Aprocessing Heavy Metal In River Water Trough Coagulant Flocculation Process Using Moringa Seeds ( Moringa oleifera ) or biji kelor as Biokoagulan

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1 P r o c e e d i n g I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e, , *, * * - * * The 4 th Green Technology Faculty of Science and Technology Islamic of University State Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang Aprocessing Heavy Metal In River Water Trough Coagulant Flocculation Process Using Moringa Seeds ( Moringa oleifera ) or biji kelor as Biokoagulan Anis Artiyani Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering & Planning National Institute of Technology Campus 1 - ITN, Malang Telp. (0341) , Fax. (0341) anisartiyani@ymail.com ABSTRACT The effects of metal ions causes reddish water, whereas manganese oxide causes brown or Blackish water. The effects of manganese occur mainly in the respiratory tract and brain. Magnesium takes the important rules on enzyme systems in the body. that is why, before being used, river water need to be processed first to be able to qualify as clean water. This study uses a coagulation - flocculation reactor- continuous sedimentation stream with coagulant dose variation 1 mg / l and 2 mg / l as well as variations in particle size measure of Moringa seeds powder ( Moringa oleifera ). 100 mesh dan 140 mesh.the sample were taken from one location of river where used coagulants that have high effectiveness and eco - friendly i.e Moringa Seeds ( Moringa oleifera ).the results showed that the coagulant of Moringa Seeds ( Moringa oleifera ), is able to reduce 80,7 % of iron and 4,71% of manganese in the river water. The highest degradation percentage occurred in coagulant dose of 2 mg / l and a particle size of 140 mesh of Moringa seeds powder ( Moringa oleifera ). Keywords : River Water, Iron, Moringa seeds ( Moringa oleifera ), coagulation - flocculation - sedimentation, Manganese 307

2 INTRODUCTION Water is a source of vital necessity for the survival of living things, but when the water has been polluted where there are substances or other components put it into the water by humans or natural activity would cause degradation of water quality to the certain level so that water cannot be used well. Government rule No 82 tahun 2001 about water quality management and water pollution control. The obstetrical of iron and manganese in the water are dangerous for health. If those substances are in the water, they would cause discomfort, blemishes, and problems because iron and manganese are chemically similar. they cause the same problems. Iron will cause reddish brown stains on clothes, porcelain, dishes, utensils, and even glassware. Manganese acts in a similar way but causes a brownish black stain. Soaps and detergents cannot eliminate these stains and the using of bleaching fluid only will add the stain. The Accumulation of iron and manganese would be economic problems if the pipes and equipments must be replaced. Energy would also be more wasteful, due to the extra energy is required for pumping through smaller pipes due to deposition of iron or manganese ( J Water ). One alternative to physical and chemical processing that is easy to operate and inexpensive is coagulation flocculation. Coagulation can be defined as the process of destabilization of colloids and particles in the water with the use of a coagulant that causes the formation of clumps of nuclei (precipitates) (Slamet and Masduqi, 2000). in the coagulation process, if the coagulant is added to the water, it will cause colloidal destabilization and formed flocculent particles. Flocculation is the process of merging core of flocks to become larger flocks. (Masduqi and Slamet, 2002). Flocculation process is a continuation of the process of coagulation. Flocculation process occurs when there is a slow stirring the agitation process in the formation of flocks. Mechanism of coagulation - flocculation process in water electrically charged colloidal similar particles ( both negative) repel each other so as not to come closer together and the conditions in which the particles remain in this place called stable condition. Stable conditions do not allow the formation of flocks. If the water is supplied with the positively charged metal ions, the positive charge can reduce power among repel colloids ( Repulsion force ), so that there will be conditions for destabilization of the particles. Unstable colloidal particles allow flock formation. The Existence of positive charge will form a small flock corps of colloids. In order can be precipitated, small flocks must be always concurrent until become bigger enough to be in precipitated. Sometimes given a positive charge is not able to incorporate small flocks because of destabilization conditions ( back to stable ) so it is difficult to continue merging into a fairly large flock. This problem can be solved by giving the flocculants. Small flocks will be bounded by flocculants because it has long arms as a set of threads. From the description above it is clear that the mechanism of coagulation and flocculation can occur sequentially and can also occur simultaneously making it difficult to distinguish between the two processes. Widely used Sugiharto (1987 ) coagulant in water treatment is a chemical coagulant such as alum and PAC, however it produces mud / sediment that still have chemical elements that can harm the environment if dumped directly onto the ground or into the waters, therefore, it should be used the coagulants which are not influent sediment and water that is by using Moringa seeds coagulant (Moringa oleifera). Moringa seeds (Moringa oleifera ) contains the active substance rhamnosyloxy - benzyl - isothiocyanate, 308

3 which is able to adopt and neutralize the mud particles and metals contained in waste water suspension. with particles of dirt floating in the water. Moringa seeds have a low molecular weight and positively charged. Additionally moringa seeds that have been made to powder can be easily dissolved in water and in solution. Moringa seeds contain 0,086 % iron and 0,008 % manganese. If it is seen from the components. the seeds of Moringa meet the criteria for a substance that can hold a bond in an electrostatic attraction to other particles Leuvinadrie (2005). Moringa seeds also contain substances that are bactericidal, therefore, the study is conducted to treat river water using more economical coagulant, that is using moringa seeds as shown in the following picture : MATERIAL & METHOD Samples Of Water Water samples which is used in the research is taken from the Metro River in Mergan Bandulan Sukun Malang. Alaerts dan Santika (1984). Coagulant Materials Moringa seeds (Moringa oleifera) as a coagulant treatment previously as follows: a. Moringa seeds (Moringa oleifera) selected the ones which are ripe on trees b. then it is dried until the seeds of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) dry c. Moringa seeds (Moringa oleifera) are then grinded and sieved with a mesh size of 100 and 140 mesh d. Make a solution of Moringa seeds (Moringa oleifera) with a dose concentration of 1 mg / l and 2 mg / l) e. Moringa seed powder is placed in a closed, dry and clean place to avoid contact with air. Equipments Series of coagulation-flocculation equipments as a waste treatment reactor consists of the following parts : Figure 1. Trees and fruits of moringa Research Objectives 1. How big is the ability of Moringa coagulant (Moringa oleifera) in reducing the levels of iron and manganese on river water? 2. How much the dose of coagulant and Optimum Size measure of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) in reducing the levels of iron and manganese in the water stream? a. Sump container plastic barrel with a capacity of ± 45 liters of water are used to accommodate the stream to be processed. River water is flown by using a hose, which include discharge valve to regulate the flow. b. coagulant container plastic barrels with a capacity of ± 4 liters of a solution that are served as a coagulant. Coagulant is flown on gravity by using a plastic hose equipped with a valve to regulate the flow. c. Coagulation basin Made of glass with a capacity of around 1 liter which has the following dimensions: 309

4 - Length: 10 cm - Width: 10 cm - Height: 8 cm The basin is equipped with a paddle-type stirrer with 2 blades and motor machine which has rotation speed of 200 rpm. d. flocculation basin The basin s capacity is 15 liters made of glass equipped with a paddle-type stirrer with 2 blades and motor machine which has rotation speed of 20 rpm. The dimensions are as follows: - Length: 22 cm - Width: 22 cm - Height: 31 cm e. Sedimentation basin Sedimentation basin used is made of glass which has a capacity of 25 liters with a mud room with a volume of 3 liters. Placed at the outlet zone valve that is used to take a sample to be analyzed. Sketching and equipments drawing Dake (1985) can be seen in Fig. 2: Figure 2. Coagulation-Flocculation Equipments Research Variables : 1. Iron and Manganese. These parameters are part of the parameter corresponding by Health ministry rules No. 416/MENKES/PER/IX/ Coagulant dose of 1 mg / l and 2mg / l 3. Rapid stirring speed: 200 rpm, with rapid stirring time: 1 min. 4. Slow stirring speed: 20 rpm, with slow 5 7 stirring time: 30 minutes. 5. Deposition time: 60 minutes. Research Stages Preliminary research At the beginning of the study conducted a preliminary analysis to determine the initial condition of the river water to be treated. The parameters analyzed were iron and manganese levels. Continuous Process How it Works: In this process is done by running a series of tools coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation Reynolds (1982).. Here's how to work for a continuous process: a. prepares a water sample that will be processed. Analyze the initial content of iron and manganese levels in the river water. b. Prepares coagulant solution with suitable coagulant concentration which are compatible with variation dosage and mesh. c. Then put it in the coagulant tank. d. flow River water (Q = 0.5 ltr / min) and coagulant (Q = 262 ml / min) into the coagulation basin in gravity with a rotation speed of stirring 200 rpm for 1 minute. e. Rapid stirring, flows in gravity into a slow stirring basin with stirring rotation speed of 20 rpm for 30 minutes. f. slow stirring basin flow in gravity into sedimentation basin and settling for 60 minutes g. Measuring the ph of the waste processed once every 60 seconds in each processing basin. h. Taking samples from the outlet valve sedimentation. i. Analyze the levels of Iron and Manganese after processing. j. Repeating steps c to i with dose variation and different mesh 310

5 Research framework: Research frameworks of Iron and Manganese Levels decline in river water using Moringa seed coagulant (Moringa oleifera) shown in Fig. 3 below : Taking water river sample Literature study Equipments and materials preparations Equipments making Table 1. Concentration Value Content of Iron and Manganese In Water River Research Introduction No Parameter Concentration (mg/l) 1 Iron 4,25 2 Manganese 0,85 Sources: (Research result ) Results After Treatment Table 2. Concentration Value Content of Iron and Manganese Water River In Coagulation Flocculation- Sedimentation Process Preliminary analyzis of iron and manganes level on river water research conducting Coagu lant dose (mg/l) 1 2 Coagulant measure (Mesh) Iron concentration (mg/l) Manganese concentrati on (mg/l) 100 2,66 0, ,55 0, ,32 0, ,47 Last analyzis of iron and manganese level in river water Sources: (Research result ) Data analysis and discussion Conclusion and suggestion Figure 3. Research framework RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Preliminary Research Results Preliminary research done first to determine levels of Iron and Manganese early on river water is shown in Table 1 below: Figure 4. Iron concentration in the coagulant of 100 and 140 Mesh 311

6 Figure 5. Manganese concentration in the coagulant of 100 and 140 Mesh Discussion On Preliminary River Water Research Based on Table 1 note that the concentrations of iron and manganese exceed Quality Standards of the Health Ministry Regulation of Indonesia Number 416/MENKES/PER/IX/1990 where exposure limits Iron 1 mg / l and manganese 0.5 mg / l The value concentration discussion of Iron and Manganese In Coagulation-Flocculation Process River Water Iron and manganese reduction percentage based on Table 2, the smallest value between coagulant dose of 1 mg / l and 2 mg / l was at the addition of coagulant dose of 2 mg / l. Addition of coagulant dose variation of moringa seeds have the great influence to the degradation percentage of Iron and Manganese in river water. while the percentage of Iron and Manganese best drop upon the coagulant addition of 140 mesh. Particle size affects the exclusion levels iron and manganese allowance because the smaller the particle size, the width of area between coagulant and metal will be even greater. Heavy metal Iron is one of the chemical elements that can be found in almost every place on earth, in all the geological layers and all water. In general, the existing iron in the water can be dissolved as a salt compound ferric (Fe 3 +) or salt ferrous (Fe 2 +); suspended as grains of colloidal (diameter <1 mm) or larger, such as Fe (OH) 3, and incorporated by organic substances or inorganic solids. Floc formation (clot) will be faster progress if accompanied by the addition of a mechanical force such as stirring. Stirring will facilitate the occurrence of collisions, which will be followed by the incorporation of the particles forming large flocks. Large floc formation will facilitate the deposition process. This causes Iron and Manganese concentrations in river water decreased due to a number of material of Iron and Manganese has been settled. CONCLUSION 1. Moringa coagulant ability (Moringa oleifera) in reducing waste levels at 80.7% Iron and 44, 71% Manganese on river water 2. Optimum coagulant dose and size measure of Moringa seeds (Moringa oleifera) in reducing the iron levels and manganese in the river water is the optimum dose of 2 mg / l while the optimum size measure is 140 mesh. REFERENCES Alaerts dan Santika Metoda Penelitian Air. Usaha Nasional. Surabaya. Dake Hidraulika Teknik Edisi Kedua. Erlangga. Jakarta. Leuvinadrie Studi Analisis Koagulan Moringa Oleifera Dengan Menggunakan Kekeruhan Buatan Pada Proses Koagulasi Flokulasi Sebagai Pretreatment. Environmental engineering of ITS. Surabaya. 312

7 Masduqi dan Slamet Satuan Operasi. Department of Environmental engineering Surabaya institute of technology. Surabaya. Reynolds Unit Operations And Processes In Environmental Engineering. Wadsworth, Inc., Belmont, California. Slamet dan Masduqi Satuan Proses. Department of Environmental engineering Surabaya institute of technology. Surabaya. Sugiharto Dasar-Dasar Pengelolaan Air Limbah. Universitas Indonesia Press. Jakarta. Health ministry of Indonesia rules number 416/Menkes/Per/IX/1990 about the clean water quality. 313