Complex planning practice in blooming mining communities in Northern Sweden

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1 Complex planning practice in blooming mining communities in Northern Sweden Kristina L Nilsson Prof. in Architecture/Urban Planning

2 Complexity in society Increasingly global society with a widening and deepening of systemic interdependencies across various social, spatial and temporal horizons of action (Jessop 2001)

3 Not only complicated but also complex knowledge from a diverse set of scientific knowledge and its interrelations. the consistence of knowledge and how it can be achieved at the same time strategic objectives are to be reached interconnected and multi-dimensional context

4 Planning and complexity Complexity refers to uncertainties and unpredictable outcomes when different natural, technical and social conditions are integrated with actions and reactions from various actors and stakeholders and when a great number and a variety of elements and time dimensions interact in society as a whole and in planning in particular.

5 Complexity A great number and variety of elements and interactions in the societal organisation and decision system

6 Luleå Kiruna Malmberget Pajala Kiruna Pajala Malmberget Luleå Located: Northern Sweden Norrbotten County North of the Arctic Circle Inhabitants: Kiruna Malmberget Pajala 2 500

7 The Barents region Northern Sea route Northwest passage Arctic bridge Tschudi shipping- NSR: 4 passages passages 2011 Save up to 60% transit time over the pole Källa:

8 Raw material 88 % of EU:s iron ore production from Northern Sweden Sweden and Finland have one third of EU:s forest area Norway has the majority of salmon production Källa: Källa: A.Lind, Norrbottens handelskammare Källa: ÅF, 2010

9 Pajala

10 Complicated situation in Pajala The New started mine needs 1000 employee Northland mining company Mineral explorers do not pay local tax Small local community 2000 inhabitants Fly-in fly-out labor do not pay local tax Few new inhabitants Cline planning administration No finances for local development

11 Malmberget situation complicated/complex The whole settlement will probably move to Gällivare The hole is growing The planning takes time A divided town The ground is shaking every night

12 A ghost town Buildings have been moved or demolished The left parts of the town is threatened The shopping centre is already a ghost town

13 Buildings of national interests Separate buildings Building environments Other symbolic buildings as schools and the public house were demolished

14 Several buildings are moved

15 The Kiruna complex situation

16 The outtake of the iron ore today

17 The Model Town of Kiruna from 1905 National heritage interest

18 Dependent of few industries and commerce Sami land - reindeer herding Iron ore mine and pellets work Tourism hiking, skiing, Jukkasjärvi icehotel Space technology

19 The ground is cracking-chaotic situation Weak political agreements New vision carried out Lack of suitable land 1/3 of the built-up environment Has to be re-located More minerals Architect competion for the new town centre The second comprehensive plan going on Small planning administartion Ground deformation Extremely wealthy mining company

20 Over-lapping national interests Manifold of minerals Transports: railway, Europe road E10, Airport The city centre cultural heritage

21 Rationality non-linearity First comprehensive plan rational, low flexibility Second comprehensive plan adaption to new situation

22 Complexity analysis Time in transition between orders A temporary period of disorder Great difficulty to end uncertainties, unpredictability, disarray, confusion, tension, conflict and disruption (Merry 1995) The existing and the new town On-going since Global iron prise, location of minerals, tempo of outtake Planning processes Location of new recidences

23 Self-organisation The potential to spontaneously and unpredictable devlop new forms and structure by itself out of chaos (Merry 1995)

24 Self-organisation group or a group of discontent The mining union The Kiruna Roots NGO Action group for Kiruna Hospital NGO Residents Associations interest organisation Kiruna sports association

25 Pressure conference in December Saturday 8 th December representatives from Kirunas associations, working teams and school classes, consumer groups and shop owners to discuss the future of the town. This is the chance to be heard! The conference aims to agree about a common platform for the new Kiruna. It will answer many questions, as for example: How can Kiruna grow and plan for a growth of inhabitants? Where are the housing going to be located what type, to which rent, and how many? What sport facilities are going to be built? How can Kiruna be interesting for the youth? How can we get a valid hospital? How will the culture be lively in the new town? How will we take care of Kiruna s history? Will we built a Kiruna old town? Which are the wimens needs in a male dominating town? How can we hold open and safe transport roads and improved public transport?

26 Problematic planning situation Strong symbiosis the municipality the mining company A small local planning administration, unused to larger project, have to manage an extreme complex planning situation Some officers have given up Frustrated population

27 Hierarchy Local authority Companies The mining company The inhabitants The inhabitants The official hierarchy The local authority The Kiruna hierarchy

28 Complexity theories Chaos Time in transition between orders A temporary period of disorder great difficulty to end uncertainties, unpredictability, disarray, confusion, tension, conflict and disruption (Merry 1995)

29 Kiruna Chaotic Situation The local authority has planning monopoly The mining company is the most powerful The inhabitants has been blocked by the complexity and irritated of the slow process The local planning administration have lost the trust from the population

30 Thank you for your attention

31 The empowerment of people to take care of their future