Teknik Bioseparasi. Dina Wahyu. Genap/ Maret 2014

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1 4. Teknik Bioseparasi Dina Wahyu Genap/ Maret 2014

2 Outline Chemical Reaction Engineering Pendahuluan mempelajari ruang lingkup teknik bioseparasi dan teknik cel disruption Teknik Pemisahan Secara Fisika 1 Mempelajari teknik sentrifugasi pada bioseparasi Teknik Pemisahan Secara Fisika 2 Mempelajari teknik pemisahan sedimentasi Teknik Pemisahan Secara Fisika 3 Mempelajari teknik filtrasi pada bioseparasi Koagulasi dan flokulasi Mengetahui teknik pemisahan dengan cara koagulasi dan flokulasi Adsorpsi Proses adsorpsi pada cairan dan gas, serta pengetahuan bahan adsorpsi Adsorpsi 2 Kinetika Adsorpsi, Isotherm Adsorption

3 Methods of Purification Describe methods of separation for the components of the following types of mistures: (i) solid-solid (ii) solid-liquid (iii) liquid-liquid(miscible) Techniques to be covered for separations and purification include: (i) Use of a suitable solvent, filtration and crystallization or evaporation (ii) Distillation and fractional distillation (iii) Paper chromatography

4 Pure Substances & Mixtures A pure substance contains only one type of substance, and is not mixed with any other substance. Are the following pure substances or mixtures? Clean tap water mixture 100% orange juice mixture Distilled water Pure substance

5 Methods of Purification Some terms : Solute - the solid that dissolves Solvent - the liquid that does the dissolving Solution - solid + solvent Residue - the insoluble solid trapped in the filter paper Filtrate paper - the liquid that passes through the filter Sublimate - the condensed solid produced during sublimation

6 Methods of Purification The particular method used for separating any given mixture depends on the nature (eg. solubility, physical state) of its constituents.

7 Filtration Used to separate a solid from a liquid in which the solid is insoluble mixture of solid and liquid residue filter funnel filter paper filtrate

8 Principle of Filtration The separation works only if the particles concerned are of different sizes, such as larger particles of an insoluble solid and smaller particles of a liquid or solution.

9 Principle of Filtration The filter material acts as a sieve which allows the smaller particles to pass through and keeps the bigger particles behind.

10 Principle of Filtration Can a mixture of common salt and water be separated by filtration? Why?

11 Filtration - large scale use Sand filters used in water treatment plants to remove solid impurities Dissolved substances and bacteria will not be removed

12 Decanting Separates an insoluble solid from a liquid liquid is carefully poured away from the solid which is usually heavier and settles at the bottom of the container.

13 Evaporation (Heating )to Dryness used to recover a soluble solid from its solution Only for solids that will NOT decompose on heating. Eg. sodium chloride (common salt) from salt solution

15 Crystallisation used to recover a soluble solid from its solution for solids that decompose on heating Eg. Copper(II) sulphate and most other salts Steps : The solution is heated (evaporated) to saturation The solution is heated (evaporated) to saturation point OR heated to remove most of the solvent The saturated solution is left to cool; crystals are formed. The crystals are removed by filtration. To purify the crystals, they can then be washed with cold distilled water and dried between filter papers.

16 Crystallisation - the Principle behind Substances are usually more soluble in hot water than cold water eg. more copper(ii) sulphate will dissolve in water at 80ºC than at 30 ºC. When the hot saturated solution is cooled, the When the hot saturated solution is cooled, the cooled solution is unable to hold as much solute as when it was hot. The extra solute that cannot remain dissolved appears as crystals.

17 Solubility & Crystallisation Solubility data for NH 4 Cl in grams/100 ml H 2 O 30 o C g 50 o C g 70 o C g 90 o C g If the water was heated to 90 C, how much of the solute will be able to dissolve? If this hot solution is then cooled to 30 C, how much solute can the water contain now? Hence what is the mass of crystals you would expect to obtain?

18 Separating a mixture of solids Method used depends on the nature of the solids :- (1) If the mixture of solids behave differently in a particular solvent, that is, one component is soluble in it while the other is insoluble carefully choose a solvent that will dissolve only one of the solids Egs. common salt and sand; naphthalene and sand Use water as solvent Use methylated spirits as solvent

19 Separating a mixture of solids Basic Steps : Dissolution Filtration Evaporation to dryness OR Crystallisation

21 Separating a mixture of solids (2) Sublimation used when one of the solid sublimes Eg. mixture of iodine + copper; mixture of ammonium chloride + sodium chloride

23 Separating a mixture of solids (3) Other methods : make use of the special properties of the substance Eg. mixture of iron filings and sulphur. use a magnet Bring a magnet to the mixture. The iron filings will be attracted to the magnet while the sulphur will be left behind.

24 Separating the Solvent from the Solution Crystallisation Distillation Evaporation to dryness solute solvent solution

25 Simple Distillation Some Terms Used : Distillate - the liquid that distils over Miscible liquids - liquids that mix completely to form a single layer Immiscible liquids - liquids that do not mix A solvent can be separated from a solution and collected by simple distillation.

27 Principle of Distillation A liquid boils and turns into vapour at its boiling point. When the vapour is condensed, the (pure) liquid is obtained again.

28 Simple Distillation 2... vapourise. The vapour rises up the flask thermometer 3. the condenser is cold, so the vapour condenses to liquid water. sea water flask condenser Boiling chips 1. Solution is heated, causing the solvent to distillate 4. Pure water drips into the beaker. It is distilled water.

29 Simple Distillation thermometer sea water Boiling chips flask Water out condenser To maintain even boiling, with not too much bumping Water in

30 Liebig Condenser Vapour enters Condensed vapour in liquid form (distillate) leaves Direction of water flow Water out Cold water in Water flows in anti-current to the flow of vapour.

31 Liebig Condenser Vapour enters Condensed vapour in liquid form (distillate) leaves Direction of water flow Water out Cold water in This is to make sure the coldest part of the condenser is just before the vapour escapes.

32 Simple Distillation Simple distillation can be used to obtain water from salt solution water from copper(ii) sulphate solution ether from a solution of sugar in ether Note : The liquid that distils over is called the distillate. The solid that remains in the flask is called the residue.

33 Simple Distillation Qns. : Where is the thermometer placed? What is the reason for this? thermometer sea water Boiling chips flask condenser distillate

34 Simple Distillation Thermometer placed at the side arm of the flask so that it records the temperature of the vapour as it enters the condenser. thermometer sea water Boiling chips flask condenser distillate

35 Separating miscible liquids - Fractional distillation miscible liquids can only be separated by fractional distillation if they have different boiling points. Eg. mixture of ethanol and water.

36 Separating miscible liquids - Fractional distillation Fractionating column thermometer Water out condenser flask Water in distillate Boiling chips mixture of ethanol and water

37 Separating miscible liquids - Fractional distillation 2. The fractionating column is packed with glass beads to increase its surface area. Vaporisation followed by condensation takes place many times as the vapour is swept upwards. 3. Eventually, the liquid with the lower boiling point reaches the top and distils over. 1. When heated, the liquid with the lower boiling point will vaporize more readily.

38 Separating miscible liquids - Fractional distillation 4. The temperature stays constant at 78 C. When all the ethanol has distilled over, the temperature reading rises above 78 C. At 100 C, water starts to distil over. 5. The receiver is changed to collect each distillate separately.

39 Separating miscible liquids - Fractional distillation Sketch a graph of temperature versus time to show the changes in temperature readings throughout the distillation. temperature 100 C 78 C time

40 Separating miscible liquids - Fractional distillation Note : The glass beads in the fractionating column provides a large surface area so that condensation occurs more readily. The liquid with the lower boiling point distils over first, followed by the liquid with the next higher boiling point. glass bead s

41 Separating miscible liquids - Fractional distillation Note : If the liquids in the mixture have the same boiling point, fractional distillation is not possible. If the difference in boiling point is great, fractional distillation occurs readily. glass bead s

42 Fractional distillation - applications Fractional distillation can be used to separate :- nitrogen and oxygen from liquid air the components of crude oil ethanol from fermented liquor

43 Fractional distillation of crude oil

45 Separating immiscible liquids A separating funnel can be used to separate two immiscible liquids. Eg. water and petrol. This method can be used to separate : a mixture of petrol and water engine oil and water

46 The main points so far Mixtures liquid + liquid solid + liquid (Solid INSOLUBLE in liquid) solid + solid Filtration Residue (solid) Filtrate (liquid)

47 The main points so far Mixtures liquid + liquid solid + liquid solid + solid (Solid SOLUBLE in liquid) Simple Distillation Residue (solid/ solute) Distillate (liquid/ solvent)

48 The main points so far Mixtures liquid + liquid solid + solution Filtration YES Add suitable solvent solid + solid Difference in solubility? Residue (insoluble solid) Filtrate (solution) Crystallisation Crystals (soluble solid)

49 The main points so far Mixtures liquid + liquid solid + solution Filtration YES Add suitable solvent solid + solid Difference in solubility? NO Sublimation Crystallisation Other physical difference? Egs. Using magnet

50 The main points so far Mixtures liquid + liquid Fractional distillation miscible liquids (different boiling pts.) immiscible liquids Separating funnel

51 Picture Page Layout Your picture caption can go here. Picture from PresenterMedia.com

Chapter 25 Separating Mixtures

Chapter 25 Separating Mixtures A solution is formed when a solid dissolves in a liquid The solid is referred to as the solute. The liquid is referred to as the solvent. A dilute solution is one where there