Research Article Performance Analysis of Hybrid PV/Diesel Energy System in Western Region of Saudi Arabia

Transcription

1 Photoenergy Volume, Article ID 5, pages Research Article Performance Analysis of Hybrid /Diesel Energy System in Western Region of Saudi Arabia Makbul A. M. Ramli, Ayong Hiendro, andh.r.e.h.bouchekara Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 589, Saudi Arabia Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak 78, Indonesia Constantine Electrical Engineering Laboratory (LEC), Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Constantine, 5 Constantine, Algeria Correspondence should be addressed to Makbul A. M. Ramli; makbul.anwari@gmail.com Received 9 ; Accepted ; Published Academic Editor: Adel M. Sharaf Copyright Makbul A. M. Ramli et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The potential implementation of hybrid photovoltaic ()/diesel energy system in western region of Saudi Arabia is analyzed in this paper. The solar radiation intensity considered in this study is in the range of kwh/m /day.thehomersoftwareisused to perform the technical and economical analysis of the system. Three different system configurations, namely, stand-alone diesel system, and hybrid /diesel system with and without battery storage element, will be evaluated and discussed. The analysis will be addressed to the impact of penetration and battery storage on energy production, cost of energy, number of operational hours of diesel generators, fuel savings, and reduction of carbon emission for the given configurations. The simulation results indicate that the energy cost of the hybrid /diesel/battery system with 5% penetration, battery storage of 8.9 MWh, and energy demand of,9 MWh/day is $.7/kWh.. Introduction The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is blessed with abundant energy resources. It has the world s largest oil reserves and the world s fourth largest proven gas reserves. In addition, the Kingdom also has abundant wind and solar renewable energy resources. However, in this country, the use of its renewable energy resources to generate electricity is negligibly small and almost all its electricity is produced from the combustion of fossil fuels []. During the last two decades, electrical energy consumption in Saudi Arabia increased significantly due to rapid economic development and the absence of energy conservation measures. It is expected that peak loads will reach GW in which causes total investment may exceed $9 billion. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop energy conservation policies for sustainable development []. Remarkable efforts to diversify energy sources and to intensify the deployment of renewable energy options have been increasing around the world. In recent years, a set of renewable energy scenarios for Saudi Arabia has been proposed to examine the prospects of renewable sources from the perspective of major oil producers. The drive towards renewable energy in Saudi Arabia should not be regarded as beingaluxurybutratheramust,asasignofgoodgovernance, concern for the environment, and prudence in oil-production policy [, ]. The first priority in intensifying renewable energy deployment in the st century is the combined effects of the depletion of fossil fuels and the awareness of environmental degradation [5]. Therefore, policy makers and researchers are paying more attention to research in this field. For instance, Alnatheer has conducted researches on environmental impacts of electric energy system expansion in Saudi Arabia. It has been concluded that the use of renewable energy and energy efficiency resources gives significant environmental benefits [, 7].Apartfromlocalconservationefforts,

2 Photoenergy thecountryhasanoptiontoreducedomesticdieselconsumption and increase its oil exports. By reducing domestic diesel consumption, subsidies can be used to promote the use of renewable energy. This, in turn, contributes to reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions [, 8]. As one of renewable energy sources, solar energy is a sitedependent, inexhaustible, benign (does not produce emissions that contribute to the greenhouse effect), and potential source of renewable energy that is being developed by a number of countries with high solar radiation as an effort to reduce their dependence on fossil-based nonrenewable fuels [9]. Saudi Arabia, located in the heart of one of the world s most productive solar regions, receives the most potent kind of sunlight []. With the average annual solar radiation of kwh/m in the Arabian Peninsula, applications of solar energy have been growing since 9 [9, ]. Now and in the future, exploitation of this important energy resource becomes more imperative for Saudi Arabia []. Makkah is the most populous province of Saudi Arabia. It is located in western region of Saudi Arabia and has annual solar radiation of 7.5 W/m. There are many factors affecting the electricity demand in this area, such as weather changes, social life activities (work, school, and prayer times), and special events (Ramadan and Hajj) []. With the high electricity demand during both day- and nighttime, replacing diesel generators with /battery system is not a wise solution. Therefore, very large sizes of and battery are needed to meet the electricity demand; otherwise, electricity shortages will occur. Many researchers have reported that hybrid /diesel/ battery system is more economically viable than stand-alone diesel system [ ]. It is not happening in Makkah at the present time. Operation cost for the stand-alone diesel generators is relatively cheap in Makkah because of the low diesel fuel price. However, diesel generators are not environmentally friendly. Although hybrid /diesel/battery system is more expensive than the stand-alone diesel, the hybrid system gives other various advantages, such as improved reliability and reduced pollution and emission. In this paper, a hybrid /diesel system is designed to reach its optimum performance to meet load demand in Makkah. Diesel generators are used as a backup for the hybrid system. Minimum sizes of the hybrid system components required to achieve zero unmet electric loads are determined using hybrid optimization model for electric renewable (HOMER) software [7].. Solar Irradiance Data Saudi Arabia is one of the driest and hottest countries in the world. The global solar irradiation in Saudi Arabia is shown in Figure. Either the clearness index or the solar irradiation data can be used to represent the solar resource. Based on data from NASA surface meteorology and solar energy ( the solar irradiation in Makkah ( North, 9 9 East) is between.5 kwh/m /day and 7.7 kwh/m /day.thescaledannualaverageofthesolarradiation is estimated to be 5.9 kwh/m /day. Figure shows the Daily radiation (kwh/m /d) Global horizontal irradiation Average annual sum, period 999 < (kwh/m ) Saudi Arabia Figure : Solar irradiation map in Saudi Arabia. Daily radiation Clearness index Global horizontal radiation Figure : Solar irradiation data. (km) solar irradiation data; on the right axis is the clearness index of the solar irradiation. It is clearly shown that solar irradiance is high (above the average) in with a peak in, while solar irradiance is low in,,,, and as shown in Figure.. Design and System Specifications.. Primary Load. The load demand in Makkah varies monthly. Three different reasons for increases in the load demand in Makkah are due to () special occasions (Eid al- Fitr, National Day), () religious occasions (Hajj, Ramadan, and Umra), and () climate conditions. The maximum peak load occurs in the summer season. Sometimes there is an overlapping between the summer season and the Hajj or Ramadan month resulting in a much higher load demand for that period Clearness index

3 Photoenergy Figure : Monthly solar irradiation data. Load (kw) Seasonal profile Max. Daily high Mean Daily low Min. Annual Figure : Monthly load profile of Makkah. Load profile of Makkah is presented in Figure.Fromthe load profile, it is shown that peak load in Makkah is, MW with energy consumption of,9 MWh/day. The peak load is about.% or hours during the year... Design Specification. In this design, the hybrid /diesel/ batterysystemconsistsoffourmainsystemcomponents: () modules, () storage batteries, () diesel generators, and () inverters. The configuration of the hybrid /diesel/ battery system is shown in Figure Diesel Generator (DG). A diesel generator (DG) is characterized by its fuel consumption and efficiency. The fuel characteristic describes the amount of fuel the generator

4 Photoenergy Efficiency (%) set set set set set 5 set set 7 AC Load DC Battery Figure 5: Configuration of hybrid /diesel/battery system. Efficiency curve 8 Output (%) Figure : Efficiency curve. Table : Generator groups. Group Number of units Total capacity (MW) Generator consumes to produce electricity. The efficiency curve defines electrical energy coming out divided by the chemical energy of fuel going in. In this design, the DGs have the fuel intercept coefficient of.9 L/kWh and the fuel slope of.8 L/kWh. The efficiency curve of the DGs is shown in Figure. TheDGs Table : DG data. DG Size 8 MW Lifetime 5 hr Min. load ratio % Capital cost $/kw Replacement cost $5/kW Operating and maintenance cost $.5/hr Table : data. system Size.. GW Lifetime yr Derating factor 9% Capital cost $5/kW Replacement cost $/kw Operating and maintenance cost $/yr are used as a backup during peak demand periods which cannot be fulfilled by and battery. The DGs also support the battery at nighttime when the has stopped producing electricity. In order to cover the peak load of, MW, 8MW/unitDGisusedinthesimulation.ThereareDGs employed in this design to meet the load demand. They are distributed into 7 groups of generators as illustrated in Figure 5. Table presents amount of DGs in each group. The DGcostandtechnicaldataareprovidedinTable.... Photovoltaic (). Solar energy is used as the base-load power source. array size is dependent on the load profile, solar radiation, and renewable fraction. The renewable fraction is the fraction of the energy delivered to the load that originated from renewable power sources, and in this case the renewable fraction is related to the production. With the peak load of. GW, the initial size of. GW is fair enough for the /diesel/battery hybrid system. The size can be either increased or decreased, according to the amounts of unmet electric load and renewable fractionsetinthedesign.thissizewillbeusedtocater for the variety of load demand in a year. array will only generate electricity at daytime, from a.m. to p.m. The excess generated power will be used to charge the battery. The costandtechnicaldata areprovidedin Table.... Inverter. The arrays produce direct current (DC) at a voltage that depends on the design and the solar radiation. TheDCpowerthenrunstoaninverter,whichconvertsitinto standard AC voltage. The inverter size is rated based on the selected size, in order to maximize the quantity of energy whichisharvestedfromthearrays.for.gwrated output, the inverter is rated at. GW to fully supply the powerfromthe.however,itisfrequentlysizedbelowthe rated output because the does not always produce its full rated power. Smaller size inverter will minimize inverter

5 Photoenergy 5 Cycles to failure 5 8 Depth of discharge (%) Cycles Throughput Figure 7: Lifetime curve. Table : Inverter data. Inverter Size <. GW Lifetime yr Efficiency 9% Capital cost $/kw Replacement cost $75/kW Operating and maintenance cost $/yr Table 5: Battery data. Battery Type Surrette KS5P Lifetime yr Batteries per string Nominal voltage V (8 V) Nominal capacity 9 Ah Nominal energy capacity of each battery 7. kwh Capital cost $/quantity Replacement cost $/quantity Operating and maintenance cost $/yr cost but does not reduce the system performance. A brief summary on the data for inverter is provided in Table.... Battery. Batteryisusedasastoragedevicewhichhas two operation modes: charging and discharging. Excess electricity from or other sources can be stored in the battery. The purpose of the battery is to alleviate the mismatch between the load demand and electricity generation. State of charge (SOC) indicates the level of battery charge. When the battery is fully charged, the SOC level is %. Battery has its specific minimum SOC allowed to operate, and it is usually recommended by the battery manufacturers. The battery chosen is Surrette KS5P. It is a -volt deep cycle battery rated at,9 Ah at hour rate. The battery s 8 Lifetime throughput (kwh) safe operating SOC is between % and %. Lifetime of the battery is years for operating within the safe region. It will shorten the battery s lifetime if operated below the SOCof%oroverDODof%asshowninFigure 7. The battery lifetime throughput is,59 kwh when operated withminimumsocof%ormaximumdodof%.the dataforbatteryisprovidedintable 5.. Cost of Carbon Emissions Carbon emissions cause economic costs of damage and resulting climate change. The cost of carbon emissions is calculatedbymultiplyingtonsofco emitted for each type of plant system by an assumed cost per ton for carbon emission. The cost per ton for carbon emissions is not set in Saudi Arabia since there is currently no CO market mechanism. However, emission penalties can be added to analyze the total annual cost of the power system on the assumption that the penalties are $5/t for CO,$9/tforSO,$/tforNO x,and $8/t for PM [8, 9]. 5. Simulation Results and Discussions Performance of the stand-alone diesel system, hybrid / diesel system without battery, and hybrid /diesel system with battery is discussed in this section. Simulations for various configurations are performed by considering the total batterystoragesizesof8.9mwhfor5min/autonomy (equivalent to 5 min of average load), while the hourly average load is,7. MWh/hr. 5.. Stand-Alone Diesel System. From the simulation results, it can be found that stand-alone diesel system without renewable penetration gives total net present cost (NPC) of $7,5,9,5 and CO emission of 8,,, kg/yr. This system offers % for both the unmet load and excess electricity. This is according to the diesel price of $.7/L. The cost of energy (COE) for this stand-alone diesel system is $./kwh. and cash flow summary are shown in Figures 8 and 9,respectively. 5.. Hybrid /Diesel System without Battery. To determine the feasibility of hybrid /diesel installation, four configuration options will be analyzed: () option : (. GW) with DGs; () option : (. GW) with DGs; () option : (. GW) with DGs; () option : (. GW) with DGs Option : (. GW) with DGs. From the simulation results,itcanbenoticedthatthissystemgivestotalnpcof $,9,88,9 and CO emission of 7,98,9,57 kg/yr. The COE for this system is $.9/kWh with penetration of 5%. and cash flow summary are illustrated in Figures and,respectively.

6 Photoenergy Generator Generator Figure 8: DGs monthly average electric production. Figure :. 9 Generator Gen Gen Gen Gen Gen Figure 9: DGs cash flow summary Option : (. GW) with DGs. From the simulation results, it can found that this system gives total NPC of $,995,99,8 and CO emission of,7,, kg/yr. The COE for this system is $./kwh with penetration of %. and cash flow summary are shown in Figures and,respectively Gen Gen Generator Gen Gen Gen Figure : Option : (. GW) with DGs. From the simulation results,itcanbeseenthatthissystemgivestotalnpcof $,,59,59 and CO emission of 5,7,7,88 kg/yr. The COE for this system is $./kwh with penetration of %. and cash flow summary are illustrated in Figures and 5,respectively Option : (. GW) with DGs. From the simulation results, it can be noticed that this system gives total NPC of $,97,7, and CO emission of 5,8,787,5 kg/yr. The COE for this system is $./kwh with penetration of %..5.5 Generator Figure :.

7 Photoenergy Gen Gen Generator Gen Gen Gen.5.5 Generator Figure : Figure :. Generator Figure :. 9 8 Gen Gen Generator Gen Gen Gen Figure7:Cashflowsummary. 9 8 Gen Gen Generator Gen Gen Gen Figure 5:. and cash flow summary are shown in Figures and 7,respectively. From the simulation results, it can be found that option is the cheapest and the minimum system requirement to meet all demands. All of them offer the unmet load of % as summarized in Table. High penetration might result in difficulties in control while maintaining stable voltage and frequency. The level of renewable energy penetration in real application is generally in the range of 5%. The utilization of the bigger array size will result in a higher value of the total NPC as well as thecoe.ontheotherhand,reducingthesizewillresult in higher dependence of DGs and give more CO emission. Therefore, the use of array size between. and. GW is justified. 5.. Hybrid /Diesel System with Battery. From the simulationresults,itcanbeseenthatthissystemgivestotalnpc of $9,89,9, and CO emission of 7,7,59,89 kg/yr.

8 8 Photoenergy Table : Hybrid /diesel system without battery performance. Config. Unmet load (%) Excess elect. (%) NPC ($) COE ($/kwh) penet.n (%) CO emissions (kg/yr) Option %.9,9,88, ,98,9,57 Option %.9,995,99,8.,7,, Option %.,,59,59. 5,7,7,88 Option %.,97,7,. 5,8,787, Generator Generator Figure8:Monthlyaverageelectricproduction. Figure : Gen Gen Generator Gen Gen Gen Figure 9:. SKS5P Surrette KS5P The COE for this system is $.7/kWh with penetration of 5%. From the previous results, it is shown that array size between. and. GW offers satisfying options. To determine the feasibility of hybrid /diesel with battery installation, two options of configurations are considered: () option : (. GW) with battery and DGs; () option : (. GW) with battery and DGs Option : (. GW) with Battery and DGs. Monthly average electric production and cash flow summary are illustrated in Figures 8 and 9,respectively Option : (. GW) with Battery and DGs. From the simulation results, it can be found that this system gives total NPC of $,9,55,8 and CO emission of,7,78,9 kg/yr. The COE for this system is $./kwh with the penetration of %. and cash flow summary are shown in Figures and,respectively. The summaries of hybrid /diesel system with battery are presented in Table Comparing Designs. The hybrid /diesel system using array size of. GW gives 5% renewable penetration. This penetration value makes sense for real-world application. Further, the utilization of array size more than. GW is out of consideration, since it would result in higher values of the total NPC as well as the COE. In addition, higher contribution of renewable energy penetration might give problems related to system instability. The summaries of the stand-alone diesel system, hybrid /diesel system without battery, and hybrid /diesel system with battery are presented in Table 8.Byusingtheproposed hybrid /diesel system without battery, the total NPC is $,9,88,9. This system is the most expensive system configurationascanbeseenintable 8.Oneofthemainreasons is that the power generated by is not being fully utilized. If there are no storage devices, the excess solar electricity

9 Photoenergy 9 Table 7: Performance of hybrid /diesel system with battery. Config. Unmet load (%) Excess elect. (%) NPC ($) COE ($/kwh) penet.n (%) CO emissions (kg/yr) Option %.8 9,89,9,.7 5 7,7,59,89 Option % 5.9,9,55,8.,7,78,9 Table 8: Stand-alone diesel and hybrid /diesel with and without battery. Config. Unmet load (%) Excess elect. (%) NPC ($) COE ($/kwh) penet.n (%) CO emissions (kg/yr) Diesel %. 7,5,9,5. 8,,, /diesel %.9,9,88, ,98,9,57 /diesel/battery %.8 9,89,9,.7 5 7,7,59, Gen Gen Generator Gen Gen Gen SKS5P Surrette KS5P residence in Makkah is about $..9/kWh ( $ =.75 SAR). Residential buildings consume most of electricity in Saudi Arabia and estimated 5 7% of the total electrical energy generated in the country [, 8]. The difference betweencostandpriceispaidfromthegovernmentresources which subsidize fuel and electricity prices. As shown in Table 8,thestand-alonedieselsystemis cheaper than the hybrid /diesel system either with or without battery for application in Makkah. It is because of the cheapsubsidizeddieselfuelpriceinmakkah. By renewable energy penetration of 5% (as in hybrid /diesel with battery), the use of diesel fuel can be reduced from,,8,9 L/yr to,75,9,5 L/yr. In this case, the country can save 87,5,75 L of diesel fuel per year. From environmental viewpoint, the use of hybrid /diesel system will significantly reduce CO emission from 8,,, kg/yr to 7,7,59,89 kg/yr. Figure :. cannot be stored and is considered as losses. When the cannot meet the load demand, the DGs will be then operated to cope for the demand. The yearly load has to be provided by DGs if the /diesel system does not use battery storages []. Although storage devices are typically very expensive, they are very important to ensure that the excess electricity produced from can be stored for later use. It would greatly optimizethesystemand,asaresult,the/dieselsystemwith battery is less expensive than the /diesel system without battery. The COE of hybrid /diesel/battery system (5% penetration) with 5-minute battery autonomy is $.7/kWh (diesel fuel price of $.7/L). This value is lower than the COE of hybrid /diesel system under similar condition which is $.9/kWh. As reported in some pieces of literature, the COE of /diesel system in some countries is in the range of $..9/kWh [, 7]. The COE varies depending on diesel fuel prices, penetrations, and interest rates. The present cost of electricity production by diesel power plant in Makkah is about $./kwh. This cost of electricity production matches the simulation result for the stand-alone diesel as shown in Table 8. The average electricity price for. Conclusion The HOMER software has simulated three different system configurations, namely, stand-alone diesel system, hybrid /diesel system, and hybrid /diesel/battery system, for two options of array size, that is,. GW and. GW. The hybrid /diesel system using array size of. GW gives 5% renewable penetration. This penetration value makes sense for the real-world application. From the simulation, it has been clearly demonstrated that the stand-alone diesel system has the lowest COE but the highest CO gas emission. The use of hybrid /diesel system will significantly reduce CO gas emission from environmental point of view. On the other hand, the configuration of hybrid /diesel system without battery is the most expensive system. One of the main reasons is that the power generated by is not being fullyutilized.sincethestoragedevicesareveryimportantto ensure that the excess electricity produced by array can be stored for later use, it would greatly optimize the system. As a conclusion, the /diesel system with battery is more economical than the /diesel system without battery. Conflict of Interests The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

10 Photoenergy Acknowledgment This paper was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah. Therefore, the authors acknowledge, with thanks, the DSR financial support. References [] Y. Alyousef and P. Stevens, The cost of domestic energy prices to Saudi Arabia, Energy Policy, vol. 9, no., pp. 9 95,. [] S. A. Al-Ajlan, A. M. Al-Ibrahim, M. Abdulkhaleq, and F. Alghamdi, Developing sustainable energy policies for electrical energy conservation in Saudi Arabia, Energy Policy, vol., no., pp ,. [] Y. Al-Saleh, Renewable energy scenarios for major oil-producing nations: the case of Saudi Arabia, Futures, vol., no. 9, pp. 5, 9. [] H. A. Saleh, Renewable energy research, development and applications in Saudi Arabia, in World Renewable Energy Congress VI,A.A.M.Sayigh,Ed.,chapter5,pp.5 8,Pergamon, Oxford, UK,. [5] H. H. Chen, H.-Y. Kang, and A. H. I. Lee, Strategic selection of suitable projects for hybrid solar-wind power generation systems, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,vol.,no., pp.,. [] O. Alnatheer, The potential contribution of renewable energy to electricity supply in Saudi Arabia, Energy Policy,vol.,no. 8, pp. 98, 5. [7] O. Alnatheer, Environmental benefits of energy efficiency and renewable energy in Saudi Arabia s electric sector, Energy Policy,vol.,no.,pp.,. [8] S. M. Rahman and A. N. Khondaker, Mitigation measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance carbon capture and storage in Saudi Arabia, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,vol.,no.5,pp.,. [9] S. M. Shaahid and I. El-Amin, Techno-economic evaluation of off-grid hybrid photovoltaic-diesel-battery power systems for rural electrification in Saudi Arabia-A way forward for sustainable development, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol., no., pp. 5, 9. [] J. Dargin, Saudi Arabia, UAE promote energy from sun and wind, Oil & Gas Journal,vol.7,no.,pp.8,9. [] S. H. Alawaji, Evaluation of solar energy research and its applications in Saudi Arabia years of experience, Renewable & sustainable energy reviews,vol.5,no.,pp.59 77,. [] A. J. Al-Shareef and M. F. Abbod, The application of committee machine model in power load forecasting for the western region of Saudi Arabia, Engineering Sciences Journal,vol.,no.,pp. 9 8,. [] S. M. Shaahid and M. A. Elhadidy, Economic analysis of hybrid photovoltaic-diesel-battery power systems for residential loads in hot regions-a step to clean future, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,vol.,no.,pp.88 5,8. [] E. S. Hrayshat, Techno-economic analysis of autonomous hybrid photovoltaic-diesel-battery system, Energy for Sustainable Development,vol.,no.,pp. 5,9. [5] D. P. Papadopoulos and E. Z. Maltas, Design, operation and economic analysis of autonomous hybrid -diesel power systems including battery storage, Electrical Engineering,vol.,no.,pp.,. [] J. Dekker, M. Nthontho, S. Chowdhury, and S. P. Chowdhury, Economic analysis of /diesel hybrid power systems in different climatic zones of South Africa, Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol.,no.,pp.,. [7] HOMER Energy, [8] N. Kulichenko and E. Ereira, Carbon Capture and Storage in Developing Countries: A Perspective on Barriers to Deployment, World Bank, Washington, DC, USA,. [9] J. Bergerson and L. Lave, The long-term life cycle private and external costs of high coal usage in the US, Energy Policy, vol. 5, no., pp. 5, 7. [] S. M. Shaahid and M. A. Elhadidy, Opportunities for utilization of stand-alone hybrid (photovoltaic + diesel + battery) power systems in hot climates, Renewable Energy, vol. 8, no., pp. 7 75,. [] S. Rehman and L. M. Al-Hadhrami, Study of a solar -dieselbattery hybrid power system for a remotely located population near Rafha, Saudi Arabia, Energy, vol. 5, no., pp ,. [] K. Karakoulidis, K. Mavridis, D. V. Bandekas, P. Adoniadis, C. Potolias, and N. Vordos, Techno-economic analysis of a stand-alone hybrid photovoltaic-diesel-battery-fuel cell power system, Renewable Energy,vol., no.8,pp.8,. [] G. Rohani and M. Nour, Techno-economical analysis of standalone hybrid renewable power system for Ras Musherib in United Arab Emirates, Energy, vol., pp. 88 8,. [] K. Y. Lau, M. F. M. Yousof, S. N. M. Arshad, M. Anwari, and A. H. M. Yatim, Performance analysis of hybrid photovoltaic/diesel energy system under Malaysian conditions, Energy, vol.5,no.8,pp.5 55,. [5] M.S.Ismail,M.Moghavvemi,andT.M.I.Mahlia, Technoeconomic analysis of an optimized photovoltaic and diesel generator hybrid power system for remote houses in a tropical climate, Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 9, pp. 7,. [] M. S. Adaramola, S. S. Paul, and O. M. Oyewola, Assessment of decentralized hybrid solar-diesel power system for applications in Northern part of Nigeria, Energy for Sustainable Development,vol.9,pp.7 8,. [7] N. E. Mbaka, N. J. Mucho, and K. Godpromesse, Economic evaluation of small-scale photovoltaic hybrid systems for minigrid applications in far north Cameroon, Renewable Energy, vol. 5, no., pp. 9 98,. [8] S. M. Shaahid and M. A. Elhadidy, Prospects of autonomous/ stand-alone hybrid (photo-voltaic + diesel + battery) power systems in commercial applications in hot regions, Renewable Energy,vol.9,no.,pp.5 77,.

11 Medicinal Chemistry Volume Photoenergy Organic Chemistry International Volume Volume Analytical Chemistry Volume Advances in Physical Chemistry Volume Carbohydrate Chemistry Quantum Chemistry Volume Volume Submit your manuscripts at The Scientific World Journal Inorganic Chemistry Volume Theoretical Chemistry Volume Spectroscopy Analytical Methods in Chemistry Volume Volume Chromatography Research International Volume Electrochemistry Volume Volume Catalysts Applied Chemistry Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications Volume Chemistry Volume Volume Spectroscopy Volume Volume