as would be exhaust air pollutant emissions and GHG. Therefore this alternative would expand the project s beneficial environmental impacts. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 95 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

101 4.0 ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROJECT Pursuant to this alternative, with additional housing, the demand for fire protection services would slightly increase but as with the Campus Master Plan, impact would be less than significant. Demand for police services would increase in greater proportion, and may require an expansion of campus police department services. With the implementation of the Campus Master Plan s infrastructure improvements and Sustainability Guidelines impact on water, sewer, stormwater and energy utilities and service systems would remain beneficial. With implementation of the Design Guidelines and Landscape Guidelines this alternative would not change the beneficial aesthetic impact on the campus visual character, including enhancing the existing open space. Other impacts would be similar to those associated with the Campus Master Plan. Relation to Campus Master Plan Objectives: This alternative would achieve all of the Campus Master Plan s objectives, including those to foster and emphasize academic excellence; elevate the University s presence in the global higher education arena; provide a vibrant and satisfying Live-Work-Teach-Learn-Play campus environment that serves students, faculty, and staff; maximize intra-campus connectivity and connectivity with the surrounding community; and optimize campus physical assets through an integrated and comprehensive planning. Alternative 4: Increased Student Enrollment to 35,000 FTEs Since the CSU Sacramento is one of the larger urban campuses in the CSU system, encompassing approximately 300 acres, accommodating a larger share of the statewide growth in student enrollment could be considered as an alternative. With continuing population growth in California the demand for higher education has been, and is expected to continue, to steadily increase. With growing demand, and in compliance with the State Legislative mandate expressed in the State Master Plan for Education whereby the CSU system is obligated to continue to accommodate all fully eligible graduates from California high schools and community college transfer students, the CSU campuses will need to accommodate higher enrollment levels. Therefore, this alternative considers accommodating the enrollment level of 35,000 FTE students at the CSU Sacramento campus. Campus Development: With more students, additional facilities could be required to accommodate educational instructions and programs, which could result in more and/or larger buildings on campus. To accommodate the additional facilities, the campus pedestrian and bicycle systems would likely need to be reconfigured, as well as the campus open space and landscaping. Additional on-campus housing would likely need to be provided, which could result in a more compact development with taller buildings in the campus areas along the American River. Environmental Effects: More and/or larger facilities on campus could affect the campus open space and visual character. With more students attending the University, more vehicular commute trips would be generated resulting in greater or additional traffic CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 96 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

102 4.0 ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROJECT impacts and new air quality and GHG impacts. However, with implementation of the Design Guidelines, Sustainability Guidelines, and Landscape Guidelines, as well as the vehicle, pedestrian and bicycle improvements provided for the in the Campus Master Plan these effects would substantially reduced. But with additional buildings and improvements on campus to accommodate more students, the significant unavoidable short-term construction-related air quality impacts could be greater pursuant to this alternative. However, if no future student enrollment growth from the Sacramento and Central California region is accommodated at the CSU Sacramento campus, that growth would have to be accommodated at other universities elsewhere in the state. As a result, this alternative would eliminate the environmental effects associated with accommodating those students elsewhere, including vehicular trips and the associated traffic impacts; exhaust emissions and the resultant air quality and GHG impacts; demand for fire and police protection services; water and other public utilities; and others. Overall, these indirect effects of accommodating the students at another locations would likely result in either similar or greater overall environmental impacts than those associated with accommodating 35,000 FTEs enrollment at the CSU Sacramento campus. Relation to Campus Master Plan Objectives: This alternative would achieve all major Campus Master Plan major objectives, including those to foster and emphasize academic excellence; elevate the University s presence in the global higher education arena; provide a vibrant and satisfying Live-Work-Teach-Learn-Play campus environment that serves students, faculty, and staff; maximize intra-campus connectivity and connectivity with the surrounding community; and optimize campus physical assets through an integrated and comprehensive planning. This alternative would also achieve the objective of improving, updating, and replacing outdated, inefficient and obsolete facilities and providing necessary improvements. However, since more, and likely larger, facilities would be constructed on campus, this alternative may not achieve the objective of maintaining and enhancing the campus open space and visual character to the same degree as with the Campus Master Plan. Environmentally Superior Alternative Among the alternatives considered, none of the alternatives discussed is considered clearly environmentally superior to the project. Each alternative results in potential impacts, with a number of impacts that may be greater and some impacts that may be lesser than those associated with the Campus Master Plan. Overall, when both direct and indirect impacts of each alternative are considered together, the alternatives are either environmentally comparable or inferior to the Campus Master Plan project. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 97 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

103 5.0 Cumulative and Long-term Effects Cumulative Effects The CEQA Guidelines (Section 15355) define a cumulative impact as two or more individual effects which, when considered together, are considerable or which compound or increase other environmental impacts. The Guidelines [Section 15130(a)(1)] further state that an EIR should not discuss impacts which do not result in part from the project. Section 15130(a) of the CEQA Guidelines provides that [A]n EIR shall discuss cumulative impacts of a project when the project s incremental effect is cumulatively considerable... Cumulatively considerable, as defined in Section 15065(a)(3), means that the incremental effects of an individual project are significant when viewed in connection with the effects of past projects, the effects of other current projects, and the effects of probable future projects. The Campus Master Plan guides the long-term development of the CSU Sacramento campus. The City of Sacramento General Plan guides the long-term growth and development within the city, including the areas closest to the campus. Traffic and Circulation The traffic analysis in this EIR (see Section 3.3), addresses both project-specific and cumulative traffic and circulation impacts that account for background traffic associated with long-term regional growth. As discussed in Section 3.3, the Campus Master Plan will result in beneficial impacts of reducing vehicle miles travelled (VMTs) by substantially increasing housing for students, faculty and staff on campus, and in beneficial impacts on transit and on pedestrian and bicycle circulation. Impacts to vehicular traffic at study intersections will be less than significant. Aesthetics The Campus Master Plan will result in substantially enhancing the visual and aesthetic campus character and quality, and in broadening the reach and the influence of the most vivid, character-defining attribute of the campus its lush and extensive tree landscape setting. Integral parts of the Campus Master Plan are the Design Guidelines, Landscape Guidelines, and Sustainability Guidelines. Future development on campus in accordance with these Guidelines will result in unifying the campus visual environment, including its CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 98 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT CAMPUS MASTER PLAN

104 5.0 CUMULATIVE AND LONG-TERM EFFECTS architectural character and landscape setting, and fortifying the campus sense of place. The Guidelines set a series of parameters for new and remodeled buildings, and for all aspects of the campus landscape and sustainability features, including the visual aspects of building exteriors and the connections between structures, landscape, pedestrian and vehicle circulation systems, and the campus signage. With the Master Plan s Design Guidelines, Landscape Guidelines, and Sustainability Guidelines, the new and renewed buildings and other facilities, landscaping, open space, signage, and other elements will create visual appearance of the campus that is both distinct and cohesive. Therefore, the impact will be beneficial; no adverse cumulative impact will result from the implementation of the Campus Master Plan. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases (GHG) As discussed in the air quality and GHG analysis in this EIR (see Section 3.2), the implementation of the Campus Master Plan will result in the reduction of ROG and NOx emissions of at least 6.6 to 7.2 pounds per day, and in the reduction in GHG of at least 2,201 metric tons per year. As a result, the Campus Master Plan s impact will be cumulatively beneficial as it will help to work toward attaining long-term cumulative reduction in air pollutant and GHG emissions within the Sacramento region. Fire and Police Protection Services The Campus Master Plan and future growth within the city of Sacramento will incrementally increase demand for fire and police protection services. Given that the campus vicinity is largely developed, the Campus Master Plan s contribution to cumulative demand will be relatively minor. All new and renewed campus buildings will be equipped with smoke detectors and fire alarms which are set to provide both visual and audio alarms in the event a fire is detected or a fire alarm pull station is activated. All fire equipment at the University will continue to be maintained in accordance with State and local regulations, and will be inspected on a regular schedule and re-charged, repaired, or replaced as needed. The University will continue to implement fire safety training and response procedures to facilitate fire suppression. New buildings and other facilities will continue to include all necessary ingress and egress for traffic circulation and emergency response, and will comply with all applicable requirements for construction, access, water mains, fire flows, and life safety requirements. If a fire situation is identified, University Police will continue to institute an emergency response and contact the Sacramento Fire Department, if necessary. These operating procedures, incorporation of required fire suppression and safety features, and continued emergency response training will work to minimize increased demand for fire protection services. In addition to incorporating fire safety features in design and operations of its campus facilities, the University will continue to educate students, faculty, and staff to increase awareness about fire prevention and emergency preparedness, and will continue to cooperate with the City of Sacramento to minimize demand for service. This will ensure that no substantial new fire protection facilities will be required, and the Campus Master Plan s contribution to cumulative CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 99 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

105 5.0 CUMULATIVE AND LONG-TERM EFFECTS impact will be less than significant. New buildings and other facilities on campus will also be incorporated into the University s security and emergency response plans to ensure appropriate access for police and emergency response, and may include passive and/or active security systems, and/or other features to minimize the need for new security personnel. The Campus Master Plan also provides for relocation of the University s Police and Public Safety Services onto the site adjacent to the new Parking Structure PS5 in the north campus, at a new location where police vehicles will have access to a bollarded roadway that is not accessible to the public for fast access to all areas of the campus in case of emergency, enhancing the emergency response times. While the provision of new facilities on campus - including student housing is anticipated to result in an incremental increase in demand for police protection services, this increase will be minimized through enhanced operating procedures, continued campus safety training, and appropriate staffing of the University Police Department. Therefore no substantial new fire protection facilities will be required, and the Campus Master Plan s contribution to cumulative impact will be less than significant. Utilities and Service Systems Water and Sewer The CSU Sacramento campus vicinity is part of a fully developed area that is served by extensive existing sewerage service systems. The Campus Master Plan includes guidelines to promote water efficiency for new and existing buildings, to reduce overall water use on campus by 20% by the year 2020, and to reduce sewage conveyance by 50% below baseline 2014 case usage. As a result, the implementation of the Campus Master Plan will result in a beneficial impact of reducing the use of water and generation of wastewater; no adverse cumulative impact will result. Stormwater The Campus Master Plan provides for a comprehensive stormwater management system that includes the Hornet Greenway open space system that will traverse the entire campus and incorporates bioswale areas to capture and filter stormwater and irrigation water runoff before it infiltrates into the water table or returns to the American River. In addition, multiple independent and dispersed rain gardens and bioswale gardens will serve similar functions throughout the campus in areas outside the central Hornet Greenway open space system. Also, some portions of surface parking lots will be retrofitted with permeable paving to further facilitate stormwater retention and infiltration. All these improvements will result in beneficial impacts of substantially reducing stormwater flows and extraordinarily improving stormwater quality; no adverse cumulative impact will result. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 100 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

106 5.0 CUMULATIVE AND LONG-TERM EFFECTS Electrical Energy The Campus Master Plan includes Sustainability Guidelines that define energy efficiency goals to reduce energy consumption and promote the utilization of renewable energy resources on campus. They include moving toward zero net energy consumption for 50% of the square footage of existing state-owned buildings by 2025 and from all new or renovated state buildings beginning design after 2025 with LEED certification for new and major renovated buildings. The Campus Master Plan also provides for the increase in renewable power generation on campus with solar photovoltaics and solar hot water systems. Therefore, the implementation of the Campus Master Plan will result in an increased use of renewable energy and a reduced consumption of electricity. Thus, the impact will be beneficial, and no adverse cumulative impact will result. Short-term Construction Impacts Construction activities associated with the Campus Master Plan could result in significant, albeit short-term and intermittent, air pollutant emissions and noise impacts, even with full implementation of all mitigation measures identified in this EIR. However, the campus is separated from the nearby development by its physical boundaries the American River, the railroad, the water treatment plant, and roadways. Therefore, it is unlikely that construction in the interior of the campus would result in a cumulatively significant noise effects. However, since all construction results in air pollutant emissions, the combined construction effects on air quality of future development on campus together with future development within the city of Sacramento could be cumulatively significant, even with full implementation of the mitigation measures identified in this EIR as well as mitigation measures required of development occurring within the city and the region. Growth-Inducing Impacts The CEQA Guidelines [Section (d)] require a discussion of ways in which the proposed project could foster economic or population growth in the surrounding environment, including the project s potential to remove obstacles to population growth. For example, the extension of infrastructure may encourage or facilitate other activities that could significantly affect the environment. The Campus Master Plan maintains the University s enrollment level of 25,000 FTE students established by the current Master Plan and thus by itself it will not induce population growth in the region. As such, the Campus Master Plan will not foster economic or population growth beyond the growth already anticipated in the region. The Campus Master Plan will result in infill development at an existing developed University campus within a fully urbanized area that is well served by existing infrastructure, and CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 101 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

107 5.0 CUMULATIVE AND LONG-TERM EFFECTS extensive new infrastructure will not be required. The project includes all necessary improvements to the existing infrastructure to serve the campus, and no excess capacity that could induce growth will be provided. Significant Irreversible Effects Implementation of the Campus Master Plan will commit non-renewable resources during construction and operation. During construction, the use of building materials (e.g., aggregate, sand, cement, steel, glass, etc.) and energy resources (e.g., gasoline, diesel fuel, electricity) largely would be irreversible and irretrievable. Energy would be consumed in processing building materials and for transporting these materials and construction workers to the individual facility sites. The new buildings at the campus provided pursuant to the Campus Master Plan can be expected to have a life span of approximately 50 to 70 years. Resources consumed during buildout of the Campus Master Plan, (such as fuel, building materials, water, etc.) will be used in quantities proportional to similar development in Central California. As discussed in this EIR, an integral part of the Campus Master Plan is its Sustainability Guidelines that will guide the campus development. As a result, the implementation of the Campus Master Plan will result in significant reductions in the use of water and energy by the campus, and in a net reduction in commute vehicular travel with the corresponding reduction in consumption of motor fuels, which is a beneficial impact on resources. Therefore, the typical campus operations will not result in a wasteful use of resources. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 102 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

108 6.0 Preparers of the EIR Lead Agency The Board of Trustees of the California State University 401 Golden Shore Long Beach, CA California State University, Sacramento 6000 J Street Sacramento, CA Contact Person: Victor Takahashi, Director California State University, Sacramento Facilities Planning and Construction Services Phone: (916) Fax: (916) takahashiv@csus.edu Consultant to the Lead Agency Parsons Brinckerhoff, Inc. 444 South Flower Street, Suite 800 Los Angeles, CA Contact Persons: Irena Finkelstein, AICP, EIR Project Manager Donald Hubbard, PE, AICP, Traffic Study Manager Phone: (213) Fax: (213) finkelstein@pbworld.com CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 103 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT

109 Appendices

110 Appendix A NOP and Responses

111 Notice Preparation of Environmental Impact Report Campus Master Plan 2015 California State University, Sacramento The California State University, Sacramento will prepare an Environmental Impact Report (EIR) for the Campus Master Plan 2015 project. The Campus Master Plan provides guidelines for the future physical development of the CSU Sacramento campus. The guidelines, together with illustrations and concepts presented in the Master Plan, provide an integrated framework for the overall campus vision with respect to the University s academic facilities, student and faculty and staff housing; student support services; campus open spaces and landscaping; pedestrian, bicycle, and transit circulation; connectivity; design; sustainability, and other elements comprising the Master Plan. The California State University, Sacramento completed an Initial Study for the proposed project which indicates that the project may potentially have significant environmental impacts which will be addressed in the EIR being prepared by University. The 30-day public review period for the Initial Study begins on October 9, 2014 and ends on November 7, The Initial Study and Campus Master Plan documents are available for public review during the public review period at the University s website at and at the Facilities Management Building and University Library at the CSU Sacramento campus. If you would like to comment, please send your written comments so that they are received no later than November 7, 2014 to: Victor Takahashi, Director, Facilities Planning and Construction Services, 6000 J Street, Sacramento, CA ; fax (916) ; takahashiv@csus.edu.

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118 November 11, 2014 Victor Takahashi, Director Facilities Planning and Construction Services California State University, Sacramento 6000 J Street Sacramento, CA takahashiv@csus.edu Subject: Notice of Preparation for the Campus Master Plan 2015, CSU Sacramento Dear Mr. Takahashi, The Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) appreciates the opportunity to provide comments on the Notice of Preparation for the Campus Master Plan 2015, CSU Sacramento. SMUD is the primary energy provider for Sacramento County and the proposed project location. SMUD s vision is to empower our customers with solutions and options that increase energy efficiency, protect the environment, reduce global warming, and lower the cost to serve our region. As a Responsible Agency, SMUD aims to ensure that the proposed project limits the potential for significant environmental effects on SMUD facilities, employees, and customers. It is our desire that the Notice of Preparation for the Campus Master Plan 2015, CSU Sacramento will acknowledge any project impacts related to the following: Overhead and or underground transmission and distribution line easements Electrical load needs/requirements Energy Efficiency Utility line routing Climate Change SMUD would like to be involved with discussing and resolving the above issues as well discussing any other potential issues. We aim to be partners in the efficient and sustainable delivery of the proposed project. Please ensure that the information included in this response is conveyed to the project planners and the appropriate project proponents. SMUD HQ 6201 S Street P.O. Box Sacramento, CA smud.org

119 Environmental leadership is a core value of SMUD and we look forward to collaborating with you on this project. Again, we appreciate the opportunity to provide input on the MND. If you have any questions regarding this letter, please contact Rob Ferrera, SMUD Environmental Specialist at (916) Sincerely, Rob Ferrera Environmental Specialist Environmental Management Legislative & Regulatory Affairs Sacramento Municipal Utility District Cc: Rob Ferrera Pat Durham Joseph Schofield SMUD HQ 6201 S Street P.O. Box Sacramento, CA smud.org

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127 Appendix B Traffic Study

128 Draft TRANSPORTATION IMPACT STUDY California State University Sacramento 2015 Campus Master Plan Prepared for California State University, Sacramento 6000 J Street Sacramento, CA Prepared by Parsons Brinckerhoff, Inc Gateway Oaks Dr., Suite 200 Sacramento, CA September 2014

129 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION... 1 A. Purpose and Scope of the Study METHODOLOGY & REGULATORY POLICIES... 3 A. Intersection Analysis... 3 B. Bicycle and Pedestrian Analysis... 6 C. Transit Analysis SETTING AND EXISTING CONDITIONS... 7 A. Existing Campus Uses & Enrollment... 7 B. Existing Bicycle and Pedestrian Facilities C. Existing Transit Facilities and Services PROPOSED PROJECT A. Project Description EXISTING PLUS PROJECT CONDITIONS A. Project Vehicle Trip Generation B. Project Vehicle Trip Distribution C. Existing Plus Project Conditions D. Off-Peak Traffic Impacts E. Effect of Project on Regional Vehicle-Miles-Traveled (VMTs) F. Existing Plus Project Pedestrian Conditions G. Existing Plus Project Bicycle Conditions H. Existing Plus Project Transit Conditions YEAR 2035 NO-PROJECT CONDITIONS A. Year 2035 No-Project Traffic Volume Forecasts B. Year 2035 No-Project Intersection Levels of Service C. Year 2035 No Project Bicycle, Pedestrian and Transit Conditions YEAR 2035 PLUS PROJECT CONDITIONS A. Year 2035 Plus Project Intersection Level of Service B. Off-Peak Traffic Impacts C. Year 2035 Plus Project Bicycle and Pedestrian Conditions D. Year 2035 Plus Project Transit Conditions... 70

130 EXHIBITS Exhibit 1: Off-Campus Study Intersections... 2 Exhibit 2: Intersection Level of Service Thresholds... 3 Exhibit 3: City of Sacramento General Plan Policy Areas... 5 Exhibit 4: City of Sacramento LOS Policy and Study Intersections... 6 Exhibit 5: Existing Campus Roadway Circulation... 8 Exhibit 6: Existing traffic volumes and lane configurations at study intersections Exhibit 7: Existing Level of Service (LOS) at Study Intersections Exhibit 8: Existing AM Peak Hour Intersection LOS Conditions Exhibit 9: Existing PM Peak Hour Intersection LOS Conditions Exhibit 10: The Hornet Tunnel Exhibit 11: Existing On-Campus Pedestrian Circulation System Exhibit 12: Existing On-Campus Bicycle Facilities Exhibit 13: Existing and Planned Off-Campus Bicycle Facilities within Sac State Vicinity Exhibit 14: Existing (2014) Pedestrian and Bicycle Traffic Counts Exhibit 15: Existing Transit System in Sac State Vicinity Exhibit 16: Hornet Express Shuttle Bus Routes Exhibit 17: On- and Off-Campus Student and Faculty/Staff Population Exhibit 18: Existing and Future On-Campus Housing Exhibit 19: Existing and Future Parking Supply Exhibit 20: Existing and Future Parking Ratios Exhibit 21: Campus Master Plan Exhibit 22: Campus Master Plan 2015 Vehicle and Pedestrian Circulation Exhibit 23: Campus Master Plan 2015 Bicycle Circulation Exhibit 24: Trip Generation Rates for On-Campus Student Residents Exhibit 25: Trip Generation Rates for Off-Campus Commuters Exhibit 26: Net Project Trip Generation Exhibit 27: Distribution of Project Trips at Campus Gateways Exhibit 28: Off-campus Project Trip Distribution AM Peak Hour Exhibit 29: Off-campus Project Trip Distribution PM Peak Hour Exhibit 30: Net Effect of Project on Peak-Hour Traffic at Study Intersections Exhibit 31: Effect of Master Plan on Peak-Hour Freeway Traffic Volumes Exhibit 32: Existing Plus Project Peak-Hour Traffic at Study Intersections Exhibit 33: Existing Plus Project LOS Exhibit 34: Existing Plus Project AM Peak Hour Intersection LOS Conditions Exhibit 35: Existing Plus Project PM Peak Hour Intersection LOS Condition... 51

131 Exhibit 36: Weekday Afternoon traffic demand patterns within Sac State vicinity Exhibit 37: LOS on US 50 Approaches to Sac State, 6:30-to-7:30, Exhibit 38: Year 2035 No-Project Traffic Volumes at Study Intersections Exhibit 39: Year 2035 No Project LOS at Study Intersections Exhibit 40: Year 2035 No Project Conditions AM Peak Hour Intersection LOS Exhibit 41: Year 2035 No Project Conditions PM Peak Hour Intersection LOS Exhibit 42: Year 2035 Plus Project Peak-Hour Traffic at Study Intersections Exhibit 43: Year 2035 Plus Project LOS at Study Intersections Exhibit 44: LOS on US 50 Approaches to Sac State, 6:30-to-7:30, Exhibit 45: Year 2035 Plus Project Conditions - AM Peak Hour Intersection LOS Exhibit 46: Year 2035 Plus Project Conditions - PM Peak Hour Intersection LOS... 69

132 1. INTRODUCTION A. Purpose and Scope of the Study The purpose of this Transportation Impact Study (TIS) is to evaluate potential off-site 1 traffic and transportation impacts of the California State University, Sacramento (Sac State) 2015 Campus Master Plan, herein called the Sac State Master Plan the Project. This TIS focuses on the area in the direct vicinity of the campus and on the paths that vehicles to or from the campus will take to on the City of Sacramento public street network. Fifteen (15) off-campus study intersections were selected based on the projected distribution of Sac State-related traffic (see Exhibit 1): These are: 1) 65 th Street / Folsom Blvd. 2) 65 th Street / US 50 Westbound Ramps 3) 65 th Street / US 50 Eastbound Ramps 4) Folsom Blvd. / 67 th Street 5) Ramona Avenue / Folsom Blvd. (future intersection) 6) State University Drive / Folsom Blvd 7) State University Drive / College Town Drive 8) Hornet Drive / College Town Drive 9) Howe Avenue / College Town Drive 10) Hornet Drive / Folsom Blvd 11) Howe Avenue / Folsom Blvd 12) Carlson Drive / J St 13) Carlson Drive / H St 14) Cadillac Drive / Fair Oaks Blvd 15) Fair Oaks Blvd. / Howe Avenue This TIS evaluates the following four scenarios: Existing Conditions Existing Plus Project conditions Year 2035 No-Project conditions Year 2035 Plus Project conditions. Under each of the Plus Project scenarios, Project-generated vehicular traffic impacts were evaluated under typical weekday AM and PM peak hour conditions. Project impacts on public transit system, and bikeway and pedestrian facilities were also qualitatively evaluated. 1 On-site circulation issues were studied as part of the Master Plan development. 1

133 Exhibit 1: Off-Campus Study Intersections 2

134 2. METHODOLOGY & REGULATORY POLICIES A. Intersection Analysis Traffic operational conditions at intersections are described in terms of traffic Level of Service (LOS) which ranges from LOS A, which indicates that vehicles experience little delay in passing through the intersection, to LOS F, which indicates that vehicles are likely to encounter long queues and stop-and-go conditions. The LOS thresholds are presented in Exhibit 2. In this TIS intersection LOS was analyzed using Synchro 7 software. The software package is based on the methodology outlined in the Highway Capacity Manual. A Peak Hour Factor of 1.0 was used per City of Sacramento Traffic Impact Study guidelines 2. Level of Service A B C D E F Exhibit 2: Intersection Level of Service Thresholds Description Average Control Delay (seconds/vehicle) Signalized Stop-Controlled Very low control delay. Progression is very favorable; most vehicles do not stop. < 10 < 10 Low delay with good progression and/or short cycle lengths. > 10 to 20 > 10 to 15 Moderate delay resulting from fair progression and/or longer cycle times. Some vehicles may not clear intersection in one green phase. Longer control delays with noticeable congestion. Many vehicles stop and the proportion not served by the first green phase rises > 20 to 35 > 15 to 25 > 35 to 55 > 25 to 35 High delay due to poor progression, long cycle lengths, or both. > 55 to 80 > 35 to 50 Intersection oversaturated; arrival rates exceed intersection capacity so queues build up. > 80 > 50 Source: Highway Capacity Manual 2000, Transportation Research Board, 2000 The Transportation Impact Study Manual 3 of California State University defines the significance criteria for the transportation-related impacts of the proposed project. The following is the element that related to the roadways and intersections. Off-Site Traffic Operations A roadway segment or intersection operates at LOS D or better under a no project scenario and the addition of project trips causes overall traffic operations on the facility to operate at LOS E or F. A roadway segment or intersection operates at LOS E or F under a no project scenario and the project adds both 10 or more peak hour trips and 5 seconds or more of peak hour delay, during the same peak hour. If an intersection operates at a very poor LOS F (control delay of 120 seconds or more), the significance criterion shall be an increase in v/c ratio of 0.02 or more. The City of Sacramento 4 has established 5 the following LOS policies that are relevant to this study: 2 Traffic Impact Guidelines, City of Sacramento, California State University Transportation Impact Study Manual, November

135 M LOS Standard. The City shall allow for flexible Level of Service (LOS) standards, which will permit increased densities and mix of uses to increase transit ridership, biking, and walking, which decreases auto travel, thereby reducing air pollution, energy consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions 6. b. Level of Service Standard for Multi-Modal Districts - The City shall seek to maintain the following standards in the Central Business District, in areas within ½ mile walking distance of light rail stations, and in areas designated for urban scale development (Urban Centers, Urban Corridors, and Urban Neighborhoods as designated in the Land Use and Urban Form Diagram). These areas are characterized by frequent transit service, enhanced pedestrian and bicycle systems, a mix of uses, and higher-density development. Maintain operations on all roadways and intersections at LOS A-E at all times, including peak travel times, unless maintaining this LOS would, in the City s judgment, be infeasible and/or conflict with the achievement of other goals. LOS F conditions may be acceptable, provided that provisions are made to improve the overall system and/or promote nonvehicular transportation and transit as part of a development project or a City-initiated project. c. Base Level of Service Standard - the City shall seek to maintain the following standards for all areas outside of multi-modal districts. Maintain operations on all roadways and intersections at LOS A-D at all times, including peak travel times, unless maintaining this LOS would, in the City s judgment, be infeasible and/or conflict with the achievement of other goals. LOS E or F conditions may be accepted, provided that provisions are made to improve the overall system and/or promote non-vehicular transportation as part of a development project or a City-initiated project. d. Roadways Exempt from Level of Service Standard -The above LOS standards shall apply to all roads, intersections, or interchanges within the City except as specified below. If a Traffic Study is prepared and identifies a significant LOS impact to a roadway or intersection that is located within one of the roadway corridors described below, the project would not be required in that particular instance to widen roadways in order for the City to find project conformance with the General Plan. Instead, General Plan conformance could still be found if the project provides improvements to other parts of the city wide transportation system in order to improve transportation-system-wide roadway capacity, to make intersection improvements, or to enhance non-auto travel modes in furtherance of the General Plan goals. The improvements would be required within the project site vicinity or within the area affected by the project s vehicular traffic impacts. With the provision of such other transportation infrastructure improvements, the project would not be required to provide any mitigation for vehicular traffic impacts to the listed road segment in order to conform to the General Plan. 65th Street: Folsom Boulevard to 14th Avenue 7 Broadway: 58th to 65th Streets Folsom Boulevard: 34th Street to Watt Avenue Howe Avenue: American River Drive to Folsom Boulevard J Street: 43rd Street to 56th Street Exhibit 3 and Exhibit 4 show how these policies relate to the study intersections. 4 Sac State lies within the boundaries of the City of Sacramento 5 City of Sacramento 2030 General Plan, Policy M1.2.2.a refers to the downtown core area and so is not relevant to this study area 7 The General Plan lists 28 street segments. Only those within the study area are listed here. 4

136 Exhibit 3: City of Sacramento General Plan Policy Areas 5

137 ID Intersection Area Designation Exhibit 4: City of Sacramento LOS Policy and Study Intersections B. Bicycle and Pedestrian Analysis Traffic Control Type Minimum acceptable LOS Standard Is facility also "exempt" from City LOS Standard? 1 65th St./Folsom Blvd. Multi-modal District Signal E Yes 2 65th St./US-50 WB Ramps Multi-modal District Signal E Yes 3 65th St./US-50 EB Ramps Multi-modal District Signal E Yes 4 67th St./Folsom Blvd. Multi-modal District SSSC E Yes 5 Ramona Ave./Folsom Blvd. (future) Multi-modal District Signal E Yes 6 State University Dr./Folsom Blvd. Multi-modal District Signal E Yes 7 State University Dr./College Town Dr. Multi-modal District Signal E No 8 Hornet Dr./College Town Dr. Signal D No 9 Howe Ave./College Town Dr. Signal D Yes 10 Hornet Dr./Folsom Blvd. Multi-modal District Signal E Yes 11 Howe Ave./Folsom Blvd. Multi-modal District Signal E Yes 12 Carlson Dr./J St./State University Dr. Signal D No 13 Carlson Dr./H St. Signal D No 14 Cadillac Dr./Fair Oaks Blvd. Signal D No 15 Fair Oaks Blvd./Howe Ave. Signal D No Notes: SSSC= Side-Street Stop-sign The Transportation Impact Study Manual of the California State University specifies that the TIS should provide the following information regarding potential for bicycle and pedestrian impacts: A qualitative description of existing bicycle and pedestrian facilities in the project vicinity, including identifying the location and type of bicycle facilities, presence of sidewalks, and the level of usage. A summary of policies from area general plans or master plan related to bicycle and pedestrian travel Evaluation of how the project affects the current and planned bicycle and pedestrian facilities in the study area, and whether the project creates any significant conflicts with applicable bicycle and pedestrian policies. A map showing existing and planned bicycle facilities in the study area. C. Transit Analysis Similarly, the manual specifies that the TIS should provide the following information regarding the potential for transit impacts: A qualitative description of transit service and route connectivity in the project area, including campus shuttle service, local bus service, and regional bus or rail service Evaluation of the project s consistency with applicable transit policies and identification of conflicts with existing and planned routes and level of services. Examples of conflicts include a project transit demand that will exceed the existing or planned service capacity or a required change in bus routing due to the physical or operational requirements of the project that lengthens transit trip times or headways. A map showing transit routes within two miles of the project site. 6

138 3. SETTING AND EXISTING CONDITIONS A. Existing Campus Uses & Enrollment Sac State is the only 4-year university in the City of Sacramento (population 477,000), the State capitol and the State s 6th largest city. The campus is located approximately 4 miles east of the City s downtown core, and is bounded by the American River on the east, the Union Pacific Railroad right-of-way on the west, U.S. Highway Route 50 (US 50) to the south and J Street to the north. As a major academic, sports, cultural as well as employment hub of activity in the Sacramento region, the university attracts both local and regional traffic. The Sac State campus contains a diverse and complex mix of academic building facilities, on-site housing, parking facilities, recreational/sports facilities, and other amenities and uses. Although a number of land use related descriptors could be used to describe/estimate campus traffic generation, this TIS uses full-time equivalent student (FTES) enrollment as the primary independent variable to describe campus traffic generation because it is the basis for most campus planning documents. Per descriptions contained in the Master Plan, the campus shows the following population characteristics as of Fall 2013: In Fall 2013, 26,012 undergraduate students and 2,799 graduate students were enrolled ( headcount ). University enrollment constituted 23,837 (FTES). 81% of undergraduates are full-time students -- 19% are part-time -- with the average undergraduate taking 12.4 units. For graduate students, 61% are full-time and 39% are part-time. The 2013 statistical information gathered by the University indicates that the majority of students come from Sacramento County and the adjacent counties of Solano, Contra Costa, Yolo, San Joaquin and Placer, with smaller numbers of students from as far away as Los Angeles, Riverside and San Diego counties. In 2013, 6.4% of students lived on campus. In Fall 2013, the University employed 1,479 faculty members; of these, 44.6% were full-time and 55.4% were part-time. The University employed 1,270 staff members, 89.8% of which were full-time. University staff members fulfill a variety of roles on the campus, including management and other professional positions, secretarial/clerical, service/maintenance and technical/paraprofessional positions. Undergraduate enrollment levels have increased slightly between 2009 and 2013; graduate levels have decreased somewhat over that time period. The existing campus street circulation plan is shown in Exhibit 5. 7

139 Exhibit 5: Existing Campus Roadway Circulation 8

140 Important off-campus roadways in the vicinity of Sac State campus include (see Exhibit 1): US Highway Route 50 (US 50) is an east-west freeway route of national importance that stretches over 3,000 miles and connects between Ocean City, Maryland and West Sacramento, California. In the Sacramento region, US 50 begins at I-80 in West Sacramento and continues eastward through the cities of Sacramento, Rancho Cordova, Shingle Springs, and Placerville. Further east, US 50 extends into the Lake Tahoe area and further into the State of Nevada. Within and through Sacramento City and County limits, US 50 serves as an important east-west commuter route, truck route, and recreational route. It also connects the major north-south routes in the area (including I-5, SR 99, and SR 51) and connects the region to other parts of the state and country. Through the City of Sacramento limits, US 50 has a general eight-lane divided freeway cross-section with a 65 mph posted speed limit. During weekday peak periods, the dominant traffic flow east of the SR 99 Junction is westbound in the morning and eastbound in the evening, caused by commuter population residing in eastern Sacramento County, southern Placer County and western El Dorado County. US 50 also carries a significant amount of commuter traffic traveling to Davis and the bay area which further adds to the westbound morning traffic. US 50 provides regional and inter-regional connection to/from the Sac State campus routed predominantly via the US 50/Howe Avenue/Hornet Drive full-access interchange. Per 2013 Caltrans traffic count data, US 50 mainline currently carries an Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) of 197,000 vehicles and a peak month ADT of 215,000 vehicles between the 65 th Street interchange and Howe Avenue interchange. Howe Avenue is a City of Sacramento arterial roadway that transitions from Power Inn Road as it crosses Folsom Boulevard and then heads north and passes under US 50, with a full access interchange connecting the two. North of US 50, Howe Avenue continues in a northeasterly direction until reaching its terminus at Auburn Boulevard, just south of Capital City Freeway (SR 51). Howe Avenue is a six lane arterial with center median between Folsom Boulevard and the Alta Arden Expressway (except for at the American River overcrossing where it is only four lanes). Howe Avenue is one of the key arterials that carries Sac State campus traffic on a daily basis. College Town Drive is an east-west arterial road connecting Sac State and Howe Avenue. College Town Drive has two travel lanes and a class II bicycle lane in each direction and a center turn lane. There are continuous sidewalks on both sides of and parking is prohibited except for on the north side between Hornet Drive and E.A. Fairbairn Street. College Town Drive has signalized intersections at State University Drive, E.A. Fairbairn Street, Hornet Drive, and Howe Avenue. Folsom Boulevard is an east-west arterial road connecting downtown Sacramento to the City of Folsom. In the vicinity of Sac State, Folsom Boulevard has two lanes per direction west of 67 th Street, transitioning to one lane per direction and a center turn lane between 67 th Street and Elvas Avenue, and one lane per direction east of Elvas Avenue. Folsom Avenue has signalized intersections at 65 th Street and State University Drive. J Street is an east-west arterial connecting Downtown Sacramento to Sac State and River Park areas. In the vicinity of Sac State, J Street has two lanes per direction and a center median with turn lanes. At the east end of J Street, it combines with westbound H Street and crosses the American River on the Fair Oaks Bridge. East of Howe Avenue, J Street extends as Fair Oaks Boulevard. There are class II bicycle lanes on both sides east of the Carlson/State University Drive intersection and a class I multi-use path on the south side of J Street between the Carlson Drive/State University Drive intersection and the American River. Elvas Avenue is an arterial street with two southbound lanes and one northbound lane between J Street and 65 th Street. South of 65 th Street it has one lane per direction. Most of the frontage of Elvas Avenue is devoted to commercial and light industrial uses. Elvas Avenue has a signalized intersection with 65 th Street. Although there are only three roads into this intersection, the signal is 4-way, with one phase devoted to a commercial driveway on the east side of Elvas Avenue. 9

141 67 th Street is a short two-lane private street connecting Folsom Boulevard to Q Street. 67 th Street is one of the entrances used by buses serving the 65 th Street LRT station and is also used as access to the businesses on Q Street. Its intersection with Folsom Boulevard is side-street stopcontrolled. 65 th Street is a north-south arterial connecting the Sac State area to South Sacramento. In the study area, 65 th Street has two lanes per direction with a center turn lane between Elvas Avenue and 4 th Avenue. There are class II bicycle lanes on the portion between Elvas Avenue and Folsom Boulevard, and sidewalks for the entire study area. The existing on-campus roadway circulation system consists of: State University Drive is a north-south roadway along the eastern edge of the Sacramento State campus. State University Drive has three lanes in each direction between J Street and Arboretum Way and two lanes in each direction between Arboretum Way and the University Transit Center. Between the Transit Center and White Poplar Way, it has one travel lane in each direction. From White Poplar Way to College Town Drive, there are two travel lanes in each direction plus center turn lanes. Between College Town Drive and Folsom Boulevard, there is one travel lane in each direction. State University Drive has a continuous sidewalk on the west side between the Transit Center and the Guy West Bridge. There are no sidewalks south of the Guy West Bridge. There are class II bicycle lanes between the northernmost Parking Lot 4 access and Folsom Boulevard. There are signalized intersections at the Parking Lot 2 north access, College Town Drive, and Folsom Boulevard. Nearly all other intersections have all-way stop control. The posted speed limit is 25 mph throughout, and there are multiple midblock crossings and rumble strips to discourage speeding. Arboretum Way is a two-lane undivided collector at the north end of the Sacramento State campus. Arboretum forms the northwest portion of the campus loop, connecting State University Drive and Bay Laurel Way and has all-way stop controlled intersections at Bay Laurel Way and Parking Lot 1. Its intersection with the State University Drive is signalized. Arboretum way has no parking or sidewalks, and a 25mph speed limit. Bay Laurel Way is an east-west roadway connecting the intersection of Arboretum Way and College Town Drive to State University Drive at the Transit Center. Bay Laurel Way has one travel lane in each direction from College Town Drive to the Parking Lot 1. There are gates restricting access to/from Parking Lot 1 for motorized vehicles. The eastern gate is one-way eastbound exiting Parking Lot 1 to the State University Drive. Moraga Way is a northbound, one-way road with one travel lane. There is parallel parking for the handicapped on the left side and incomplete sidewalks. College Town Drive runs parallel to the Union Pacific Railroad tracks from is northern terminus at Arboretum Way to Hornet Stadium, where it curves into a northwest-southeast alignment that continues outside the campus. College Town Drive has one travel lane in each direction and sidewalks or multi-use paths on either site from Bay Laurel Way to Stadium Drive. Between Stadium Drive and State University Drive, it has two travel lanes in each direction with a sidewalk running along the north site of the street and class II bicycle lanes. There are all-way stop intersections at Bay Laurel Way and Sinclair Road and a traffic signal at Stadium Drive. There is a mid-block pedestrian crosswalk at Hornet Crossing, which provides bicycle and pedestrian access to 65 th Street under the Union Pacific tracks. Sinclair Road is an east-west road through the center of campus. The portion between State University Drive and Moraga Way provides one travel lane in each direction. The westbound direction has bicycle route pavement marking and there is a sidewalk along the north side of the street. There are 10-mph speed bumps either side of the access to Parking Structure 1. East of Moraga Way, Sinclair Road is closed to vehicular traffic except for delivery and maintenance vehicles. 10

142 Jed Smith Drive is a north-south access road in the center of campus. It is closed to general traffic, but open to bicycles, pedestrians, and delivery and maintenance vehicles. It runs from Morrison Pine Way to Sinclair Road. Morison Pine Way is an east-west roadway along the north edge of Parking Structure 2 on the Sacramento State campus with one lane in each direction. There are perpendicular parking spaces along the north side of Morison Pine Way, and it serves as an exit from Parking Structure 2. Atlas Cedar Way is an east-west roadway along the south edge of Parking Structure 2 on the Sacramento State campus with one lane in each direction. Atlas Cedar Way serves as both ingress and egress from Parking Structure 2 and Parking Lot 4 (South). The posted speed limit is 10 mph. Stadium Drive is a two-lane road that is the main vehicular access way to Hornet Stadium and the nearby parking facilities. Between the Parking Lot 12/Parking Structure 3 southwest access and College Town Drive, Stadium Drive has two-way operation with one lane in each direction. Along the west side of Parking Lot 12/Parking Structure 3, Stadium Drive has a single southbound lane. Along the north side of Parking Structure 3, Stadium Drive has a single northbound lane only. White Poplar Way is an east-west roadway between Parking Structure 3 and Parking Lots 7 and 8 on the Sacramento State campus. Between Stadium Drive and Callery Pear Way, White Poplar Way has one lane per direction and center turn lanes. East of Callery Pear Way, it functions as a drive-aisle of Parking Lot 7 with one travel lane in each direction. Callery Pear Way is a north-south roadway next to Parking Structure 3 and between Parking Lots 7 and 8 on the Sacramento State campus. Callery Pear Way has one lane in each direction from Stadium Way to Red Buckeye Way, and is a single one-way lane northbound south of Red Buckeye Way. There are sidewalks on both sides of Callery Pear Way. Cottonwood Way is an east-west roadway between the north and south portions of Parking Lot 7 on the Sacramento State Campus. Cottonwood Way has one lane in each direction and functions as a main access point for Parking Lots 7 and 8. There is a partial sidewalk on the south side near State University Drive. Red Buckeye Way is an east-west roadway through Parking Lot 8 on the Sacramento State campus. Red Buckeye Way serves as a drive isle of Parking Lot 8 with no marked lanes, two-way operation, and perpendicular and angled parking stalls along either side. Existing Conditions Traffic Operations Traffic counts were performed at the fifteen (15) off-campus study intersections on Thursday April 14, 2014 and Tuesday, May 13, 2014, when the Sac State campus was in Spring session. Existing traffic volumes and lane configurations at the study intersections are shown in Exhibit 6. The existing LOS operations for study intersections are summarized in Exhibit 7 in tabular format. Exhibit 8 and Exhibit 9 illustrate existing intersection LOS conditions in graphical format under AM and PM peak hour conditions, respectively. As can be seen from these exhibits, all study intersections currently operate at acceptable peak hour LOS (D or better) conditions. 11

143 th St/Folsom Blvd 2 65th St/US-50 WB Ramps 3 65th St/US-50 EB Ramps 8 (29) 282 (488) 82 (176) 65th St 40 (41) 519 (1,029) 24 (29) 238 (306) 273 (542) 184 (182) 130 (327) 341 (632) 65th St 286 (410) 563 (1,314) 65th St Folsom Blvd US-50 WB Ramps US-50 EB Ramps 52 (85) 27 (56) 267 (170) 232 (499) 93 (217) 134 (278) 197 (262) 496 (462) 271 (239) 90 (53) 718 (624) 321 (231) 185 (333) 1,397 (1,352) 4 67th St/Folsom Blvd 5 Ramona Ave/Folsom Blvd 404 (878) 23 (69) Folsom Blvd Future Intersection Folsom Blvd N 570 (888) 12 (17) 67th St 11 (12) 82 (77) Ramona Ave Legend Turn Lane XX (YY) AM (PM) Peak Hour Traffic Volumes 1 Study Intersection Traffic Signal Stop Sign Exhibit 6: Existing traffic volumes and lane configurations at study intersections 12

144 N 11 Legend Turn Lane XX (YY) AM (PM) Peak Hour Traffic Volumes 1 Study Intersection Traffic Signal Stop Sign 6 State University Dr/Folsom Blvd 7 State University Dr/College Town Dr 8 Hornet Dr/College Town Dr 95 (362) 36 (60) State University Dr 145 (77) 833 (372) 10 (16) 75 (171) 152 (642) State University Dr 415 (754) 997 (259) 930 (462) 94 (135) 173 (214) Folsom Blvd College Town Dr College Town Dr 306 (195) 10 (18) 322 (715) 107 (501) 32 (135) 273 (97) 150 (118) 18 (72) 137 (647) 155 (610) Hornet Dr 1,005 (327) 83 (262) 9 Howe Ave/College Town Dr 10 Hornet Dr/Folsom Blvd 11 Howe Ave/Folsom Blvd 316 (369) 1,219 (2,118) Howe Ave 466 (471) 547 (278) 73 (115) 14 (27) 34 (213) 611 (608) 556 (248) 622 (657) 654 (571) 364 (456) 77 (61) 170 (270) 230 (139) 1,061 (1,353) 541 (761) Howe Ave College Town Dr Folsom Blvd Folsom Blvd 45 (244) 35 (133) 115 (235) 1,363 (1,779) 572 (478) 236 (659) 258 (416) 56 (69) Hornet Dr 44 (63) 38 (40) 43 (87) 209 (601) 58 (127) 37 (51) 312 (225) 911 (956) 172 (151) Exhibit 6: Existing traffic volumes and lane configurations at study intersections (continued) 13

145 Carlson Dr/J St 13 Carlson Dr/H St 14 Cadillac Dr/Fair Oak Blvd 32 (54) 195 (86) 331 (597) Carlson Dr 342 (178) 18 (21) 75 (73) 732 (315) 126 (33) 172 (164) 2 (2) Carlson Dr 450 (731) 417 (405) 1,951 (1,519) 52 (68) 28 (47) Cadillac Dr 47 (96) J St H St Fair Oak Blvd 90 (149) 114 (300) 43 (103) 422 (946) 3 (1) 449 (159) 301 (424) 71 (208) 46 (117) 168 (573) 31 (87) 104 (165) 21 (2) 832 (1,845) 158 (171) 46 (99) 15 Howe Ave/Fair Oaks Blvd 858 (648) 1,102 (1,303) 196 (313) 23 (12) Howe Ave 166 (239) 930 (706) 93 (140) Fair Oaks Blvd N 306 (701) 532 (1,089) 86 (152) 240 (258) 993 (1,371) 41 (84) Legend Turn Lane XX (YY) AM (PM) Peak Hour Traffic Volumes 1 Study Intersection Traffic Signal Stop Sign Exhibit 6: Existing traffic volumes and lane configurations at study intersections (continued) 14

146 ID Intersection Traffic Control LOS Standar d AM Peak Hour Delay (sec/veh) LOS Exhibit 7: Existing Level of Service (LOS) at Study Intersections PM Peak Hour Delay (sec/veh) 1 65th St/Folsom Blvd Signal E 31.9 C 48.8 D 2 65th St/US-50 WB Ramps Signal E 23.4 C 25.5 C 3 65th St/US-50 EB Ramps Signal E 13.0 B 14.1 B 4 67th St/Folsom Blvd SSSC E 10.4 B 11.7 B 5 Ramona Ave/Folsom Blvd Signal E Does not exist in this scenario 6 State University Dr /Folsom Blvd Signal E 10.3 B 14.2 B 7 State University Dr /College Town Dr Signal E 40.1 D 40.9 D 8 Hornet Dr/College Town Dr Signal D 19.1 B 14.4 B 9 Howe Ave/College Town Dr Signal D 24.3 C 36.2 D 10 Hornet Dr/Folsom Blvd Signal E 17.6 B 26.3 C 11 Howe Ave/Folsom Blvd Signal E 36.8 D 48.3 D 12 Carlson Dr/J St Signal D 24.2 C 35.2 D 13 Carlson Dr/H St Signal D 14.5 B 17.0 B 14 Cadillac Dr/Fair Oak Blvd Signal D 7.7 A 7.6 A 15 Fair Oaks Blvd/Howe Ave Signal D 34.2 C 53.7 D Notes: For signalized intersections average delay and LOS for all approaches are reported. "SSSC" means "side-street stop controlled." For SSSC intersections, delay and LOS for the w orst performing approach are reported. LOS 15

147 Exhibit 8: Existing AM Peak Hour Intersection LOS Conditions 16

148 Exhibit 9: Existing PM Peak Hour Intersection LOS Conditions 17

149 B. Existing Bicycle and Pedestrian Facilities The major pedestrian facilities on the Sac State campus are shown Exhibit 11. The existing bicycle facilities on the Sac State campus are shown in Exhibit 12. The existing and planned on- and off-street bicycle facilities listed in the City/County of Sacramento Bicycle Master Plan 8 are shown in Exhibit 13. The on-campus and off-campus bicycle facilities are connected at the following locations (going clockwise from the northeast corner of the campus): There is a class 1 mixed-use tail along the top of the American River levee that continues along the south side of the American River in both directions from campus. The Guy West Bridge is a mixed bicycle/pedestrian facility that crosses the American River and connects the campus to the class 1 American River Bicycle Trail, which runs along the north bank of the American River north, a class 1 mixed-use path that runs along the top of the northern American River levee, and the class 2 bicycle lanes on University Avenue. At the south end of campus the class 2 bicycle lanes along State University Drive connect to class 2 bicycle lanes on College Town Road and Folsom Boulevard. On the west side of campus the Hornet Tunnel (see Exhibit 10) is a pedestrian/bicycle passageway beneath the tracks of the Union Pacific Railroad connecting Elvas Avenue with State University Drive West. This provides convenient access to the 65 th Street Light Rail Station and to retail establishments in the Folsom Boulevard/65 th Street area. At the north end of campus the Class 1mixed-use trail on the west side of the State University Drive and the class 2 bicycle lane on the eastern side of the State University Drive connect to class 2 bicycle lanes on J Street and Carlson Drive. The University has provided bicycle racks and lockers at convenient locations near many campus buildings. University regulations require cyclists to dismount and walk their bicycles when they are not on the designated bicycle paths shown in Exhibit 12. Exhibit 10: The Hornet Tunnel Counts were performed of bicycle and pedestrian traffic at the fifteen (15) study intersections on the same day as the vehicular traffic counts. The results of these counts are shown in Exhibit City/County of Sacramento Bicycle Master Plan, April

150 Exhibit 11: Existing On-Campus Pedestrian Circulation System 19

151 Exhibit 12: Existing On-Campus Bicycle Facilities 20

152 Exhibit 13: Existing and Planned Off-Campus Bicycle Facilities within Sac State Vicinity 21

153 Exhibit 14: Existing (2014) Pedestrian and Bicycle Traffic Counts 22

154 Exhibit 14: Existing (2014) Pedestrian and Bicycle Traffic Counts (continued) 23

155 Exhibit 14: Existing (2014) Pedestrian and Bicycle Traffic Counts (continued) 24

156 C. Existing Transit Facilities and Services Public transit in Sacramento County is primarily the responsibility of the Sacramento Regional Transit District (RT). RT operates seven fixed-route bus services in the vicinity of the project as well as light rail transit (LRT) service (see Exhibit 15). Sac State students are eligible for a pass for free rides on RT. Besides RT, Amador Transit operates a commuter shuttle from Amador County to the 65 th Street LRT Station. The fixed-route public transit services serving the Sac State area are 9 : RT Gold Line LRT Service RT Route 26: Fulton (Watt/I-80-University/65 th Street) RT Route 30: J Street (CSUS-Downtown) RT Route 34: McKinley (University/65 th Street-CSUS-McKinley-Downtown) RT Route 38: P/Q Streets (University/65 th Street-Downtown-River Oaks) RT Route 81: Florin 65 th Street (Florin-University/65 th Street) RT Route 82: Howe 65 th Street (ARC-University/65 th Street) RT Route 87: Howe (University/65 th Marconi/Arcade) Amador Transit Route 1 There are two major transit transfer points in the vicinity of Sac State; one at the 65 th Street LRT Station and the other on the State University Drive at the north end of the Sacramento State campus. In addition to the public transit system, Sac State operates its own system of shuttle buses connecting the campus to residential areas. There are three routes, namely (see Exhibit 16): Hornet Express Gold Line connects the University Transit Center to the retail and medium-density residential areas along Howe Avenue north of the campus and to the Arden Fair regional shopping mall. Hornet Express Green Line runs in a loop around the campus, then in a loop serving the residential neighborhoods along La Riviera Drive and Folsom Boulevard southeast of campus. The Hornet Express Hornet Line runs in a small loop at the south end of campus, then travels to Folsom Hall (located south of U.S. 50) and to the 65 th Street Light Rail Station before returning to campus along Folsom Boulevard. In addition to the public and Sac State transit systems, some private apartment complexes catering to students offer shuttle buses to and from the campus Sources: RT Bus & Light Rail Routes & Schedules, Regional Transit website, accessed April 17, 2014; Amador Transit website, accessed April 17, 2014; University Transportation and Parking Services website, accessed April 17, For example, The Element apartment complex on 65th Street at 4 th Avenue 25

157 Exhibit 15: Existing Transit System in Sac State Vicinity 26

158 Exhibit 16: Hornet Express Shuttle Bus Routes 27

159

160 encourage alternate modes of travel and reduce single-driver commuting. As a result, the overall amount of parking on campus will remain nearly the same, with 13,242 future spaces versus 13,232 existing spaces. 29

161 Zone North Housing Village South Housing Village Building ID Development Status Description Existing (2014) # of Beds Proposed Change Total (2035) Exhibit 18: Existing and Future On-Campus Housing # of Apartment Units Proposed Change Existing (2014) Total (2035) Apartment Residents Grad Faculty Students or Staff A Under development Student Housing B Under development Student Housing Courtyard Existing, Retained American River Courtyard Existing, to be demolished Sutter Hall Existing, to be demolished Sierra Hall Existing, to be demolished Draper Hall Existing, to be demolished Jenkins Hall Existing, to be demolished Desmond Hall C Proposed Replacement Housing Student Housing D Proposed, remodel/replace Student Housing E Proposed, remodel/replace Student Housing F Proposed, remodel/replace Student Housing G Proposed, remodel/replace Student Housing H Proposed, remodel/replace Student Housing I Proposed, remodel/replace Student Housing Subtotal 1, , J Proposed, New Faculty Apartments K Proposed, New Faculty Apartments L Proposed, New Grad Student Apartments M Proposed, New Grad Student Apartments N Proposed, New Student Housing O Proposed, New Student Housing P Proposed, New Student Housing Q Proposed, New Student Housing Subtotal 0 1,130 1, Grand Total 1,672 2,047 3, Notes/Assumptions: The assumed faculty or staff per apartment (including their family) is one (1) per unit The assumed graduate students per apartment is two (2) per unit For Buildings J, K, L & M, per University direction, a 50/50 split between faculty/staff and students was assumed, but with the condition that an entire building must be for one type of resident or the other. 30

162 Structured Parking Surface Parking Lots Parking Facility ID Location/ Description Development Status Existing (2014) Commuter Parking Resident Student Commuter Parking Proposed Change Resident Student Exhibit 19: Existing and Future Parking Supply Number of Parking Spaces Resident Fac/Staff Commuter Parking Net After Changes Resident Student Resident Fac/Staff PS1 Parking StructRetained 1, , PS2 Parking StructRetained 1,000 1, PS3 Parking StructRetained 3, , PS4 Parking StructRetained PS5 Parking StructNew/Proposed 1, , PS6 Parking StructNew/Proposed PS7 Parking StructNew/Proposed PS8 Parking StructNew/Proposed PS9 Parking StructNew/Proposed 1,800 1, Lot 1 (incl. Facilities Mgt.) Student Lot 1 Partially retained Lot 2 Student Lot 2 Eliminated Lot 2 Residence Hall Partially retained Lot 3 Student Lot 3 Retained Lot 4 Eliminated Lot 5 Eliminated Lot 6 Eliminated Lot 7 Eliminated 1,197-1, Lot 7 Public Safety Eliminated Lot 8 Student Lot 8 Retained Lot 9 Student Lot 9 Partially retained Lot 10 Eliminated Lot 11 Student Lot 11Retained Lot 12 Eliminated Lot 14 Student Lot 14Retained Lot A Eliminated Lot B Eliminated Capistrano Hall Retained Eureka Hall Retained Kadema Hall Retained Sequoia Hall Retained Shasta Hall Retained Yosemite Hall Retained Bookstore Retained CPR CPR Surface Retained Library Moraga Way ADA Parking SEliminated Old Jed Smith Eliminated Stadium Retained USGS Retained Total 12, ,140 1, ,377 1, , ,242 31

163 Exhibit 20 provides a summary of existing (2014) and future (2035) Master Plan student and faculty oncampus parking ratios. Population Type North-Campus Residents South-Campus Student Residents South-Campus Faculty/Staff Off-Campus Commuters Total Students Existing (2014) Parking Spaces Spaces per Student Students Parking Spaces Master Plan (2035) Spaces per Student Resident Faculty/ Staff Fac/Staff Apartment Parking Spaces Spaces per Faculty/Staff 1, ,589 1, , ,128 12, ,003 11, ,800 13, ,000 13, Notes: The City of Sacramento minimum requirement for spaces per faculty/staff in an apartment building in a traditional neighborhood is one (1). See Page 81 of City Council Report (states requirement) and East Sacramento Parking District Map (shows Sac State as being in a "traditional" area). Exhibit 20: Existing and Future Parking Ratios 32

164 Exhibit 21: Campus Master Plan

165 Exhibit 22: Campus Master Plan 2015 Vehicle and Pedestrian Circulation 34

166 Exhibit 23: Campus Master Plan 2015 Bicycle Circulation 35

167 5. EXISTING PLUS PROJECT CONDITIONS A. Project Vehicle Trip Generation As was discussed in Chapter 3, one key effect of the Campus Master Plan is a shift from an overwhelmingly commuter-style campus to one with a more residential-college character. From a traffic standpoint, this effect translates to a reduction in trips destined to campus that originate from off-campus locations and an increase in trips that originate from campus to off-campus locations such as shopping, etc. Analyzing this effect requires a multi-step approach that separately calculated the effects of increasing the on-campus student population and decreasing the off-campus student population. The steps are as follows: The trip generation rates for existing (2014) on-campus resident student and off-campus commuters (student or faculty/staff) were calculated using traffic counts collected in January 2014 (see Exhibit 25 and Exhibit 25). Using the trip generation rates computed in Exhibit 24 and Exhibit 25 and the change in on- and offcampus resident populations shown in Exhibit 17, the decrease in volume of off-campus commuter trips and the increase in volume of on-campus resident trips were calculated (see Exhibit 26), along with that the net incremental volume and directionality of trips impacting the campus gateways and off-site intersections. Entrance to Residential Parking AM Peak Hour PM Peak Hour Inbound Outbound Inbound Outbound Lot 2 West Driveway 26 50% 4 15% 27 1% 23 21% Residence Way 1 2% 13 48% 37 1% 52 49% Lot 2 East Driveway 25 48% 10 37% 32 1% 32 30% Total % % 96 3% % Resident Students Student Trip per On-campus Student 1,672 1, Exhibit 24: Trip Generation Rates for On-Campus Student Residents 36

168 Traffic Counts at Campus Gateways Off-Campus Students Percent Students (based on parking spaces) Off-Campus Faculty/Staff Percent Fac/Staff (based on parking spaces) 74% 26% Gateway Entrance to Campus AM Peak Hour PM Peak Hour AM Peak Hour PM Peak Hour AM Peak Hour PM Peak Hour Inbound Outbound Inbound Outbound Inbound Outbound Inbound Outbound Inbound Outbound Inbound Outbound State University Dr. (north end) 1, ,025 1, College Town Drive 1, ,220 1, State University Dr. (south end) Total 3, ,743 2,635 2, ,290 1, Off-Campus Students or Fac/Staff 21,003 21,003 2,742 2,742 Trip per Commuter Exhibit 25: Trip Generation Rates for Off-Campus Commuters On-Campus Resident Students On-Campus Resident Faculty/Staff Factor in Trip Generation AM Peak Hour PM Peak Hour AM Peak Hour PM Peak Hour Inbound Outbound Inbound Outbound Inbound Outbound Inbound Outbound Increase in Residents 2,325 2, Trip-Gen per Resident Increase in Trips due to Increase in Residents Change in Off-Campus Residents -1,125-1, Trip-Gen per Off-Campus Resident Change in Trips due to Decrease in Off- Campus Residents Net Change in Trips for Campus Net Change in Trips to and from Campus, Students and Faculty/Staff Combined Net Change as a Percentage of Existing Traffic to/from Campus -1.5% 10.3% 7.0% 3.1% Notes: Trip Generation rates for faculty/staff apartments w as obtained from ITE's Trip Generation Manual, 9th Edition, for Apartments (land use code 220). Exhibit 26: Net Project Trip Generation 37

169 As shown in Exhibit 26, the anticipated net change in traffic pursuant to the Master Plan is a reduction in inbound AM peak hour volume by 56 trips and a small increase in outbound AM peak hour trips by 68 trips, relative to existing volumes at the campus gateways. In the PM peak hour, the Master Plan is anticipated to result in a small increase in both inbound and outbound trips, by 123 trips and 81 trips respectively. Note that the increase in outbound trips in the AM peak and inbound trips in the PM peak affect the reverse-commute directions where existing traffic volumes are well below capacity. The only project-caused increase in traffic in the peak commute direction is the 81-trip outbound increase in the PM peak hour. B. Project Vehicle Trip Distribution Gateway Trip Distribution For trip distribution purposes, the project-related trips generated by on-campus residents were separated into two zones (North Campus and South Campus) and directionally distributed via three gateways State University Drive at J Street, College Town Drive (via Hornet Drive/Howe Avenue) and State University Drive at Folsom Blvd. Trips made by north-campus residents were distributed using the observed trip distribution of existing north-campus residents. Trips for south-campus residents and offcampus residents were distributed based on the observed overall trip distribution at the campus gateways. Exhibit 28 shows the estimated campus gateway trip distribution and the net change in traffic volume related to the Project The values in Exhibit 27 may be slightly different from those in Exhibit 26 due to rounding. 38

170 North- Campus Resident Students South- Campus Resident Students South- Campus Resident Faculty /Staff Off-Campus Resident Students Off-Campus Resident Faculty /Staff Net Effect of All Changes On-Campus Resident Students Trip AM Peak Hour PM Peak Hour Factor in Trip Generation Distribution Inbound Outbound Inbound Outbound Change in Number of People Trip Generation Rates Trips Generated % State University Dr. (J Street) % College Town Drive % State University Dr. (Folsom Blvd) Change in Number of People 1,408 1,408 Trip Generation Rates Trips Generated % State University Dr. (J Street) % College Town Drive % State University Dr. (Folsom Blvd) Change in Number of People Trip Generation Rates Trips Generated % State University Dr. (J Street) % College Town Drive % State University Dr. (Folsom Blvd) Change in Number of People -1,125-1,125 Trip Generation Rates Trips Generated % State University Dr. (J Street) % College Town Drive % State University Dr. (Folsom Blvd) Change in Number of People -7-7 Trip Generation Rates Trips Generated % State University Dr. (J Street) % College Town Drive % State University Dr. (Folsom Blvd) State University Dr. (J Street) College Town Drive State University Dr. (Folsom Blvd) All Campus Gateways Exhibit 27: Distribution of Project Trips at Campus Gateways Off-campus Project Trip Distribution Exhibit 29 and Exhibit 29 show the of off-campus project trip distribution pattern based on existing traffic patterns and SACOG s SACSIM regional travel demand model. Exhibit 30 shows the net trip effect of the Project at each of the off-site study intersections. 39

171 9% 19% 6% 4% 3% 13% 1% 4% 26% 4% 9% 44% 25% 7% 20% 26% 1% 1% 7% 13% 12% 9% 1% 1% 2% 3% 57% 44% 18% 18% 21% 1% 4% 6% 13% 1% 2% 3% Legend Study Intersections XX: % Inbound Trips XX: % Outbound Trips Exhibit 28: Off-campus Project Trip Distribution AM Peak Hour 40

172 17% 23% 8% 10% 2% 1% 5% 3% 27% 34% 1% 11% 12% 6% 54% 48% 14% 3% 3% 8% 10% 11% 5% 1% 1% 39% 2% 2% 34% 13% 3% 15% 13% 15% 1% 1% 3% 8% 6% 1% 1% 2% Legend Study Intersections XX: % Inbound Trips XX: % Outbound Trips Exhibit 29: Off-campus Project Trip Distribution PM Peak Hour 41