(UTHM), Parit Raja 86400, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "(UTHM), Parit Raja 86400, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia"

Scarlett Lewis
5 years ago
Views:

1 Applied Mechanics and Materials Online: ISSN: , Vols , pp doi: / Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland Short Review: Role of Metal Oxides as Filler in Polysiloxane Sheet Composite S. M. Yahya 1,a, A. Azmi 1,b, M. I. Idris 1,c, M. Z. Yunos 2,d, S. Mahzan 1,e, S. Ahmad 1,f, H. Taib 1,g 1 Faculty of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Parit Raja 86400, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia 2 Advance Material and manufacturing Centre (AMMC), Faculty of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Parit Raja 86400, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia a sufiah_yahya@yahoo.com, b azham@uthm.edu.my, c izwana@uthm.edu.my, d mzaini@uthm.edu.my, e sharudin@uthm.edu.my, f sufizar@uthm.edu.my, g hariati@uthm.edu.my, Keywords: Properties Silicone rubber, Elastomer, Polymer Matrix ceramic (PMC), ceramic, Mechanical Abstract Additional of fillers such as (SiO 2), alumina (Al 2 O 3 ), zinc oxide (ZnO), Zirconium carbide ( ZrC) and Zirconia (ZrO 2 ) would affect the properties of the polysiloxane sheet, that can be applied in various applications. Polysiloxane sheet composites are largely use today with various materials as fillers. The fabrication techniques of the polysiloxane composite sheets include micromoulding, casting moulding and injection moulding. Application of different fabricating process, physical and mechanical properties of polysiloxane sheet composites. Thus, this paper complies various studies with regards to the various properties of polysiloxane sheet composites established by incorporation of different fabrication technique and fillers. Introduction Since the beginning of the twentieth century, silicone or siloxane were have found extensively used as resin, elastomer, fluids and lubricant compound [1,2]. Polysiloxane is a unique polymer which have the properties such as high thermal and chemical stability, low density, high hardness and young s modulus. This is due to polysiloxane containing siloxane which its molecular structure is based on strong Si-O-Si bonding. There are varieties of polysiloxane structure which include simple linear structure to a complex three-dimensional structure [3]. The common fabrication technique applied in polysiloxane sheet fabrication are micro-moulding [4], casting moulding [5], and injection moulding[6]. Polysiloxane sheets are usually applied in fields of automotive, household, consumer, semiconductor, heat insulator etc [7,8]. Polysiloxane composite uses filler in the polysiloxane matrix in order to improve the properties of polysiloxane. Nonetheless, polysiloxane composite fabrication also includes techniques such as casting moulding [9,10] and compression moulding [11]. Filler is a matrix coupling or particle added to modify properties of the mixtured material [13]. Basically, fillers can be divided into two categories which are particle filled and microspheres (solid and hollow). Types of the filler in composites included can be divided into two categories, i.e. inorganic (oxides or ceramic, hydroxides, salts, tes and metal) and organics (carbon, graphite, natural polymers and synthetic polymer) [14]. Ceramics are a commonly used as fillers since it improves the mechanical properties, electrical conductive, optical, biological chemical, thermal, piezo-electric, dielectric, ferroelectric superconductive and etc can be achieved [15]. Generally, (SiO 2 ), titania (TiO 2 ), zirconia (ZrO 2 ), alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) are common ceramics used as filler[16]. Different types of the ceramic will give a different effect for example increasing concentration of the Al 2 O 3 will indicate the decrease in the degree of crystallinity [17]. All rights reserved. No part of contents of this paper may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of Trans Tech Publications, (# , University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Malaysia-16/11/16,20:20:23)

2 28 4th Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Ceramic filler in Polysiloxane Sheet composites Polysiloxane sheet composite has been studied by various researchers using variety of ceramics as filler [12, 18-22]. Table 1 shows the summary of various ceramics usage as filler on polysiloxane composite. Table 1: Summary of various ceramics usage as filler on polysiloxane composite Types of filler Fabrication of composites bodies Fumed (SiO 2 ) Aluminium oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) Zinc oxide (ZnO) Silica (SiO 2 ) Alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) Silica (SiO 2 ) Zirconium carbide (ZrC) or Zirconia (ZrO 2 ) mixed Significant effects to properties Young modulus at break Particle structure and dispersion [12] in cured nanocomposites Thermal stability Coefficient of thermal expansion Thermal conductivity [18] Thermal stability Coefficient of thermal expansion Thermal conductivity [18] Composition of the ablated composite [19] Thermal oxidation Microstructure Density Tensile strength [20] Dielectric properties Coefficient of thermal Young Modulus Stress at break Strain at break Effect irradiation Tensile strength at break Thermal properties [22] Burnt morphologies and ablation Based on Table 1, it appears that casting moulding and compression moulding are the most common technique used to fabricate polysiloxane sheet composites. Silica is one of the types of ceramics that were usually used in polysiloxane composite since polysiloxane can be bonded to the SiO 2 particles surface excellently. The covalent bonding of SiO 2 acts as a crosslink with high functionality that induces significant change in mechanical properties. Significant properties commonly studied are thermal stability [18,22] and tensile strength [12, 20-22]. All the significant effect depends on types of the ceramic filler that are used to improve the polysiloxane properties with different application [15].

3 Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols Physical properties Ceramic filler in polysiloxane sheet composites will improve the polysiloxane properties with the different characteristic of the ceramic. Table 2 shows improved physical properties of polysiloxane composite by addition of ceramics filler. Table 2: Physical properties of polysiloxane composite Types of filler Range of usage Physical properties Details Alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) 5, 10, 15, 20, Density Density 50,100, 200, 300 increased with [20] phr the volume fraction of filler Silica (SiO 2 ) 30% untreated Crosslink The crosslink density density increase 30% treated with dose of irradiation and its sensitivity stronger than of filler. Density of polysiloxane composites increased with filler addition. The density of composites will increase linearly with increase volume of fraction of filler loading [20,21]. However, the density can be increased by increasing of electron irradiation dose on polysiloxane composite because irradiation effect on the macromolecular network by enhancing the interactions between nanoparticles and the elastomer matrix. Mechanical properties Mechanical properties are also one of the important properties analysed to determine the effect of the composites. Mechanical properties of polysiloxane composite that has been studied previously are as compiled in Table 3. Table 3: Mechanical properties of polysiloxane composite Types of filler Fumed (SiO 2 ) Alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) Range of usage up to 12 vol% with different type of SiO 2 5, 10, 15, 20, 50,100, 200, 300 phr Mechanical properties Young Modulus at break Tensile strength break Details Young modulus is decrease depends on mixing duration and types of SiO 2 with aggregated SiO 2 powder in composites. Increase value of elongation at break regardless of the type of SiO 2 and mixing duration. Increase because the particles are well dispersed throughout the composites. Nano-alumina highest stress value than microalumina filler. The maximum elongation break at 85%wit 20phr filled alumina. It is due to the agglomeration at higher ceramic loading and act as weak point and easy to break. [12] [20]

4 30 4th Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Silica (SiO 2 ) 30% untreated 30% treated Zirconium carbide (ZrC) or Zirconia (ZrO 2 ) mixed 0, 10, 20, 30,40 phr of ZrC or ZrO 2 30phr of Young modulus Elastic modulus and elongation at break Tensile strength at break % Young modulus of treated composites higher than untreated composites. Elastic modulus increase and elongation of break is decrease with the irradiation treatment. Tensile strength increase with increase loading of ZrC or ZrO 2 Decrease of the elongation of break with increase loading of ZrC or ZrO 2 [22] Table 3 clearly shows that the addition of ceramic fillers enhance the mechanical properties of the polysiloxane. Silica as filler in polysiloxane composites have found many applications such as bioactive support, host matrices for biocatalysts, thermal insulators, separating membranes, piezoelectric materials and controlled drug release [23]. Silica is one of common ceramic filler used in polysiloxane composites and mechanical properties improves with types of [12] and treatment of significantly. It is also clear that, the size of particle filler also give significant effect on the interaction between particle and polysiloxane matrix [20]. Conclusion The short review on metal oxide as filler in polysiloxane sheet composite revealed that different types of metal oxide improve the polysiloxane properties significantly. The important factor of polysiloxane composites fabrication deduced from this review are treatment of filler, size of filler, and volume faction or weight percent of filler. Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge the Ministery of Education (KPM) and University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) for their support in providing Research Acculturation Grant Shceme (RAGS- VOT R022) for the project. [1] American Standard Testing Method (ASTM) D a. Standard Practice for Rubber and Rubber Latices Nomenclature. [2] Athanasia I. Panou, Kyriali G. Papadokostaki, Petroula A. Tarantili and M. Sanopoulou, Effect of hydrophilic inclusion on PDMS crosslinking reaction and its interrelation with mechanical and water sorption properties of cured films, European Polymer Journal 49 (2013) [3] X. Niu, S. Peng, L. Liu, W. Wen, P. Sheng, Characterizing and Patterning of PDMS-Based Conducting Composites, Adv. Mater (2007),19, [4] B. Jo, L.M.V. Lerberghe, K.M. Motsegood, D.J. Beebe, Three-Dimensional Micro-Channel Fabrication in Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Elastomer, Journal of Microelectromechanical System, Vol 9, No 1(2003) [5] B. Yang, G.C. Lopez, Q. Lin, A.J. Rosenbloom, Microfabrication PDMS check Valve, IMEC

5 Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols [6] M. Kim, S. Kwak, K. Min, J. Yoon, S. Kim, New Development of Polymeric Optical Waveguide Having Large Core, Long Length and Low Optical Loss, International Wire&Cable Symposium, proceedings of te 56 th IWCS [7] P.Jerschow, (2001), Silicone Elastomers, Volume 12 number 5, ISBN , Page [8] J. Wu, W. Cao, W. Wen, D.C. Chang, P. Sheng, Polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic chip with integrated microheater and thermal sensor, Biomicrofluidics 3,012005(2009) [9] W J Xu, M Kranz, S H Kim, M G Allen, Micropatternable elastic electrets based on a PDMS/carbon nanotube composite, J. Micromech. Microeng. 20(2010)104003(7pp) [10] W.Wua, Z.Bianb, W. Wanga, W. Wanga, J.Zhu, PDMS gold anoparticle composite filmbased silver enhanced colorimetric detection of cardiac troponin I, Sensors and Actuators B 147 (2010) [11] O. Bareiro, L. A. dos Santos, Development Of Calcium Phosfate In Situ Precipitation To Produce Polydimethylsiloxane/Calcium Phosphate Composites [12] A. Camenzind, T. Schweizer, M. Sztucki, S.E. Pratsinis, Structure and strength of - PDMS nanocomposites, Polymer 51(2010); [13] S.M. Mousavinasab, Effects of Filler Content on Mechanical and Optical Properties of Dental Composites Resin, ISBN: [14] M. Xanthos, Functional Fillers for Plastics, 2 nd edition, updated and Enlarged Edition, ISBN: [15] S. Somiya, Handbook of Advance Ceramics Materials, Application, Processing and Properties, 2 nd edition 2013, ISBN [16] D.R. Paul, J.E. Mark, Filler for polysiloxane ( silicone ) elastomer, Progress in polymer Science 35(2010) [17] A.R. Polu, R. Kumar, Effect of Al2O3 ceramic filler on PEG-basedcomposite polymer electrolytes for magnesium batteries, Adv. Mat. Lett 2013,4(7), [18] L.C. Sim, S.R. Ramanan, H. ISmail, K.N. Seetharamu, T.J. Goh, Thermal characterization of Al 2 O 3 and ZnO reinforced silicone rubber as thermal pads for heat dissipation purposes, Thermochimica Acta 430(2005) [19] D.Yang, W. Zhang, B. Jiang, Ceramization and oxidation behaviours of silicone rubber ablative composite under oxyacetylene flame, Ceramic International 39(2013) [20] L.K. Namitha, J. Chameswary, S. Ananthakumar, M.T. Sebastian, Effect of micro-and nanofillers on the properties of silicone rubber-alumina flexible microwave substrate, Ceramic International 39(2013) I. Stevenson, L. David, C. Gauthier, L. Arambourg, J. Davenas, G. Vigier, Influence of SiO 2 fillers on the irradiation ageing of silicone rubbers,polymer 42(2001) [22] D. Yang, W. Zheng, B. Jiang, Y. Guo, Silicone rubber ablative composites improved with zirconium carbide or zirconia, Composites part A 44(2013)70-77 [23] H. Sertchook, H. Elimelech, D. Avnir, Composite Particles of Silica/Poly(dimethylsiloxane), Chem. Mater 2005,17,

Vibration Exposure Analysis of the Polysiloxane Reinforced with Rice Husk Silica. and Nurul Emi Nur Ain Mohammad 1,d

Vibration Exposure Analysis of the Polysiloxane Reinforced with Rice Husk Silica. and Nurul Emi Nur Ain Mohammad 1,d Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 660 (2014) pp 531-535 Submitted: 22.07.2014 (2014) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland Revised: 06.08.2014 doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.660.531 Accepted: 12.08.2014