WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF GODAVARI RIVER AT BASARA REGION

Transcription

1 WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF GODAVARI RIVER AT BASARA REGION 1 BHUKYA RAMAKRISHNA, 2 BALLA RANJITH KUMAR, KATTA THUKARAM 1 Assistant Professor, 2, Student, Civil Engineering Department, RGUKT Basara, Telangana 1 bhukyaramakrishna@gmail.com, 2 ranjithballa2@gmail.com, kattathukaram297@gmail.com Abstract - The River Godavari, a holy river known since ancient time, is the second largest river in India. Apart from Ganga and Yamuna, Godavari also holds the special religious importance in India. Spatial variation of the water quality of these holy rivers is difficult to interpret; a monitoring program is often necessary which has responsibility to provide representative and reliable estimation of the river water quality.so systematic study has been carried out to assess the water quality of Godavari River at Basara. Water samples from seven sampling stations were collected and physical and chemical parameters were analyzed by the standard methods. In this study Water Quality was determined on the basis of twelve parameters like P H, Electrical Conductivity, Alkalinity, Hardness, TDS, TSS, TS, DO, BOD, COD, Fluorides, Nitrates. The pollution level over a period of time is increasing on the river water mainly due to industrial and other waste waters are directly discharge in the river. Hence the present study is aimed to examine the water quality of the Godavari River and to evaluate the impact of such contaminated water. Keywords - Water quality index, Godavari River, Basara, Physical and Chemical parameters. I. INTRODUCTION Water is an important natural resource and precious national assets. It forms the chief constituent of ecological system. Everyone knows that water is essential to continue normal life. We depend on water for more than just for drinking, cooking and personal usage. Big amount of water is often required for industrial and commercial uses such as fisheries, hydropower generation. In some parts of the country, large quantities of water for irrigation are necessary to support agriculture. Water sources may be mainly in the form of rivers, lakes, ground water etc. The availability and quality of water either surface or ground, is getting deteriorated due to some important factors like increasing human activities at the water bodies, sewage discharge, Agricultural effluents, industrialization, urbanization etc.surface water pollution with chemical, physical and biological contaminants by anthropogenic activities is of great environmental attention all over the world. Rivers play an important role in carrying off municipal and industrial wastewater and run-off from agricultural land. Rivers are one of the most susceptible water bodies to pollutants. Rivers are the main water sources for domestic, industrial and agricultural irrigation purposes in a region. River water quality is one of important factors directly concerning withhealth of human and living beings. Therefore, it is important to have reliable information on characteristics of waterquality for effectivepollution control and water resource management. effluents those have been continuously thrown into the river is very visible at all major cities. This site is located at Basara Gnana Saraswati temple so water is mainly polluted by the activities of the pilgrims and their bathing, other devotional activities. The other sources of pollutants include effluents from pioneer distilleries of Dharmabad which is in Nanded district of Maharashtra state. The long-term management of river requires basic understanding of chemical, biological and hydrological characteristics. Since, spatial variation of the water quality is difficult to interpret; a monitoring program is often necessary which has responsibility to provide representative and reliable estimation of the river water quality. We know single number cannot represent the whole story of water quality of Particular River. There are many other water quality parameters that are not included in finding the index, however, a water quality index based on some very important parameters can provide an indicator of water quality. It is even important that the findings from various tests should be easily communicable to users and policy makers. Water quality index is well-known method as well as one of the most effective tools to expressing water quality that offers a simple, stable, reproducible unit of measure. It, thus, becomes an important parameter for the assessment and management of surfacewater. The general WQI was developed by Brownet al. (197) and improved by Deininger for the Scottish Development Department (197). Horton (196) suggested that the various water quality data could be aggregated into an overall index. There are various Methods to find water Quality Index such as 1. National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) WQI 2. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) WQI. Weight Arithmetic WQI In this project we have adopted Weighted Arithmetic method to evaluate WQI considering its flexibility and simplicity. 62

2 II. STUDY AREA The Godavari originates km ( mi) from the Arabian Sea in the Western Ghats of central India near Nasik in Maharashtra. It flows for 1,46 km (91 mi), first eastwards across the Deccan Plateau then turns southeast, entering the West Godavari district and East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh, until it splits into two watercourses that widen into a large river delta and flow into the Bay of Bengal. Conductivity, Total Dissolved solids, DO content using water analyzer. BOD (by incubating diluted samples at 2º C for days), COD (by dichromate reflux method using a ferroin indicator), Alkalinity (Titration), Hardness (EDTA Method), TDS (Evaporation method), TSS(filtration through Watman no. 44 filter paper),fluorides(spands Spectrophotometric method), Nitrates(Spectrophotometric method) tests were performed. In our project we have chosen Basara as the reference point along with another six points upstream of Godavari River near Basara temple. We mainly focused on the Saraswati temple at Basara because it is the most visiting place by the pilgrims and also it was polluted by the various materials which are thrown into the river. At Basara Ghats s daily about 1 pilgrims dip in the river, this count may be goes up to 2 on some special occasions like Vasanthapanchami. Sample Sample Latitude Longitude Code Location S1 Triveni Sangamam S2 Kandakurthi S Tadbiloli S4 Khosli S Basara bridge S6 Basara Ghats S7 Binola Table 1: Sampling Location Co-ordinates Five Samples were completed upstream of Basara Temple location in order to pollutants mixing pattern before reaching temple area. One sample was collected at downstream of temple location to know isthere any self-purification process taking place or not. III. EXPERMINTAL DETAILS.1 Sample Collection The water samples were collected from seven sites along the river as given in Table 1. Water samples from the sampling stations were collected in two phases, first time samples were collected in the month of Feb 217 and second phase collection was carried out in March 217, by grab sampling method. Parameters were analyzed by the standard methods.the samples were taken in plastic canes and brought to the laboratory with necessary precautions..2 Physico-Chemical analysis All the samples collected were brought to Environmental Engineering laboratory at RGUKT Basara. They were kept in deep fridge at the temperature of o C-1 o C till the further Analysis has taken place. As soon as the samples were brought to the laboratory, samples were tested for P H, Electrical. Calculation of Weighted Arithmetic WQI Weighted arithmetic water quality index method classified the water quality according to the degree of purity by using the most commonly measured water quality variables. The method has been widely used by the various scientistsand the calculation of WQI was made using the following equation WQI = WiQi Wi The quality rating scale (Qi) for each parameter is calculated by using this expression Vi Vo Qi = Si Vo X1 Where, V i = Estimated concentration of i th parameter in the analyzed water. V o = Ideal value of this parameter in pure water. V o = (except P H = 7 and DO=14.6 mg/l) S i =Recommended standard value for i th Parameter. The unit weight (W i ) for each water quality parameter is calculated by using the following formula Wi = K Si K= Proportionality constant and can also be calculated by using the following equation. K = 1 ( 1 ) Si Water Quality Rating according to Weighted Arithmetic method is given in Table 2. WQI Status Possible Usages -2 Excellent Drinking, 2- Good Domestic, 1-7 Fair 76-1 Poor Irrigation 11-1 Very Poor Restricted use for Irrigation Above 1 Proper treatment Unfit for required before Drinking usage. Table 2:Water Quality Rating as per Weight Arithmetic Water Quality Index Method 6

3 S.No. Water Quality Parameter Standard values Unit weight 1 P H Alkalinity Hardness.26 4 TDS.16 TSS.16 6 TS.16 7 EC.26 DO.1 9 BOD COD Nitrates Fluorides 1..1 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Having successfully collected the samples and performed the physical chemical analysis and values of Water quality index were found, here presenting the results in the form of tables(refer Table 4,) Alkalini ty Hardne ss TDS TSS TS EC DO BOD COD Nitrates Fluorid es WQI Table 4: The values of the various parameters for samples collected in March Water Quality Parame ter PH Alkalini ty Hardne ss S1 S2 S S4 S S6 S TDS TSS 7 TS EC DO BOD COD Nitrates Fluorid es WQI Table 4: The values of the various parameters for samples collected in Feb 217 Water Quality Parame S1 S2 S S4 S S6 S7 ter PH Figure 1:P H Variation along the river length Figure 2:AlkalinityVariation along the river length Figure :HardnessVariation along the river length 64

4 Figure 4:TDSVariation along the river length Figure 9:BODVariation along the river length Figure :TSSVariation along the river length Figure 1:COD Variation along the river length Figure 6:TSVariation along the river length Figure 11:NitratesVariation along the river length Figure 7:ECVariation along the river length Figure 12:Fluorides Variation along the river length SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The results obtained from analysis of water samples of river Godavari are shown in table 4 and table. The reported values of water samples collected in two phases at different areas along the stretch of Godavari river. The results indicate that the quality of water varies considerably from location to location. A summary of the findings is given below. Figure :DOVariation along the river length 6

5 Major portion of water samples showed slight basic nature with in the permissible limits of drinking water standards except samples S1 and S collected in phase-2. The conductivity of water is affected by the suspended impurities and also depends upon the amount of ions in the water. The highest conductivity 729 µsiemen/cm of the Godavari water was observed at Trivenisangamam (S1) during phase-1 collection. Minimum conductivity 29 µsiemen/cm was observed at Binola (S7). Total solids may affect water quality. Water with high total solids generally is of inferior pot ability. Total dissolved solids were observed maximum 6 mg/l and minimum 1 mg/l in. Total suspended solids were recorded maximum 176 mg/l in sample S. The sample from S and S6 showed nearly same values but the samples from Basara Bridge (S) showed light high concentrations of TSS compared samples from Basara Ghats (S6) area. Godavari water contained high dissolved oxygen during Phase-1, followed by a gradual decrease to its lowest values during Phase-2. The higher concentrations of dissolved oxygen during Phase-1 were probably due to low water temperature, relatively low solids concentration. The maximum.9 mg/l oxygen content of water was recorded at Kosli (S4) and minimum 6.4 mg/l in Kondakurti sample (S2). BOD has ranged from 2 mg/l to mg/l. Highest BOD concentration is observed at Basara Ghats region this is probably due to leaving the biodegradable materials from temple such as flowers, leaves and bathing. Nitrates content was found with in the permissible limits. At some locations Fluoride content is was much less than permissible limit and at Tadibiloli (S) it is slightly higher than standard value. The WQI value for present samples range from 2.6 to 14.. Major portion of the sample are showing water quality in the range of poor to very poor. Only one sample exceeded the standard for drinking water remaining all are suitable for drinking water if proper treatment is given. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to express our sincere thanks to Mrs. Shanti Jagadeeshwari, Head of the Department, Civil Engineering, RGUKT Basara for giving us permission to use Environmental Laboratory. REFERENCES [1] V.Bawa kalpana and V.B. Gaikawad, Water Quality Assessment of Godavari river at Nasik,india: Impact of sewage and industrial wastewater.universal Journal of Environmental Research and Technology 21 Volume, Issue 4: [2] C.R. Ramakrishnaiah, C.Sadashivaiah,G.Rajanna, Assessment of water Quality Index for groundwater in Tumkur Taluk, Karnataka, ISSN: E-Journal of Chemistry 29, 6(2), 2-.. [] Dhirendra, M.J., Alok Kumar, and Namita Agrawal.(29). Studies on Physicochemical parameters to assess the Water Quality of river Ganga for drinking purpose in Haridwar district, Rasayan J. Chem. 2: [4] Khan, A.M., V. Srinivasarao, Y.L.N. Murthy, et al, 2, Assessment of water quality of Godavari River at Nanded, Maharashtra and Rajamundry, Andhra Pradesh,Journal ofchemistry and Environment 12(1):6-6. [] Manjusha Bohr et al. Water Quality Assessment of the River Godavari, At Ramkund,Nashik, (Maharashtra), India. International Journal Of Engineering And Science. Issn: , Vol. 2, Issue 2 (January 21), Pp 64-6 [6] Ruby Pandey et al. Assessment of Physico-Chemical Parameters of River Ganga atallahabad With Respect To WQI, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, ISSN: 219-7, vol,issue 9, September 214. [7] Pushpa Rani et al., Studies in determination of some parameters of Ganga river water, Kanwar Mela 21, Haridwar, Journal of innovative biology,issn: ,June 214 Vol. 1, Issue 2, P [] Water Quality Status of Water Bodies of Maharashtra with Recourse to Analytical/Statistical Tools(27-211), Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB), 4-2 to 4-1. [9] Comprehensive Study of Polluted River Stretches and Preparation of Action Plan of River Godavari from Nasik D/S to Paithan, Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB), [1] APHA, AWWA, WPCF (199): Standard Methods for the examination of water and Waste Water, 17th Ed (Clescerina, L.S. Eds., Trussell, R.R., Greenberg, A.E.), APHA, Washington D.C. U.S.A. [11] Thesis submitted by Prakash, Water Quality Study on Rivers in SARAWAK. University of Malaysia Sarawak 2 [12] Singh, V.K., Singh, K.P. and Mohan, D. Status of heavy metals in water and bed Sediments of river Gomati A tributary of the Ganga river, India, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 1: [1] Raut, K.S., Shinde, S.E., Pathan, T.S. and Sonawane, D.C. Seasonal Variation in physico -chemical characteristics of Ravi rivar, ISSN International Journal of Science and Technology, Volume 2 No. May 212 [14] Kumar, Rita. N., RajalSolanki and Nirmal Kumar J.I. An Assessment of Seasonal Variation and Water Quality Index of Sabarmati River and Kharicut Canal at Ahmedabad, Gujarat, Electronic Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Food Chemistry1 (), [1] BIS (1991): Bureau of Indian Standards, Indian Standard Specification for Drinking water IS1: 2-4 [16] W.H.O., 194. WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water, Geneva, Switzerland. Vol.1 66