HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 15%C

Transcription

1

2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 15%Cr-12Mn-1.5Ni 12M 15NiStainless steels were in use in Germany in 1940 s Used in dairy industry, beer industry and house hold appliances In early 50 s during Korean War US Gov. restriction of 1% Ni max for stainless steel in certain applications Following grade developed by Allegheny termed IA 201 Cr Mn C Ni N Substitute min. min max max max for AISI

3 Post tkorean War Scenario Softer Alloys Preferred Half of Nickel only replaced by Mn & N AISI Designation in 1955 to 201 & 202 Grade C Cr Mn N Ni max max max max

4 During 50 s and early 60 s, 200 series required expensive low carbon ferro- manganese Nitrided ferro-chrome or Nitrided electrolytic manganese EAF With advent of Argon-Oxygen-Decarburisation: cheaper high carbon ferromanganese and gaseous nitrogen for alloying Lower argon consumption in Cr-Mn Early 1970 s ~ 40,000 tons/year 200 Series Worldwide

5 Improvement in drawability of AISI 201 on alloying with copper By addition of 1.5-2% copper to AISI 201, a stainless steel with even superior drawability emerged Type 211 / JSL AUS / NIPPON NAR 200 C Mn Cr Ni Cu N S Type JSL-AUS Nippon NAR N.A. 0.03

6

7 WITH ARGON OXYGEN DECARBURISATION LADLE FURNACE CONTINUOUS CASTING ROLLING TEMP. CONTROL Leaner Alloys produced successfully: C Mn Cr Ni Cu N S J Cu These alloys are endowed with high hese alloys are endowed w th h gh strength, good drawability, weldability and corrosion resistance

8 Drivers for the development of 200 Series STRENGTH WEAR GALLING RESISTANCE DUCTILITY FORMABILITY TOUGHNESS OXIDATION RESISTANCE ABOVE C MATERIAL COST WELDABILITY CORROSION RESISTANCE DENSITY

9 Cost per Kg of Input Materials Cost per Kg of Input Materials (current price)

10 As a consequence 304 stainless steel price closely follows the nickel price 40,000 37,230 35,000 30,000 GermarnCR SS (304) $/tonne Nickel $/tonne ne Pr rice in $/ton 25,000 20,000 15,000 13,838 14,748 24,219 24,118 21,917 21,112 14,654 10,000 5,000 8,642 9,632 5,950 6,768 1,906 1,483 1,625 2,030 2,802 2,637 3,553 5,222 4,138 2,850 3,709 4, YEAR Data: CRU Analysis

11 Global Stainless Steel Production Series Wise Year Total Production (MMT) 120.0% 100.0% 5.3% 5.7% 7.4% 9.6% 10.0% 9.6% 11.6% 11.4% 11.6% 12.0% 80.0% 23.2% 2% 22.1% 21.8% 23.5% 25.4% 23.5% 30.0% 28.1% 27.8% 30.3% 60.0% 40.0% 20.0% 71.5% 72.2% 70.8% 66.9% 64.6% 66.9% 58.4% 60.5% 60.6% 57.7% 0.0% Year 300 Series 400 Series 200 Series 11

12 TYPICAL COMPOSITIONS OF AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS GRADE ELEMENTS, WEIGHT-PERCENT C Mn S P Si Cr Ni N Cu JSL U J Cu JSLAUS S

13 CORROSION IN FOOD APPLICATION MEDIA Corrosion tests have been conducted in NaCl solution and organic food media. Sodium Chloride solution was selected as one of the media as chloride ion is notorious for its ability to penetrate passive films and cause pitting. Sodium chloride is also a common ingredient in food preparations. Brackish water which carries 3% NaCl, which is selected for immersioni tests. Contd.

14 CORROSION IN FOOD APPLICATION MEDIA Acetic Acid is present in vinegar and it is common to use vinegar in kitchen. When milk deteriorates, Lactic Acid is produced. Hence a mixture of Lactic Acid and Acetic Acid was chosen as second medium. Citric Acid is commonly present in Fruit juices and Tartaric Acid is an ingredient in Tamarind extracts. Hence, the concentration of ppm (1%) of a mixture of two acids was chosen to get accelerated results.

15 CORROSION IN FOOD APPLICATION MEDIA Corrosion rate (mmpy) Test Media J201 JSL AUS (UNS (UNS (UNS (201 S30400) S30100) S20100) Modified) d) J204Cu (S20430) J4 (UNS S20430 Modified) d) JSL U 3% NaCl for 720 hrs at RT (25 Deg. C) A A A A A A A 3% NaCl for 100 hrs at Boiling Temp. A A A A A A A 0.5% Citric % Tartaric for 720 hrs at RT 0.5% Citric % Tartaric for 100 hrs Boiling 0.5% Acetic + 0.5% Lactic) for 720 hrs at RT 0.5% Acetic % Lactic for 100 hrs at Boiling Temp. A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A < 0.1 mmperyr B mmperyr C 1-3 mmperyr D 3-10 mmperyr E > 10 mmperyr

16 INTERGRANULAR CORROSION TEST AS PER ASTM A262 PRACTICE E Test Media J201 JSL AUS J4 (UNS (UNS S30400) (UNS S30100) (UNS S20100) (201 Modified) J204Cu (S20430) S20430 Modified) JSL U Cu-CuSO4+16% H2SO4 Passed Passed Passed Passed Passed Passed Passed

17 Performance (UNS S30100) J201 (UNS S20100) JSL AUS (201 Modified) J204Cu (UNS S20430) J4 (S20430 Modified) JSL U Strength Good Slightly better Slightly better Slightly better Slightly better Slightly better Slightly better Formability Slightly better Good Good Slightly better Slightly better Good Good Weldabilty Slightly better Good Good Slightly better Good Good Good Corrosion Crevice Slightly better Good Good Good Good Good Good Pitting Slightly better Good Good Good Good Good Good

18 L JSL AUS 204Cu J4 JSL U UTS (MPa) YS (MPa) % El While Cr-Mn stainless steels are thus generally stronger than 300 series, with suitable composition design they can be equally soft

19 CATERING & FOOD PROCESSING Deep Drawn Utensils, Pressure Cookers, Cook Line, Hot Food Wells, Beverage Dispensers, Ice-makers CONSUMER DURABLES Spin Driers Of Washing Machines, Dishwashers ARCHITECTURE BUILDING & CONSTRUCTION Elevators, Column Claddings, Steel Furniture, Structural Members, Thermal Window Spacers, Handrails, Structural Support Framework, Internal Panels And Roofing Contd.

20 TRANSPORT INDUSTRY Automotive Trim, Wheel Caps, Wiper Arms, Rims, Auto Accessories, Truck Parts, Cargo Container, Bus Bodies, Truck Trailers, Rail Cars. Beer, Wine, Beverage & Dairy Equipment, Food Processing And Packing Equipments, Hose Clamps, Piston Rings

21 Beverage Dispensers Subways & Trolleys Toasters Disposals Industrial Washers Source: Allegheny Ludlum

22 Specialty Clamps Hot Food Wells Trucks / Trailers Ice & Water Dispensers

23 Source :

24 SOFTENING EFFECT OF COPPER Ni N 10%Ni 0 %N Cu Cu :Aust. Stabiliser * less nitrogen: J1 impr.drawability Cr J1 -- * or less nickel: J4 cost reductions %N Higher Strength. J lower Ni/costs %Cr

25 Influence of Cu aditions on mechanical properties Austenite stabilizer Reduces drawing load

26 200 series 300 series Duplex Specific gravity (g/cm 3 )

27 Wear in Material Handling n coa l Tons, Sized clea /4" 304 SS 1/4" Nitronic 30

28 DRY ABRASIVE WEAR OF ALLOYS MATED TO TUNGSTEN CARBIDE WEAR 0000 Cyc cles) (mm 3 / Hardness 4340 NITR- ONIC30 NITR- ONIC PH C 52 B 93 B 95 B 85 C 42 C 42 (Ref: A.K.Steel)

29 METAL TO METAL WEAR UNDER SLIDING 244 CONDITIONS cles 105 RPM) Wear (m mg/1000 cy HARDNESS Hadfield NITR- ONIC Mn 30 NITR- ONIC PH 410 C 52 B 95 B 93 B 95 B 85 C 43 C 40 Self-mated cylinders, unlubricated in air at room temperature

30 Corrosive Wear in Coal Preparation Plant (micron meter/yea ar) Metal loss Alloys 8 Nitronic Ni hard Hardness B 94 B 90 B 85 B 81 C 36 C 55 (Ref: A.K.Steel

31 CATERING & FOOD PROCESSING CONSUMER DURABLES ARCHITECTURE BUILDING & CONSTRUCTION Extra Deep Drawn Utensils, Pressure Cookers, Cook Line, Hot Food Wells, Beverage Dispensers Spin Driers Of Washing Machines, Dishwashers Kitchen Sinks, Elevators, Escalators, Door And Window Frames, Column Claddings, Telephone Booths, Steel Furniture

32 TRANSPORT INDUSTRY Automotive Trim, Wheel Caps, Wiper Arms, Rims, Auto Accessories, Truck Parts, Cargo Container, Bus Bodies, Truck Trailers, Rail Cars Beer, Wine, Beverage & Dairy Equipment, Food Processing And Packing Equipments

33 CATERING & FOOD Deep Drawn Utensils, Cookware, PROCESSING Industrial Kitchen Equipment, Flasks, Milk Cans, Ice & Water Dispensers, Water Filters CONSUMER DURABLES Toasters, Microwave Ovens, Thermo Wares, Baking Ovens ARCHITECTURE BUILDING & CONSTRUCTION Handrails For Staircase, Elevators, Escalators, Internal Panels, Springs, Door Window Frames, Thermal Window Spacers

34 TRANSPORT INDUSTRY Structural Material For Vehicles Tobacco Processing Industry

35 CATERING & FOOD Shallow/medium drawn utensils, PROCESSING Tableware, Cutlery, Stands for water filters, In-house water tanks, Dog pots CONSUMER DURABLES ARCHITECTURE BUILDING & CONSTRUCTION Steel furniture, Fruit stands, Flower vases, Decorative pipes and tubes, Gas stoves, Gift items In-house panels, Handrails and structural support framework, Doorknobs, Hinges, Dustbin

36 TRANSPORT INDUSTRY Roll formed sections, Conveyors Material handling equipments

37 Since apart from attributes such as strength, formability and weldability, the corrosion resistance of candidate materials should be suitable for intended use, PREN (Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number) has emerged as a measure of resistance to corrosion in many environments. It has been found that the following relationship provides a good comparative assessment PREN=%Cr+3.3x%Mo+16x%N

38 Resistance to corrosion PREN=% %Cr+3.3 3X%Mo o+16x% %N Super austenitics 42 20Mo J J LN Super Duplex Sea Water 20 o C Sea Water Env. Industrial Env. & Exteriors Water & Interiors Dry Applications, Automotive Exhaust System, Railway Wagons, Cutlery, Razorblade

39 PREN Substitution Item more than From To Food & Beverages Shallow/medium drawn utensil J4, 430, Tableware, Stands for water filter > JSL U Deep drawn utensils, Cookware Milk cans, Water filters Extra deep drawn utensils, Pressure cooker, Hot food wells, Industrial kitchen equipment, Beverage Dispenser > J 204 Cu > JSL AUS

40 Item Steel Furniture, Fruit Stands Flower vases, Gas Stoves, Gift Items PREN more than Consumer Durables Substitution From To > J4, 430 Toasters, Microwave ovens, Thermoware, Baking Ovens > Spin driers of washing machines, Dish washers > J204Cu, 201, 430 JSL AUS, 430

41 PREN Substitution Item more than From To Architecture Building & Construction In-house panels > Handrails and Structural support 304/ framework, Door knobs, Hinges > Door window frames, Thermal window Spacers > J4, JSL U, 430 J4, JSL U J204Cu, 201 Kitchen sinks > JSL AUS Overhead water tank >17 304, 316 Exterior panels, signs > Exterior near sea coast > ,

42 Item PREN more than Substitution From To Transport & Automotive Interior decorative >16 301, 304 J4, 430 Roll formed sections, conveyers >16 301, 304 J4, JSL U Structural Material for Vehicles Wheel caps, wiper arms, Bus Bodies, Truck Trailers, Rail cars, >17 301, 304 >17 301, 304 J204Cu, , JSL AUS

43 Thank You for Your Attention!!