WATER SUPPLY FOR RURAL AREAS AND SMALL COMMUNITIES
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1 WORLD HEALTH ORGANZATON MONOGRAPH SERES No. 42 WATER SUPPLY FOR RURAL AREAS AND SMALL COMMUNTES
2 WATER SU 'PLY FOR RURAL AR EAS AND SMALL COMMT JNTES tf1 EDMUND G. WAGE 111 Chief Engineer and Associate Chief 4 Division of Health and Sani nstitute of nter-american / Rio de Janeiro, Brazil f Field Party, ztion, fairs, Sanitary Engineer, Division of Environmental Sar World Health Organization, Genevh tation, Switzerland WORLD HEALTH ORGA 'ZATON PALAS DES NATONS GENEVA
3 Authors alone are responsible for views expressed in the Monograph Series of the World Health Organization. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature which are not mentioned. Proprietary names are distinguished by initial capital letters. PRNTED N SWTZERLAND
4 CONTENTS. ntroduction.... -\... 9 ~ Chapter 1. Basic considerations....( Chapter 2. Planning. 26 Chapter 3. Ground water Chapter 4. Pumps Chapter 5. Surface water i 161 Chapter 6. Treatment under rural conditions Chapter 7. Distribution and use... \ Chapter 8. mportance of management., Chapter 9. Personnel and training Chapter 10. Administration and finance Chapter 11. Operation and maintenance Chapter 12. Long-term planning
5 WATER SUPPLY FOR RURAL AREAS ANNEXES Annex 1. List of reviewers... Annex 2. Conversion factors... Annex 3. Flow measurements.... Annex 4. Collection of water samples... Annex 5. Construction of hand-dug wells... Annex 6. Typical specifications for a hand pump... Annex 7. Construction of small dams... Annex 8. Financial statements for small water-works... Annex 9. Some practical hints on the operation and maintenance of small water-supply systems in rural areas... Select bibliography ndex... :
6 FGURES The five principal causes of death in certain countkies of the Americas Simple water-prospecting equipment A portable water-laboratory field kit Geological formations Occurrence and distribut~on of sub-surface water Comparison of free and confined ground-water Shallow well in free-water zone Well tapping confined water Types of bailers and buckets used for removal of material from holes Hydraulic methods of exploration Drilling and boring methods of exploration Section of well shaft : first lift Dug well with protective casing and platform Dug well lined with concrete or clay tile Reconstructed dug well with buried slab Dug well : casing descending with excavation Amazon well Amazon well : grate beams Large well with horizontal perforated pipes Driven well with drop pipe and cylinder and protective platform Typical well points Well-point system Tube-well boring by water-jet system Jetting a large-diameter casing () Jetting a large-diameter casing (11) Typical boring tools Properly protected spring ()
7 WATER SUPPLY FOR RURAL AREAS A sanitary rope-and-bucket well (11) Continous-belt bucket pump Multicellular band pump Centrifugal pumps : turbine-type () and volute-type (11) Centrifugal pumps : directly connected to power unit () and with belt-drive (11) 136 Jetpump Typical installation of jet pump Section of typical deep-well turbine pump Typical characteristics of deep-well turbine pumps Effects of vanes and size of intakes on performance curve and capacity of centrifugal pumps Two pumping situations. showing centrifugal pump capacity curves.... Deep-well turbine pump : electric motor () and direct drive and angle-gear head (11) Deep-well turbine pump : direct belt drive (1) and belt drive and angle-gear head (T) Main parts of air-lift pump Hydraulic ram Windmill Properly designed hand or windmill pump with cylinder above ground... Typical arrangement of windmill tower. pump. and well Typical pump installation using standard tee and underground arrangement to discharge water below frost line Cistern with sand filter (pump installation optional) Small intake structure Profile of pipeline from source to distribution system Filtered water outlet Equipment for feeding hypochlorite solution Apparatus for hypochlorination Berkefeld filter Typical zeolite water.softener. manually operated Distribution reservoirs : theoretical reservoir capacity required Ground-level reservoirs Elevated storage tanks Water-level indicator for elevated storage tanks Systems of distribution Topographical plan of village and surrounding area General plan of distribution system Possible arrangement of public fountain Pressure tank system Plumbing rods Locally made equipment Caissons and lining shutters Sinking headframe (type " G "). North Region. Nigeria : general arrangement Small earth dam...
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