Preface...i. Acknowledgments...ix. 1 Introduction References Natural Systems and Processes... 9

Transcription

1 Preface...i Acknowledgments...ix 1 Introduction... 1 References Natural Systems and Processes Introduction Growth and Functional Adaptation Hierarchical Structuring Natural Self-cleaning and Self-healing Capabilities Self-cleaning Damage and Repair Healing Biological Wound Healing in Skin Conclusions References Theoretical Models of Healing Mechanisms The First Level Models Example of Modelling with Finite Element Analysis (ANSYS) Third Level Models References Self-healing of Polymers and Composites Microcapsules Effects of the Size and the Materials of Microcapsules on Self-healing Reaction Performance iii

2 Self-healing Materials: Innovative Materials for Terrestrial and Space Applications Retardation of Fatigue Cracks Delaminating Substrate Choice of the Healing Agent/Catalyst System Healing Agent Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerisation Catalyst Free Catalyst-based Epoxy/Hardener and Solvent Encapsulation Systems Epoxy/Hardener System Solvent Encapsulation Hollow Glass Fibres Systems - Two Component Epoxies Microvascular Networks Systems Self-healing Coatings for Metallic Structures References Self-healing Evaluation Techniques Methods with a Three- and Four-point Bend Test Tapered Double-cantilever Beam Compression after Impact Combining the Four-point Bend Test and Acoustic Emission Methods with Dynamic Impact Indentation Test with a Dropping Mass High Speed Ballistic Projectile Hypervelocity Impact Fibre Bragg Grating Sensors for Self-healing Detection References Review of Advanced Fabrication Processes Ruthenium Grubbs Catalyst Pulsed Laser Deposition Technique Experimental Preparation of a Ruthenium Grubbs Catalyst-pulsed Laser Deposition Target Experimental Results Healing Capability of Self-healing Composites with Embedded Hollow Fibres iv

3 6.2.1 Detail of the Capillary Filling with Healing Agent Hollow Fibres Capillary filling with 5-Ethylidene-2-Norbornene Healing Agent Material Healing with Hollow Fibres Encapsulation of the 5-Ethylidene-2-Norbornene Healing Agent inside Polymelamine-urea-formaldehyde Shell Stability of 5-Ethylidene-2-Norbornene in Poly-urea-formaldehyde Shells Preparation of 5-Ethylidene-2-Norbornene Microcapsules with Polymelamine-urea-formaldehyde Shells Comparison of the Open-air Stability of the Poly-urea-formaldehyde and Polymelamine-ureaformaldehyde Shells Encapsulating 5-Ethylidene- 2-Norbornene Healing Agent Integration of the 5-Ethylidene-2-Norbornene Monomer with Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes into a Microvascular Network Configuration Experimental Details Results and Discussion Elaboration of the Three-dimensional Microvascular Network and Self-healing Testing References Self-healing in Space Challenges of the Self-healing Reaction in the Space Environment Approaches to Space Applications Self-healing with Microcapsules Self-healing with Carbon Nanotubes Self-healing of Ceramics Self-healing for Re-entry Vehicles Self-healing Foams Integrating Sensing within Self-healing Structures Self-healing Paints Self-healing of Electrical Insulation A Conductor Surrounded by a Foam Layer v

4 Self-healing Materials: Innovative Materials for Terrestrial and Space Applications Other Self-healing Products Photosil Graded Layer Self-healing using Polyethyleneco-methacrylic acid Self-repairing Shape-memory Alloy Ribbons Multifunctional Copolymers Self-healing Composites with Electromagnetic Functionality Materials Ageing and Degradation in Space Mechanical Ageing Meteorites and Small Debris Atomic Oxygen Effects Vacuum Effect Space Plasma Thermal Shock Outgassing References Measurement of Self-healing Capability using Impact Tests to Simulate Orbital Space Debris Elaboration of Self-healing in Resin and Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastics Preparation of Resin Sample Validation of the High Velocity Impact Test on Epoxy-based Samples Self-healing in Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer Samples under High Velocity Impact Self-healing in Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer Samples under Hypervelocity Impact Test Sample Preparation Hypervelocity Impact Test Study of the Thickness of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer Samples after Hypervelocity Impact Three-point Bending Test Damping Effects of the Carbon Nanotubes Material vi

5 8.3 Hypervelocity Measurement with Fibre Bragg Grating Sensors Summary of the Hypervelocity Impact Study References Conclusions and Future Outlook References Abbreviations Index vii