New forms of employment

Transcription

1 New forms of employment MET Sectoral Social Dialogue Committee Ad-hoc Working Group Competitiveness and Employment in a Globalised Economy Digitalisation and the World of Work in the MET Industry Irene Mandl Brussels, 7 March 2017

2 Eurofound Agency of the European Union Established in 1975 Comparative socio-economic research Labour market change (incl. restructuring) Working conditions Industrial relations Living conditions Employment in the digital age Monitoring convergence

3 New forms of employment - Background Anecdotal evidence of new employment forms Little information on characteristics and implications Research objectives Identify and characterise the new employment forms Illustrate their implications for working conditions and the labour market Derive policy pointers Methodology EU wide mapping exercise Literature review and data analysis on selected forms 66 case studies on selected forms across Europe

4 New forms of employment - Output Overview report Case studies Report on ICT mobile work Report on employee sharing

5 What is a New form of employment? Non-conventional workplace (e.g. around, own-office, etc.) Employment relationship - 1:n - n:1 - n:n Support of ICT (e.g. mobile phone, ipad, etc.) Work patterns - Discontinuity - Intermittent - Non-conventional fixed term Networking among self-employed Irrespective of legal basis, collective agreement, type of contract Irrespective of sector and occupation

6 New forms of employment - Overview

7 Crowd employment

8 Some characteristics No specific regulatory frameworks Unclear status of platform, client, worker Heterogeneity of platforms and tasks Clients Private individuals, all company sizes To access resources, skills To complete the job quickly and cheaply Workers Rather young High vs. low skills Next to something activities (fun, additional income, building up expertise and track record)

9 Implications

10 ICT-based mobile work Work outside the employer s or a client s premises Reliance on ICT, access to a shared computer network Informally implemented Preconditions for implementation to be considered Rather young, male workers Rather high-skilled specialists, management Demand driven

11 Incidence of telework/ict mobile work Source: Eurofound/ILO (2017), Working anytime, anywhere: The effects on the world of work. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg/ILO, Geneva

12 Implications

13 Other new forms of employment relevant for industry Interim management Leasing out of a manager to a firm Temporary, gap management Integration into core staff/core activities of the receiving company Employee sharing Group of employers jointly employs one or several workers Coverage of fragmented, but recurring HR needs Creation of permanent, full-time positions Joint responsibility, equal pay/equal treatment Job sharing 2 (or more) workers jointly fill a single job Casual work Activation of a pool of workers if and when needed High flexibility for employers, limited security for workers

14 Impact on working conditions and the labour market

15 Another perspective: Digital technologies in the workplace Automation Replacement of HR by machines Robotics, autonomous cars, drones, Artificial Intelligence Job polarisation, upgrading of jobs Changes in work organisation Changes in skill demands Digitisation Use of sensors and rendering devices to translate production into the digital domain Internet of Things, Virtual Reality, 3D printing Fragmentation of jobs, isolation of tasks Contractual arrangements Privacy, autonomy and control

16 Conclusions Increasing heterogeneity of employment forms Technology as one of the drivers Potential for structural change on the labour market, e.g. Job vs. tasks Working time, place of work Work organisation Opportunities, e.g. Flexibility, autonomy Labour market integration Meaningfulness of work Risks, e.g. Absence and suitability of regulatory frameworks, representation Data protection, property rights Working conditions, employment standards, social protection

17 Thank you for your attention! Irene Mandl