HIGH TEMPERATURE CORROSION IN COMBUSTION GASES
|
|
- Jayson Booth
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 HIGH TEMPERATURE CORROSION IN COMBUSTION GASES
2 Working conditions of valves in car engines aggressive atmosphere of combustion gases high temperature (T 1173 K) rapid changes of temperature (thermal shocks)
3 Biocomponent addition to fuels Directive 23/3/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 May 23 on the Promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport, Official Journal of the European Union, 23, L 123/43-46.
4 Currently applied bio-fuel additives Ethanol (addition to petrol) Fatty Acid Methyl Ester, FAME (addition to diesel oil)
5 The share of biocomponents used in liqiud fuels in the automotive industry 11 1 NCW / % 9 8, 8 7,1 7 5, ,2 1, 7,55 6,65 4,6 29 8,45 8,9 9,35 9,75 NWC (National Projected Increase) according to the calorific values [%] Year
6 Market share / % Trend 28/27 / % Fuels used in the automotive industry in Poland State dated for Petrol Diesel LPG n.a.
7 The Polish car fleet ( ) Average age of a car - 13,9 years Age of vehicle > 3 Market share / mln pc Market share / % 25
8 Participation age of passenger cars exploited in Poland 8 The share of a car fleet / % , , ,2 19,4 12,7 11,5 1 69,8 Age of a vehicles 5 years and under 1 years and over ,1 68,1 11,6 12, 11, Year
9 Cross-section of four-cylinder in-line engine with spark ignition, Fiat 1 exhaust valve, 2 flue gas outlet duct, 3 exhaust manifold, 4 intake valve, 5 intake channel of fuel-air mixture, 6 combustion chamber 7 cylinder with piston and connecting rod Bernhardt M., Dobrzyński S., Loth E.: Silniki samochodowe, Wydawnictwo Komunikacji i Łączności, Warszawa, 1988, s.327
10 Construction of an exhaust valve 1 mushroom - austenitic steel Cr-Ni-W-Mo in supersaturated and aged state, 2 handle - Cr-Si-Mo steel thermally improved, 3 place of friction welding, 4 valve face hard coated of stellite Co-Cr-W
11 Temperature distribution in the exhaust valve - petrol engine with spark ignition
12 Chemical compositions of an engine gases with spark and spontaneous ignition (wt. %) Components of exhaust gases Units Method of ignition spark ignition spontaneous Toxicity evaluation Nitrogen % vol neutral Oxygen % vol.,3-8, 2,-18, as above Water vapor % vol. 3,-5,5,4-5, as above Carbon dioxide % vol. 5,-12, 1,-1, as above Carbon monoxide % vol. 5,-1,,1-,5 toxic Nitrogen oxides % vol.,-,8,2-,5 as above Hydrocarbons % vol.,2-3,,9-3, as above Aldehydes % vol.,-,2,1-,9 as above Soot g/m3,-,4,1-1,1 as above 3,4 benzopyrene g/m3 to 15, to 1, carcinogenic Merkisz J., Ekologiczne problemy silników spalinowych Tom I i II. Wydawnictwo Politechniki Poznańskiej, Poznań 1999
13 Exhaust valves after the 1 hour test - engine with spontaneous ignition a.
14 Chemical compositions of valve steels used in car engines (% wt.) Type of steel C Mn Si Cr Ni N W Nb X33CrNiMn X5CrMnNiNbN S P Mo Fe.11 bal bal. <.5.14 X53CrMnNiN < bal. X55CrMnNiN < bal.
15 High temperature corrosion of valve steels K. Adamaszek, Z. Jurasz, L. Swadzba, Z. Grzesik, S. Mrowec, "The Influence of Hybrid Coatings on Scaling-resistant Properties of X33CrNiMn23-8 Steel", High Temperature Materials and Processes, 26, (27). Z. Jurasz, K. Adamaszek, R. Janik, Z. Grzesik, S. Mrowec, High temperature corrosion of valve steels in atmosphere containing water vapor, Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 13, (29). Z. Grzesik, S. Mrowec, Z. Jurasz, K. Adamaszek, The behavior of valve materials utilized in Diesel engines under thermal shock conditions, High Temperature Materials and Processes, 29, (21). Z. Grzesik, M. Migdalska, S. Mrowec, Corrosion behavior of valve steels in oxidizing atmosphere containing acetic acid, High Temperature Materials and Processes, 29, (21). Z. Grzesik, Z. Jurasz, K. Adamaszek, S. Mrowec, Oxidation Kinetics of Steels Utilized in the Production of Valves in Automobile Industry, High Temperature Materials and Processes, 31, (212). Z. Grzesik, K. Adamaszek, Z. Jurasz, S. Mrowec The influence of yttrium on kinetics and mechanism of chromia scale growth on Fe-Cr-Ni base steels, Defect and Diffusion Forum, 333, 91-1 (213). Z. Grzesik, G. Smola, K. Adamaszek, Z. Jurasz, S. Mrowec, Thermal shock corrosion of valve steels utilized in automobile industry, Oxidation of Metals, 8, (213). Z. Grzesik, G. Smola, K. Adamaszek, Z. Jurasz, S. Mrowec, High Temperature corrosion of valve steels in combustion gases of petrol containing ethanol addition, Corrosion Science, 77, (213).
16 Scheme of the microthermogravimetric equipment utilized in investigations of the oxidation rate F lo w m e te r s M a n o m e th e r M ic r o b a la n c e S a m p le R o ta tio n pum p O u tle t F u rn a c e B u lb s M ix e r
17 Scheme of the microthermogravimetric equipment utilized in investigations of corrosion kinetics in multicomponent oxidizing atmospheres containing water vapour M ic r o b a la n c e F lo w m e te r s out B u lb s H e a t in g ta p e S a m p le H 2 O b a th F u rn a c e s
18 Scheme of the apparatus utilized in studies of high temperature corrosion under thermal shocks
19 Corrosion test of valve steels under thermal shock conditions in engine house
20 Hybrid reactive head
21 Oxidation kinetics of tested valve steels - linear coordinate system 2 1 T = 1273 K X33CrNiMn23-8 po = 2,1.14 Pa X5CrMnNiNbN21-9 po = 2,1. 14 Pa 2 T = 1273 K 5 m/s 1 / mg cm-2 T = 1173 K m/s / mg cm-2 2 T = 1173 K T = 173 K T = 173 K T = 973 K T = 973 K czas / h 1 czas / h 25 X53CrMnNiN2-8 po = 2,1.14 Pa mg cm-2 5 T = 1173 K m/s m/s / mg cm-2 T = 1273 K T = 173 K T = 973 K X55CrMnNiN2-8 p = 2,1. 14 Pa czas / h 1 1 T = 1273 K O T = 1173 K 5 T = 173 K T = 973 K 5 czas / h 1
22 1 X5CrMnNiNbN21-9 p = 2,1.14 Pa T = 1273 K 5 T = 1173 K T = 173 K 1 X55CrMnNiN2-8 po = 2,1. 14 Pa 4 T = 1173 K T = 173 K 5 T = 1273 K T = 1273 K X33CrNiMn23-8 po = 2,1.14 Pa 3 2 ( m/s)2 / mg2cm T = 1173 K 1 5 czas / h 2 T = 1173 K 1 T = 173 K T = 173 K 1 czas / h 3 5 czas / h 5 ( m/s)2 mg2 cm-4 5 T = 1273 K 2 ( m/s)2 / mg2 cm-4 O2 X53CrMnNiN2-8 po = 2,1.14 Pa ( m/s)2 / mg2cm-4 Oxidation kinetics of tested valve steels - parabolic coordinate system 1 5 czas / h 1
23 Pressure dependence of the oxidation rate of the X53CrMnNiN2-8 valve steel obtained at 1173 K X53CrMnNiN2-8 T = 1173 K 1-1 kp / g2cm-4s po 2 13 / Pa 14 15
24 Temperature dependence of the oxidation rate of tested valve steels T /K po = 2,1. 14 Pa 1-9 kp / g2cm-4s X33CrNiMn23-8 X5CrMnNiNbN21-9 X53CrMnNiN2-8 X55CrMnNiN T-1.14 / K-1 1
25 Scheme of the oxidation process under thermal shock conditions
26 Corrosion kinetics of tested valve steels under thermal shock conditions.5 X5CrMnNiNbN21-9 T = 973 K. m/s combustion gases of fuel oil B5 -.1 m/s combustion gases of fuel oil B1. /g cm-2 / g cm-2 air X33CrNiMn23-8 T = 973 K 1 cycle = 2h 1 2 combustion gases of fuel oil B5 -.5 combustion gases of fuel oil B cycle = 2h 6 Number of thermal shocks X55CrMnNiN2-8 air combustion gases of fuel oil B5 -.5 m/s combustion gases of fuel oil B5 / g cm-2 /g cm-2 m/s Number of thermal shocks air combustion gases of fuel oil B1 air X53CrMnNiN2-8 T = 973 K 1 cycle = 2h combustion gases of fuel oil B1 4 Number of thermal shocks 6 1 T = 973 K 1 cycle = 2h Number of thermal shocks 5
27 Corrosion kinetics of tested valve steels under thermal shock conditions.5 X33CrNiMn23-8 T = 1173 K X5CrMnNiNbN21-9 T = 1173 K 1 cycle = 2h. combustion gases of fuel oil B5 air combustion gases of fuel oil B /g cm m/s m/s / g cm combustion gases of fuel oil B5 -.2 combustion gases of fuel oil B cycle = 2h Number of thermal shocks.1.1 X53CrMnNiN2-8 T = 1173 K combustion gases of fuel oil B5 1 cycle = 2h 1 2 Number of thermal shocks 3 / g cm m/s /g cm-2 combustion gases of fuel oil B X55CrMnNiN2-8 T = 1173 K 1 cycle = 2h air Number of thermal shocks. m/s air -.2 air combustion gases of fuel oil B1 combustion gases of fuel oil B Number of thermal shocks 3
28 Corrosion kinetics of tested valve steels under thermal shock conditions.1 X33CrNiMn23-8 T = 1173 K / g cm-2. m/s combustion gases of petrol E95 1 cycle = 2h 2 air combustion gases combustion gases of petrol E9 of petrol E Number of thermal shocks 1
29 Comparison of corrosion kinetics of valve steels under thermal shock conditions at different atmospheres
30 Images of valve steel samples corroded under thermal shock conditions in a number of aggressive atmospheres T = 1173K
31 Images of valve steel samples corroded under thermal shock conditions in a number of aggressive atmospheres
32 Phase composition of scales growing on the X33CrNiMn23-8 steel under thermal shock conditions (T = 1173 K) a) after 5 cycles b) after 5 cycles 2 2 steel / a. u. (Mn,Fe,Cr)3O Cr2O3 15 Intensity / a. u. Intensity Fe2O3 Cr2O3 15 Fe3O4 X33CrNiMn23-8 steel X33CrNiMn23-8 steel / deg / deg
33 Phase composition of scales growing on X5CrMnNiNbN21-9 steel under thermal shock conditions (T = 1173 K) a) after 2 cycles b) after 15 cycles 5 5 X5CrMnNiNbN21-9 steel X5CrMnNiNbN21-9 steel / a. u. 2 Fe3O Fe2O3 4 Fe3O4 (Cr,Fe)2O3 NiCr2O4 (Nb,Cr)O2 (Fe,Nb)3O4 Intensity / a. u. 3 Intensity / deg / deg 6 7 8
34 SEM picture of the scale growing on the X5CrMnNiNbN21-9 steel under thermal shock conditions in combustion gases of B1 fuel oil T = 1173 K
35 SEM pictures of the scale formed on two valve steels under thermal shock conditions in combustion gases of B1 fuel oil X33CrNiMn23-8 T = 1173 K X5CrMnNiNbN21-9
36 The application of protective coating with TBC layer
37 Cross-section of a valve steel covered by a protective coating with TBC layer ZrO2 Y2O3 Ni22Cr1AlY o u te r la y e r o f th e c o a tin g in n e r la y e r o f th e c o a tin g s te e l
38 Surface of TBC layer
39 Photographs of surfaces of coated and uncoated valve steels after corrosion tests at 1173 K a) before tests b) after 5 shocks a) after 3 shocks b) after 5 shocks
40 Results of corrosion tests of uncoated and coated valve steels
41 The results of corrosion tests performed on two different coated valve steels 15 2 Time / h m/s 14 / g cm-2 coated X5CrMnNiNbN21-9 steel. 1 5 coated X33CrNiMn23-8 steel 1 cycle = 2 h Number of thermal shocks 5
42 Temperature dependence of the oxidation rate of coated X33CrNiMn23-8 steel T /K Oxidation -2 1 Co-35Cr Ni-3Cr 1 kp / g m s NiAl -4 1 Fe-2Cr -5 1 Fe-5Cr-4Al Ni-1Cr-5Al steel -6 1 chromia formers alumina formers coated steel T. 1 / K 1 11
43 The influence of small amounts of yttrium on the adherence of the scale
44 EXPERIMENTAL Materials: X33CrNiMn23-8, X5CrMnNiNbN21-9, X53CrMnNiN2-8, X55CrMnNiN2-8 Specimens: discs: diameter 2 mm, thickness 1 mm weight: 1 g Yttrium deposition: degreasing electrochemical treatment:.1 m Y(NO3)3 solution in C2H5OH U = 1V; I = 1 ma; t = 45 s drying: T = 5 oc; t = 1 min. annealing: T = 4 oc; t = 3 min. Corrosion tests under thermal shock conditions: reactive atmosphere: combustion gases of diesel oil with 1 wt. % addition FAME (B1) temperature range: K time of experiments: 15 shocks x 2 h, quenching cycle: 15 min. SEM, EDX, XRD ANALYSIS of
45 Corrosion behaviour of unmodified and covered with yttrium X33CrNiMn23-8 steel under thermal shock conditions. steel with Y m/s / g cm steel without Y X33CrNiMn23-8 steel T = 1173 K Number of thermal shocks 15
46 m/s / g cm-2 Corrosion behaviour of unmodified and covered with yttrium X5CrMnNiNbN21-9 steel under thermal shock conditions. X5CrMnNiNbN21-9 steel T = 1173 K 1 cycle = 2h -.1 steel with Y -.2 steel without Y Number of thermal shocks 1
47 Corrosion behaviour of unmodified and covered with yttrium X53CrMnNiN2-8 steel under thermal shock conditions X53CrMnNiN2-8 steel T = 1173 K. m/s / g cm-2 1 cycle = 2h -.1 steel with Y steel without Y Number of thermal shocks
48 Corrosion behaviour of unmodified and covered with yttrium X55CrMnNiN2-8 steel under thermal shock conditions X55CrMnNiN2-8 steel. T = 1173 K m/s / g cm-2 1 cycle = 2h -.1 steel with Y steel without Y Number of thermal shocks 1
49 Microphotographs of the scale surface formed on undoped and doped with yttrium X33CrNiMn23-8 steel after 1 thermal shocks
50 Microphotographs of the scale surface formed on undoped and doped with yttrium X5CrMnNiNbN21-9 steel after 1 thermal shocks
51 CONCLUSIONS One of the most important conclusions that can be derived from the results presented in this lecture is that the addition of biocomponents to fuel oil increases the corrosion rate of steels utilized in valve production. It has also been found that the deteriorating effect of bio-components increases rapidly along with the amount of these additions, as well as with increasing temperature. The results of thermal shock experiments have demonstrated that small amounts of yttrium electrochemically deposited on the surface of the X33CrNiMn23-8 steel, which exhibits the highest chromium concentration (> 23 wt. %) among the studied valve steels, dramatically improves the chromia scale adherence to the surface of this steel. This can be explained as the result of selective chromium oxidation and Cr2O3 oxide formation. This effect is not observed in the case of the three remaining steels with lower chromium concentrations, because of heterogeneous scale formation. From a practical point of view, it can be concluded that engine valves should be produced in the future only from X33CrNiMn23-8 steel covered by yttrium.
52 THE END
53 Consequences of fossil fuel exploitation Depletion of fossil fuel resources Reduction of energy security in various regions of the world Increase in fossil fuel prices Degradation of the natural environment Destabilization of the climate Deterioration of health as a result of high pollution
54 Forecast of the energy consumption level up to the 254 year Increasing factor: every year in ,5 12 Natural Gas Consumption T m 1 Coal Consumption G tons 3, 26.49% 23.25% Coal Natural Gas Exhaustion T m Uranium Consumption 78. k tons 2,5 2, 1,5 6.17% Natural Gas 4 1, Oil Consumption G barrels 36.59% Oil 199 Hydro & Others 7.49% Oil Exhaustion T barrels U Hydro & Others Year Uranium Exhaustion M tons Ratio to 199 World Energy Consumption / 118J 14,5, Coal Exhaustion 1.1 T tons
55 Alternative energy sources Solar energy (solar cells and collectors) Nuclear energy Hot and cold fusion energy Geothermal energy Wind energy Water energy Wave energy Biofuels
56 Energy carriers in the automotive industry Classical liquid fuels (petrol and diesel oil) Natural gas LPG (propane-butane) Biofuels Electric current Hydrogen Others (compressed air, methane, etc.)
57 Diagram of the Hashimoto concept of utilization of methane as an energy carrier
THE CORROSION-RESISTANT PROPERTIES OF X33CrNiMn23-8 FOR HIGH-THERMAL LOADED ENGINE OUTLET VALVES. Krzysztof Adamaszek a Zbigniew Jurasz a
THE CORROSION-RESISTANT PROPERTIES OF X33CrNiMn23-8 FOR HIGH-THERMAL LOADED ENGINE OUTLET VALVES Krzysztof Adamaszek a Zbigniew Jurasz a a Automotive Research and Development Center Bosmal, 43-300 Bielsko-Biała,
More informationAPPLICATION OF THIN CERAMIC LAYERS TO PROTECT OF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONS AGAINST THE INFLUENCE OF HIGH- TEMPERATURE OXIDATION OF AIR ATMOSPHERE
APPLICATION OF THIN CERAMIC LAYERS TO PROTECT OF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONS AGAINST THE INFLUENCE OF HIGH- TEMPERATURE OXIDATION OF AIR ATMOSPHERE Krzysztof Adamaszek a, Zbigniew Jurasz b a, b Automotive Research
More informationCHROMIUM-BASED OXIDATION-RESISTANT COATINGS FOR THE PROTECTION OF ENGINE VALVES IN AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLES
UDK 621.793.7:669.26:620.178.6 ISSN 1580-2949 Original scientific article/izvirni znanstveni ~lanek MTAEC9, 51(4)603(2017) 603 607 CHROMIUM-BASED OXIDATION-RESISTANT COATINGS FOR THE PROTECTION OF ENGINE
More informationADVANCED CATALYTIC STUDIES FOR POWER ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
ADVANCED CATALYTIC STUDIES FOR POWER ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Z.R. Ismagilov Boreskov Institute of Catalysis CONTENTS OF THE LECTURE Introduction Catalytic combustion Catalytic heaters
More informationSULFIDATION. From Rolled Alloys Report Number 94-72
SULFIDATION Environments containing sulfur may rapidly attack high nickel alloys. The problem is more severe under reducing, or low oxygen, environments. The higher the nickel the more sensitive the alloy
More informationTowards the development of low cost non-platinum based catalysts for catalytic water splitting
Towards the development of low cost non-platinum based catalysts for catalytic water splitting Prospects of reducing greenhouse emission by hydrogen powered energy technologies Dr. Usman Ali Rana What
More informationTHERMAL SPRAY COATINGS
THERMAL SPRAY COATINGS THERMAL SPRAY is a group of processes in which metals, alloys, ceramics, plastics and composite materials in the form of powder, wire, or rod are fed to a torch or gun with which
More informationGraspIT AQA Energy Questions
A. Energy changes and energy stores part 1 Energy systems and energy changes 1. Describe the energy store changes when a rocket firework is lit, goes up in the air and then falls back to the ground. (4)
More informationState one factor that makes a good fuel. (1) (b) Bioethanol is a fuel that can be obtained from the plant, sugar beet.
1 (a) Some fuels are better fuels than others. State one factor that makes a good fuel....... (b) Bioethanol is a fuel that can be obtained from the plant, sugar beet. (i) Bioethanol and petrol can both
More informationPOLLUTION FROM MOTOR VEHICLES
POLLUTION FROM MOTOR VEHICLES Urgency of development of environment-friendly, cleaner system for road transport: A. Introduction: Pollution from motor vehicle is the single largest source of air pollution
More informationFAILURE ANALYSIS OF THE EXHAUST VALVE FACE IN DIESEL MARINE ENGINE
DOI: 10.2478/v10077-010-0006-0 H. Smoleńska, W. Kończewicz 1 Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Gdansk, Poland 1 Gdynia
More informationGraspIT AQA Energy Questions
A. Energy changes and energy stores part 1 Energy systems and energy changes 1. Describe the energy store changes when a rocket firework is lit, goes up in the air and then falls back to the ground. (4)
More informationEnergy Task Cards Corrections
Energy Task Cards Corrections #1 Most of the energy we use originally came from the A) the sun #2What do you call the energy an object has while its in motion? A) kinetic energy #3Which object has the
More informationFireside Corrosion: Implications and Solutions for Oxy-combustion Boilers. Jo hn E. Oakey
Fireside Corrosion: Implications and Solutions for Oxy-combustion Boilers Jo hn E. Oakey Tanvir Hussain Adnan U. Syed Nigel J. Simms Nelia Jurado Hamid G Darabkhani Outline Introduction What we think we
More informationOC22 Show that approximately one fifth of the air is oxygen; show that there is CO 2 and water vapour in air
Chemistry: 10. Air and Oxygen Please remember to photocopy 4 pages onto one sheet by going A3 A4 and using back to back on the photocopier Syllabus OC21 Understand that air is a mixture of gases, and state
More informationMat E 272 Lecture 26: Oxidation and Corrosion
Mat E 272 Lecture 26: Oxidation and Corrosion December 11, 2001 Introduction: Environmental degradation of materials is one of the most costly failure modes, accounting for over 5 percent of the total
More informationESA Study Guide Year 10 Science
Then and now 1. Complete the following sentence: Questions from page 76 of ESA Study Guide Year 10 Science Fuels are substances that, when burned, turn chemical a. b. and light. energy into useful 2. What
More informationEFFECT ON PERFORMANCE OF ENGINE BY INJECTING HYDROGEN
Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res. 2013 Suryakant Sharma et al., 2013 Research Paper ISSN 2278 0149 www.ijmerr.com Vol. 2, No. 3, July 2013 2013 IJMERR. All Rights Reserved EFFECT ON PERFORMANCE OF ENGINE
More informationO 4. coating on the oxidation behavior of Fe-20Cr ferritic stainless steels for SOFC interconnects
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science PAPER OPEN ACCESS The influence of Titanium alloying and Co 3 O 4 coating on the oxidation behavior of Fe-20Cr ferritic stainless steels for SOFC
More informationPerformance of plasma spray coatings on Inconel 625 in Air oxidation and molten salt environment at 800 C
International Journal of ChemTech Research CODEN (USA): IJCRGG ISSN : 974-429 Vol.6, No.5, pp 2744-2749, Aug-Sept 14 Performance of plasma spray coatings on Inconel 625 in Air oxidation and molten salt
More informationMaterials Corrosion in High Temperature Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Jacob Mahaffey Arjun Kalra Dr. Mark Anderson Dr.
Materials Corrosion in High Temperature Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Jacob Mahaffey Arjun Kalra Dr. Mark Anderson Dr. Kumar Sridharan Outline Motivation/Background Construction of Testing Facility Procedure
More informationshort name: NR* technical product sheet created :57 1/10 seamless tube EN tol. acc. EN/ISO 1127 NR ,0 0,075 4,0 0,125
technical product sheet short name: NR* seamless tube EN 10216-5 tol. acc. EN/ISO 1127 Art.-Nr. kg s D NR-033-020 NR-030-040 NR-030-030 NR-030-020 NR-030-016 NR-028-035 NR-026-032 NR-026-026 NR-026-023
More informationView from the Penthouse
View from the Penthouse The DNFM Technical News Letter David N. French Metallurgists Ph: 502-955-9847 Fax: 502-957-5441 Web: www.davidnfrench.com In an effort to improve air quality and reduce acidic emissions,
More information316/316L STAINLESS STEEL
316/316L STAINLESS STEEL P R O D U C T D ATA B U L L E T I N Valve and Pump Trim Digesters Chemical Equipment Evaporators Pharmaceutical and Photographic Equipment Applications Potential Type 316 Stainless
More informationHydrogen Electrolyser An Approach to Increase Fuel Efficiency in Spark Ignition Engines
IJIRST National Conference on Recent Advancements in Mechanical Engineering (RAME 17) March 2017 Hydrogen Electrolyser An Approach to Increase Fuel Efficiency in Spark Ignition Engines R.Maheshkumar 1
More informationWelcome to Linde Hydrogen
Welcome to Linde Hydrogen at Shell Eco-marathon. Dear Shell Eco-marathon hydrogen team, let us welcome you to the hydrogen community! Linde is the official sponsor and technology expert for hydrogen at
More informationEnhancing Wear Resistance of Grey Cast Iron Using Al 2 O 3-13TiO 2 and Ni20Cr Coatings
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) ISSN: 2278-1684 Volume 4, Issue 1 (Nov-Dec. 2012), PP 13-17 Enhancing Wear Resistance of Grey Cast Iron Using Al 2 O 3-13TiO 2 and Ni20Cr Coatings
More informationAustralian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences
AENSI Journals Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences ISSN:1991-8178 Journal home page: www.ajbasweb.com The Influence of Molten Salt Deposit in Water Vapor Environment on Corrosion Behaviour
More informationC1 6 MARK QUESTIONS QUESTIONS
Name: C1 6 MARK QUESTIONS QUESTIONS Date: Questions Q1. * An experiment was carried out to determine the amount of heat energy released when different fuels were burned. Equal masses of four different
More informationHigh-Temperature Oxidation Behavior of a New Ni-Cr-Mo-Si Alloy
High-Temperature Oxidation Behavior of a New Ni-Cr-Mo-Si B. A. Baker and G. D. Smith Special Metals Corp. 32 Riverside Drive Huntington, WV 2575 B. A. Pint and L. R. Walker Oak Ridge National Laboratory
More informationSANDVIK 5R60 FOR WIRELINES WIRE
SANDVIK 5R60 FOR WIRELINES WIRE DATASHEET Sandvik 5R60 is an austenitic stainless steel alloy suitable for service in less severe oil and gas wells. The grade is characterized by: Good resistance to general
More informationEMISSIONS REDUCTION THROUGH BIOMASS AND GAS CO-FIRING - THE BAGIT PROJECT
23 rd World Gas Conference, Amsterdam 2006 EMISSIONS REDUCTION THROUGH BIOMASS AND GAS CO-FIRING - THE BAGIT PROJECT Main author Dr. Martin J. Brown Advantica Ltd Holywell Park, Ashby Road Loughborough,
More information316/316L STAINLESS STEEL
316/316L STAINLESS STEEL Chemical Processing Equipment Exhaust Manifold Furnace Pans Marine Exposed Tubing TYPE 316 is widely used in applications requiring corrosion resistance superior to Type 304, or
More informationJust what is Acid Rain?
Acid Rain Just what is Acid Rain? Acid Rain is the term used to describe the ways in which acid precipitates out of the atmosphere. Acid Rain is more accurately termed acid deposition. There are two types
More informationActivity. Hydrogen for Transportation? Overview. Background Information
1 Activity 1 2 class sessions Hydrogen for Transportation? Overview A PowerPoint presentation and a short video introduce this module s focus on the development of hydrogen and fuel cell technology as
More informationAdvanced Combustion Research. at Stony Brook University: What is the Future for Combustion Engines?
Advanced Combustion Research at Stony Brook University: What is the Future for Combustion Engines? Benjamin Lawler, Ph.D. Engine Combustion Research Group October 24 th, 2018 Advanced Energy Research and
More informationTHE EFFECTS OF WATER VAPOR ON THE OXIDATION OF NICKEL-BASE SUPERALLOYS AND COATINGS AT TEMPERATURES FROM 700 C TO 1100 C
Superalloys 24 Edited by K.A. Green, T.M. Pollock, H. Harada, T.E. Howson, R.C. Reed, J.J. Schirra, and S, Walston TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society), 24 THE EFFECTS OF WATER VAPOR ON THE OXIDATION
More informationEffect of Hydrogen Enriched Hydrocarbon Combustion on Emissions and Performance
Long Beach 2010 PROCEEDINGS of the NPA 1 Effect of Hydrogen Enriched Hydrocarbon Combustion on Emissions and Performance Jacob Wall Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of
More informationRENEWABLE OPTIONS OF FUTURE MOBILITY: BEYOND OIL
RENEWABLE OPTIONS OF FUTURE MOBILITY: BEYOND OIL Dr. Sanjay Kaul Professor Fitchburg State University Fitchburg, MA Conventional Oil reserves are concentrated in OPEC areas (>70%). The production maximum
More informationINVESTIGATIONS INTO THE DEGRADATION MECHANISM OF THERMAL BARRIER APPLIED IN IC ENGINE
Journal of KONES Powertrain and Transport, Vol. 16, No. 3 2009 INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE DEGRADATION MECHANISM OF THERMAL BARRIER APPLIED IN IC ENGINE Tadeusz Hejwowski 1,2 1 Department of Materials Engineering,
More informationAir. Question Paper 2. Chemistry (0620/0971) Cambridge International Examinations (CIE) Topic. Air and Water Sub-Topic. Air. 43 minutes.
ir Question Paper 2 Level IGSE Subject hemistry (0620/0971) Exam oard ambridge International Examinations (IE) Topic ir and Water Sub-Topic ir ooklet Question Paper 2 Time llowed: 43 minutes Score: /36
More informationTopic 6 National Chemistry Summary Notes. Fuels. Fuels and Combustion
Topic 6 National Chemistry Summary Notes Fuels LI 1 Fuels and Combustion Coal, oil, gas and wood can all be used as fuels. These fuels have energy-rich chemical bonds which were created using the energy
More informationMaterials for elevated temperature heat exchangers in reactors
Materials for elevated temperature heat exchangers in reactors Several materials have been introduced for heat exchangers in 4 th generation extremely high temperature reactor (EHTR) also called as next
More informationTHE TECHNOLOGY AND PROPERTIES OF COMBINED SPRAYED BARRIER COATINGS
PROFESSIONAL STUDIES: THE TECHNOLOGY AND PROPERTIES OF COMBINED SPRAYED BARRIER COATINGS Toomas Pihl Tallinn University of Applied Sciences Estonia Valdek Mikli Tallinn University of Technology Estonia
More informationCORROSION RESISTANCE OF WROUGHT ALUMINUM ALLOYS UTILIZED IN ENVIRONMENTS CONTAINING AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GASES. Zita DROZDOVÁ
CORROSION RESISTANCE OF WROUGHT ALUMINUM ALLOYS UTILIZED IN ENVIRONMENTS CONTAINING AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GASES Zita DROZDOVÁ Halla-Visteon Climate Control Corporation, Novy Jicin, Czech Republic, EU, zdrozdov@hvccglobal.com
More informationDepartment of Interface Chemistry & Surface Engineering Düsseldorf, Germany. 16 th February
Contribution to the analysis of the corrosion process of commercial steels and newly developed laboratory alloys under simulated incineration conditions Markus Schmitt, Michael Spiegel Department of Interface
More informationTo Hydrogen or not to Hydrogen. Potential as a Ship Fuel. Dr. John Emmanuel Kokarakis. Emmanuel John Kokarakis University of Crete
To Hydrogen or not to Hydrogen. Potential as a Ship Fuel Dr. John Emmanuel Kokarakis Emmanuel John Kokarakis University of Crete THE VISION "I believe that water will one day be employed as fuel, that
More informationInternal Combustion Engines
Emissions & Air Pollution Lecture 1 1 Outline In this lecture we will introduce the three major regulated gaseous pollutants produced by I.C. engines: Carbon Monoxide (CO) Unburned Hyrocarbons (HC) Nitrogen
More informationTherma 314/4841 EN , ASTM TYPE 314
Therma 314/4841 EN 1.4841, ASTM TYPE 314 General characteristics Austenitic heat resisting grade with excellent oxidation resistance. Commonly used for furnace equipment, super heater suspensions, enameling
More informationAir. Question Paper 1. Chemistry (0620/0971) Cambridge International Examinations (CIE) Topic. Air and Water Sub-Topic. Air. 35 minutes.
ir Question Paper 1 Level IGSE Subject hemistry (0620/0971) Exam oard ambridge International Examinations (IE) Topic ir and Water Sub-Topic ir ooklet Question Paper 1 Time llowed: 35 minutes Score: /29
More informationTherma 4828 EN
Therma 4828 EN 1.4828 General characteristics Austenitic grade with improved oxidation resistance. Commonly used for furnace equipment (esp. supporting parts), annealing and hardening boxes, air heaters.
More informationHigh Temperature Oxidation Behavior of Flake and Spheroidal Graphite Cast Irons
Oxid Met (2011) 76:161 168 DOI 10.1007/s11085-011-9244-8 ORIGINAL PAPER High Temperature Oxidation Behavior of Flake and Spheroidal Graphite Cast Irons Meng-Bin Lin Chaur-Jeng Wang Alex A. Volinsky Received:
More informationPRESSURFECT CNG TUBE AND PIPE, SEAMLESS
PRESSURFECT CNG TUBE AND PIPE, SEAMLESS DATASHEET Pressurfect CNG is a dual grade certified (ASTM 316/316L) austenitic chromium-nickel steel with minimum 2.5% molybdenum and a low carbon content used for
More informationDynamic and Static Test in Molten Salts for Solar Power Concentration
RAISELIFE Dissemination Workshop, Madrid, 17 th of May 2017 Dynamic and Static Test in Molten Salts for Solar Power Concentration Lasanta, V. Encinas, M.T. De Miguel, G. García, A. Illana and F.J. Pérez
More informationINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH SCIENCE & MANAGEMENT
DEVELOPMENT OF NI-BASED SUPERALLOY BY PACK CEMENTATION PROCESS Mustafa Nash at Jawhar *1 and Israa Abdul-Kadir Aziz 2 *1 M.Sc Research scholar, Production Engineering & Metallurgy Department, university
More informationNew energy applications: challenges and opportunities
New energy applications: challenges and opportunities Ralph Olingschlaeger Marketing Manager Voller Energy Group PLC Eco-Innovation Workshop, NPL 24 th September 2007 Voller Energy Group PLC 2007 1 The
More informationCarbon Dioxide to Methane via Electrolytic Hydrogen Generation for Intermittent Renewable Energy Supply
Carbon Dioxide to Methane via Electrolytic Hydrogen Generation for Intermittent Renewable Energy Supply Koji Hashimoto, Naokazu Kumagai, Koichi Izumiya, Hiroyuki Takano, Shunsuke Sasaki, Zenta Kato Tohoku
More informationQuestions Q1. (b) Molecules of two compounds W and X are shown. (i) Compound W is an alkane. Explain what is meant by the term alkane.
Questions Q1. (a) Crude oil is separated into useful fractions by fractional distillation. Diesel oil and kerosene are two of these fractions. Draw one straight line from each of these fractions to a use
More informationHYDROGEN MANUFACTURING USING LOW CURRENT, NON-THERMAL PLASMA BOOSTED FUEL CONVERTERS
PSFC/RR-01-1 HYDROGEN MANUFACTURING USING LOW CURRENT, NON-THERMAL PLASMA BOOSTED FUEL CONVERTERS L. Bromberg, D.R. Cohn, A. Rabinovich and N. Alexeev December 11, 2000 * Plasma Science and Fusion Center
More informationUnit 4 Energy Review. Student. 1. Which is a problem with using wind turbines to produce energy? A. Wind turbines are efficient only in certain areas.
Unit 4 Energy Review Student 1. Which is a problem with using wind turbines to produce energy? A. Wind turbines are efficient only in certain areas. B. Wind turbines occupy a small area of land. C. Wind
More informationMicrostructural Characterization of Reaction Products on Iron Based Alloys Exposed to H 2
Vol. Materials 5, No. Research, 3, 2002Vol. 5, No. Microstructural 3, 349-355, 2002. Characterization of Reaction Products on Iron Based Alloys Exposed to H 2 S Atmospheres at High Temperatures 2002 349
More informationHigh Temperature Corrosion Behavior of DS GTD-111 in Oxidizing and Sulfidizing Environments
High Temperature Corrosion Behavior of DS GTD-111 in Oxidizing and Sulfidizing Environments Matthew D. Trexler, Preet M. Singh, and Thomas H. Sanders Jr. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
More informationFuels. N4 & N5 Homework Questions
St Peter the Apostle High school Chemistry Department Fuels N4 & N5 Homework Questions Answer questions as directed by your teacher. National 4 level questions are first followed by National 5 level questions.
More informationInvestigation of Fecraly Coating on Corrosion Behaviour of Mild Steel
Investigation of Fecraly Coating on Corrosion Behaviour of Mild Steel Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria E-mail: joe_agboola@yahoo.com Abstract Steel
More informationHIGH TEMPERATURE THERMOCYCLIC BEHAVIOUR OF A PREOXIDIZED NI-BASE SUPERALLOY 601 AND HVOF SPRAYED Ni-Cr-B-Si- AND CoNiCrAlY COATINGS
HIGH TEMPERATURE THERMOCYCLIC BEHAVIOUR OF A PREOXIDIZED NI-BASE SUPERALLOY 601 AND HVOF SPRAYED Ni-Cr-B-Si- AND CoNiCrAlY COATINGS Carsten STRÜBBE a, Viorel-Aurel SERBAN a, Gabriela MARGINEAN b, Waltraut
More informationHigh Temperature Corrosion of HVAF-Sprayed NiCrAlY Coating Exposed to Various Corrosive Environments
High Temperature Corrosion of HVAF-Sprayed NiCrAlY Coating Exposed to Various Corrosive Environments Esmaeil Sadeghimeresht a, Reza Jafari b, Taghi Shahrabi Farahani b, Nicolaie Markocsan a, Shrikant Joshi
More informationHigh Temperature Oxidation Behaviour of Low Carbon Steel and Austenitic Stainless Steel
Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals, Vol.20 No.3 pp.31-36, 2010 High Temperature Oxidation Behaviour of Low Carbon Steel and Austenitic Stainless Steel Jadesada RUJISOMNAPA, Patharaporn SEECHOMPOO,
More informationSelective Oxidation of Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS) and Ultra High Strength Steel (UHSS) Utilizing Direct Fired Burners
Selective Oxidation of Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS) and Ultra High Strength Steel (UHSS) Utilizing Direct Fired Burners Scott Brown 1, David Schalles 2, Frank Beichner 3 1 Director of Sales and
More informationEffects of DC plasma nitriding parameters on properties of DIN low alloy steel
2nd National Iranian Conference on Gas Hydrate (NICGH) S Semnan University Effects of DC plasma nitriding parameters on properties of DIN 1.2344 low alloy steel H. Khorsand a*, H. Aghajani b, N. Mohamadian
More informationLecture-52 Surface Modification Techniques: HVOF and Detonation Spraying
Fundamentals of Surface Engineering: Mechanisms, Processes and Characterizations Prof.D.K. Dwivedi Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Indian Institute of Technology-Roorkee Lecture-52
More informationWELDING TECHNOLOGY TYPES UNIT I GAS WELDING DEFINITION
WELDING TECHNOLOGY UNIT I GAS WELDING 10 hrs. Welding techniques and terminology -Gas welding -Process variations -Equipment - Generation of acetylene -Types of gases -Flame characteristics -Flash back
More informationSANDVIK 6R44 TUBE AND PIPE, SEAMLESS
SANDVIK 6R44 TUBE AND PIPE, SEAMLESS DATASHEET Sandvik 6R44 is an austenitic, niobium-stabilized stainless chromium-nickel steel for use at temperatures up to 850 C (1560 F). STANDARDS ASTM: TP347, TP347H
More informationCorrelating Thermal Barrier Coating Microstructure Between Engine Run Combustion Hardware and Furnace Cycle Testing
Correlating Thermal Barrier Coating Microstructure Between Engine Run Combustion Hardware and Furnace Cycle Testing Kara Phillips Bridges Solar Turbines Incorporated Materials and Processes Engineering
More informationCorrosion behaviour of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steel (RAFMS) and P91 (9Cr- 1Mo) steel in static lead-lithium eutectic
Available online at www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com Advances in Applied Science Research, 2015, 6(9):123-127 ISSN: 0976-8610 CODEN (USA): AASRFC Corrosion behaviour of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic
More informationzkratka označení: NR* technický list výrobku vytvořeno :58 1/10 bezešvá trubka EN tol. dle EN/ISO 1127 NR ,0 0,075 4,0
technický list výrobku zkratka označení: NR* bezešvá trubka EN 10216-5 tol. dle EN/ISO 1127 Art.-Nr. kg s D NR-033-020 NR-030-040 NR-030-030 NR-030-020 NR-030-016 NR-028-035 NR-026-032 NR-026-026 NR-026-023
More informationSubway Cars. Applications Potential
301 STAINLESS STEEL P R O D U C T D ATA B U L L E T I N Aircraft Structural Parts Roof Drainage Cooking Utensils Automotive Trim Subway Cars Applications Potential Type 301 is an austenitic chromium-nickel
More informationChapters Heat Temperature and Thermodynamics
Chapters 11-12 Heat Temperature and Thermodynamics Dr. Armen Kocharian Second Law of Thermodynamics and You Can t Even Break Even Energy Units Heating Heat Engines: Using Thermal Energy to Do Work Energy
More informationIron oxide and cobalt oxide have been added to the glazes on pottery for hundreds of years.
Transition elements and their compounds have many uses. Iron oxide and cobalt oxide have been added to the glazes on pottery for hundreds of years. State why transition metal oxides are added to pottery
More information5th International Conference on Advanced Design and Manufacturing Engineering (ICADME 2015)
5th International Conference on Advanced Design and Manufacturing Engineering (ICADME 2015) High temperature corrosion behavior of superalloy GH984G in synthetic flue gases environments G.M. LIU 1 & S.P.
More informationMaciej Hajduga, Dariusz Jędrzejczyk
20. - 22.. 200 Hradec nad Moravicí THE OXIDATION S KINETICS OF SOME HIGH ALLOYED STEELS Maciej Hajduga, Dariusz Jędrzejczyk University of Bielsko-Biała, Material s Engineering Department, Willowa 2, 4-0
More informationOxidation Reactions. This oxide will from only if thermodynamics favour a reaction of the form: M + O 2 = MO 2. Which must form rapidly (favourable(
Oxidation of s Oxidation is a general term used to define the reaction between a metal or alloy and its environment. s or alloys are oxidised when heated to elevated temperatures es in air or highly oxidised
More informationMicrostructural Behaviour of Protective AlSi Coatings under Thermal Load
Advances in Military Technology Vol. 4, No. 1, June 2009 Microstructural Behaviour of Protective AlSi Coatings under Thermal Load M. Kianicová 1* 1 Alexander Dubček University in Trenčín, Faculty of Mechatronics,
More information1.2.3 HIGH TEMPERATURE SULFIDE CORROSION AND TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF TRANSITION METAL SULFIDES
JP35243 1.2.3 HIGH TEMPERATURE SULFIDE CORROSION AND TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF TRANSITION METAL SULFIDES K. Przybylskl*, S. Mrowec University of Mining and Metallurgy (AGH), Faculty of Mateials Science and
More informationPerformance Analysis of Thermal Barrier Coating on Piston
Performance Analysis of Thermal Barrier Coating on Piston Amal Thomas [1], N.Subramani [2], Dr.P.Suresh [3] PG Scholar, Karpagam College of Engineering, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India [1] Assistant Professor,
More information15 Cr-Cb ULTRA FORM STAINLESS STEEL
15 Cr-Cb ULTRA FORM STAINLESS STEEL P R O D U C T D ATA B U L L E T I N Good Elevated Temperature Strength Weldable Oxidation Resistance Resistant to Intergranular Corrosion Fine Uniform Formable Grain
More informationSANDVIK SPRINGFLEX SF SPRING WIRE WIRE
SANDVIK SPRINGFLEX SF SPRING WIRE WIRE DATASHEET Sandvik Springflex SF is a duplex (austenitic-ferritic) stainless steel especially designed for spring applications with extremely high fatigue requirements.
More informationATI 601 ATI 601. Technical Data Sheet. Nickel-base Alloy INTRODUCTION PRODUCT FORMS SPECIFICATIONS & CERTIFICATES (UNS N06601)
Nickel-base Alloy (UNS N06601) INTRODUCTION alloy (UNS Designation N06601) is an austenitic nickel-chromium-iron alloy designed for both heat and corrosion resistance. As compared to ATI 600 alloy (UNS
More informationIdentify three common gaseous pollutants in air and state how each of these pollutants are produced.
1 Clean dry air contains mainly nitrogen and oxygen. (a) Name two other gases that are in clean dry air.. [2] (b) Air often contains pollutants. Identify three common gaseous pollutants in air and state
More informationTHE PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT BARRIER COATINGS
6th International DAAAM Baltic Conference INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING 24-26 April 2008, Tallinn, Estonia THE PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT BARRIER COATINGS Toomas Pihl, Vello Vainola, Riina Pihl Abstract: Nowadays
More informationEnergy, Environment, Hydrogen: A Case For Fuel Cells
Energy, Environment, Hydrogen: A Case For Fuel Cells Why Do We Need Energy? Heating/Cooking Transportation Manufacturing What Energy Sources Have We Used Over Time? Why Do We Care About Finding New Sources
More informationREET Energy Conversion. 0 Introduction. Energy. the ability or capacity to do work
REET 3020 Energy Conversion 0 Introduction Energy can be defined as: Energy the ability or capacity to do work or the property of a system that diminishes when the system does work on any other system,
More informationContents. Acknowledgments XI Preface XIII List of Abbreviations XV
V Acknowledgments XI Preface XIII List of Abbreviations XV 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Global Energy Flow 1 1.2 Natural and Anthropogenic Greenhouse Effect 1 1.3 Limit to Atmospheric CO 2 Concentration 5 1.4
More informationMaterial development for emerging energy technologies
Material development for emerging energy technologies Need and Approach Need Sustainable power generation is needed for the mitigation of global warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions. Advanced materials
More informationPeriod 26 Solutions: Using Energy Wisely
Period 26 Solutions: Using Energy Wisely Activity 26.1: Comparison of Energy Sources for Generating Electricity 1) Comparison of energy sources a) Fill in the table below to describe the advantages and
More informationFactors Influencing Materials Selection in Condensing Economizers
Materials Selection for Condensing Economizers Gary M. Carinci, Ph.D. Outokumpu Stainless Outokumpu Stainless Factors Influencing Materials Selection in Condensing Economizers Temperature ph control Sulfur
More informationThe Bright Prospects of Renewable Energy
The Bright Prospects of Renewable Energy George Philippidis, Ph.D. Associate Professor Patel College of Global Sustainability University of South Florida (USF) Contact information: gphilippidis@usf.edu
More informationHastelloy G-30 (UNS N06030) Chemical Composition
Hastelloy G-30 (UNS N06030) Hastelloy G-30 is commonly used for providing excellent resistance to chemical conditions. It offers resistance to nitric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid and hydrofluoric
More informationHydrogen-Rich Gas Production from Plasmatron Reforming of Biofuels
PSFC/JA-4-22 Hydrogen-Rich Gas Production from Plasmatron Reforming of Biofuels Hadidi, K., Bromberg, L., Cohn, D.R., Rabinovich, A. Alexeev *, N., Samokhin *, A. Plasma Science and Fusion Center Massachusetts
More informationINVESTIGATION OF HVOF THERMAL SPRAYED MICRO B4C, MICRO- 1%, 2%, 3% NANO B4C COATINGS ON DRY SLIDING WEAR PERFORMANCE OF 410 GRADE STEEL
INVESTIGATION OF HVOF THERMAL SPRAYED MICRO B4C, MICRO- 1%, 2%, 3% NANO B4C COATINGS ON DRY SLIDING WEAR PERFORMANCE OF 410 GRADE STEEL Girisha K. G. 1, Anil K. C. 2, Akash 1 and K. V. Sreenivas Rao 1
More informationChapter 7 Conclusions
Conclusions Nowadays, much awareness has been devoted in developing sensors for monitoring the pollutants and hazardous gases in various environments. Considerable development work is being carried out
More information