Histories and Futures of Gender (In)Equalities in European Research Policy Making. Dr Anke Lipinsky GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences

Transcription

1 Histories and Futures of Gender (In)Equalities in European Research Policy Making Dr Anke Lipinsky GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences DeGEval New Challenges Vienna, June 11th, 2015

2 1. Gender, Equality, and Steering 2. European Research Policy-Making a. European Union: Aims b. Member States: Policy Tools 3. Indicators a. She Figures b. ERA Facts & Figures Gaps and Challenges 2

3 Sex and Gender Biological and Sociocultural categories Empirical meter Analytical perspective Equality Equal treatment of women and men (sameness) Balanced Representation of Sexes (difference) Equity of outcomes (transformative) (Jalusic 2009) 3

4 Gender and Equality Policy Steering (1) Hierarchical steering instruments, normative targets, e.g. quotas (2) Procedural steering, definition of conditions of processes and practices (3) Evaluative steering instruments, mostly voluntary measures which incorporate information or persuasion motives (Bothfeld/Rouault 2015)

5 European Research Policy-Making: EU-Policies 1998 Council of Ministers on Gender Mainstreaming 1999 EC Communication Women and Science - mobilising women to enrich European research Recast Directive 2006/54/EC 2012 EC Communication A Reinforced European Research Area Partnership for Excellence and Growth 5

6 REC No R(98)14 achieve greater unity between its members for the purpose of safeguarding and promoting the ideals and principles which are their common heritage convinced that the implementation of the strategy of gender mainstreaming will not only promote effective equality between women and men, but also result in a better use of human resources, improve decision-making and enhance the functioning of democracy 6

7 European Research Policy-Making: EU-Policies 1998 Council of Ministers on Gender Mainstreaming 1999 EC Communication Women and Science - mobilising women to enrich European research Recast Directive 2006/54/EC 2012 EC Communication A Reinforced European Research Area Partnership for Excellence and Growth 7

8 Women and Science leading to 40% target Women are currently under-represented in this field: the aim is therefore to encourage women to take part in European research. setting up a dialogue between Member States on the measures implemented at regional and national level; developing a consistent approach within European Union policy (Fifth Framework Programme). 8

9 European Research Policy-Making: EU-Policies 1998 Council of Ministers on Gender Mainstreaming 1999 EC Communication Women and Science - mobilising women to enrich European research Recast Directive 2006/54/EC 2012 EC Communication A Reinforced European Research Area Partnership for Excellence and Growth 9

10 2006/54/EC (the recast gender directive) which regulates discrimination (art. 1) in access to employment, including promotion, and to vocational training; working conditions, including pay; and occupational social security schemes 10

11 European Research Policy-Making: EU-Policies 1998 Council of Ministers on Gender Mainstreaming 1999 EC Communication Women and Science - mobilising women to enrich European research Recast Directive 2006/54/EC 2012 EC Communication A Reinforced European Research Area Partnership for Excellence and Growth 11

12 ERA 2012 Communication Gender Objectives It has the ambition to create a legal and policy environment and provide incentives to: remove legal and other barriers to the recruitment, retention and career progression of female researchers while fully complying with EU law on gender equality address gender imbalances in decision making processes strengthen the gender dimension in research programmes and content 12

13 European Research Policy-Making: EU-Funding FP6 Science and Society- Programme: Fixing the Women FP7 Science in Society-Programme: Building Infrastructures for fixing the Organsiations Horizon 2020 Science with and for Society: Research and Infrastructures for fixing Organsiations and Knowledge 13

14 Survey among MS Helsinki Group delegates 1. Trends in research governance and effects on Gender Equality 2. Recruitment and Career Development 3. Gender in public research funding (programmes and projects) Pre-tested 27-item questionnaire Complementary studies 31 ERA countries represented Limits: exhaustiveness, good practice Trends, Examples, Monitoring 14

15 European Research Policy- Making in the MS a) Financial incentives and legal push for structural approaches: contracts, GEPs, Charters ( 15) a) More targets and quotas in decision-making: governing boards, recruitment and grant evaluation panels ( 18) b) Gender equality in programmes and projects: leaves, balance in evaluation panels, some advancement with consideration of gender in content ( 8) 15

16 Gender in European MS Research Policy Making - Progress is too slow: classifications of EC 2008 & 2009 are still good (new: FR, IT, IE) - Gap between active and inactive MS widens - Information on REAL policy implementation only case by case - Combinations of steering instruments: hierarchical (decision-making), procedural (equality) and evaluative steering (content) 16

17 Eurpean Research Policy Making: She Figures New Indicators SF 2006 SF 2009 SF 2012 Gender Pay-Gap covering whole economy, 2002 and 2004 Proportion of female researchers and R&D expenditure in Purchasing Power Standards (PPS) per capita researcher, 2003 Proportion of female heads of institutions in the Higher Education Sector (HES), 2007 Distribution of researchers in per Sector (e.g. HES) by sex and age group, 2007 Employment in knowledge-intensive activities (KIA), 2010 (%) Share of mobile researchers by gender, 2009 The proportion of men/women researchers with children,

18 3. Eurpean Research Policy Making: She Figures Indicators Women Grade A SF 2003 SF 2006 SF 2009 SF 2012 Feminisation ratio among senior academic staff (Grade A) Proportion of women in (grade A) academic positions, Proportion of female (Grade A) staff by age group Proportion of female grade A staff by main field of science, 2004, 2007,

19 3.Gender Equality in Research ERA-Indicators (extract) a. Share of women researchers, 2011 (HC) b. Share of RPO which have adopted GEPs, 2013 c. Share of RPO which implement recruitment and promotion policies for female researchers, 2013 d. Share of funders frequently supporting gender equality in research and the inclusion of the gender dimension in research content, 2013 (ERA Facts and Figures 2014) 19

20 Funders frequently supporting.. 20

21 4. Gaps and Challenges Legal Equality Equal treatment, nondiscrimination Positive action Policy objectives Mix of transformative and sex-difference approach Policy monitoring Steering Normativehierarchical Procedural, evaluative - Follow policy priorites and frames, lack of exante indicators, - individual-level indicators, procedural indicators under-developed and undertheorised 21

22 4. Gaps and Challenges Tripple-challenge for EU gender and science policy development: 1. Notion of gender - measuring equality, not only sex balance 2. Correlating outcome and impacts 3. Different priorities in EU and ERA-MS Transformation is the subject, the strategy, the goal and the challenge of assessing and achieving gender equality 22

23 Thank you for your attention gesis Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences Center of Excellence Women and Science CEWS 23