The Use of Rejuvenators in Asphalt Mixtures with High Recycled Materials Content A. Epps Martin, E. Arambula Mercado, F. Kaseer, L.
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1 The Use of Rejuvenators in Asphalt Mixtures with High Recycled Materials Content A. Epps Martin, E. Arambula Mercado, F. Kaseer, L. Garcia Cucalon Transportation Short Course College Station, TX October 11, 2016
2 NCHRP 9-58: The Effects of Recycling Agents on Asphalt Mixtures with High RAS and RAP Binder Ratios Amy Epps Martin Fujie Zhou Edith Arambula Mercado Jon Epps Dave Newcomb Charles Glover TTI Elie Hajj Nathan Morian UNR Eun Sug Park Arif Chowdury Jo Daniel UNH Xue Luo Fan Yin Fawaz Kaseer Gayle King Consultant Lorena Garcia Cucalon
3 Motivation High Recycled Binder Ratio (RBR) Mitigation Recycling Agent (RA) BENEFITS Economic Environmental Engineering REMAINING ISSUES Engineering Embrittlement Aging Blending Mixture Performance
4 DOT control Mix (0.22 RBR) RAP content: 27% WI DOT & Recycled with RA Recycled with RA Mix (0.31 RBR) RAP content: 36% Total Agg. 94.4% Virgin Agg. 68.7% Virgin Agg. 60.3% Total Agg. 94.6% RAP Agg. 34.3% RAP Agg. 25.7% Total Binder Virgin binder 4.3% 5.6% RAP binder 1.3% Not to scale Virgin binder +RA 3.7% RAP binder 1.7% Total Binder 5.4%
5 NCHRP 9-58 Research Plan PHASE I Identification of Gaps in Knowledge on RA Use with High RBRs Task 1. Gather Information Task 2. Design Laboratory Experiment Task 3. Document Results in First Interim Report PHASE II Investigation of Effectiveness of RAs in Restoring Binder Rheology, Development of Blending Protocol, and Associated Mixture Performance Task 4. Conduct Laboratory Experiment Task 5. Design Field Experiment and Document Results in Second Interim Report PHASE III Validation of RA Use in Mixtures with High RBRs Task 6. Conduct Field Experiment Task 7. Propose Revisions to AASHTO Specifications and Test Methods Task 8. Develop Training Materials and Best Practices and Deliver Workshop Task 9. Document Results in Final Report
6 Phase II Laboratory Tests BINDER & MORTAR PG - BOTH ΔT c = (T S T m ) Glover-Rowe G-R = G (cosδ) 15 C, rad/sec sinδ Rejuvenating Effectiveness RE = (log G R DOT Control log G R Recycled ) log G R DOT Control Carbonyl Area Growth by FT-IR 100
7 Phase II Laboratory Tests - MIXTURE Stiffness M 25 C E* Cracking Resistance FI by SCB N f by S-VECD RI by UTSST
8 Phase II TX (Expanded) Materials TX: PG RBR (0.1 RAP+0.18 MWAS) + 2.7% Tall Oil T1 (Target=PG 70-22) RBR w/rap only, 0.5 RBR balanced RAP/RAS + Aromatic Extract A1 + NH PG & NV PG 64-28P + TX TOAS
9 RECYCLING AGENT (RA) DOSAGE SELECTION METHOD
10 SELECT MATERIALS PREP MATERIALS CONDUCT LAB TESTS SELECT DOSAGE
11 SELECT MATERIALS Target and base binder PG grade RAP and/or RAS source(s) Recycling Agent (RA) RAP and/or RAS Recycled Binder Ratio (RAPBR/ RASBR)
12 PREP MATERIALS Extract and recover binder from RAP and/or RAS source(s) Prepare recycled binder blends: With no RA (control) With low RA dosage With high RA dosage
13 CONDUCT LAB TESTS Obtain high PG grade (PGH) and low PG grade (PGL) per AASHTO M320: Target binder Recycled binder blend with no RA (control) Recycled binder blend with low RA dosage Recycled binder blend with high RA dosage
14 High Temp. PG Grade ( C) Low Temp. PG Grade ( C) 0.3 RBR (PG TxRAP 0.2 TxMWAS T1) Original G*/sin(d) Original RTFO G*/sin(d) G*/sin(d) PAV m-controlled RTFO G*/sin(d) PAV S-controlled 90 0 y = -1.7x y = -1.8x B (4.5,73) y = -1.3x y = -0.7x A (4.5,-22) DTc = Target Grade: Dosage (%) Actual Grade: Selected Dosage: 4.5%
15 High Temp. PG Grade ( C) Low Temp. PG Grade ( C) 0.3 RBR (PG TxRAP 0.2 TxMWAS T1) Original G*/sin(d) RTFO G*/sin(d) PAV m-controlled PAV S-controlled 90 0 y = -1.7x y = -1.8x B (4.5,73) y = -1.3x y = -0.7x A (4.5,-22) DTc = Target Grade: Dosage (%) Actual Grade: Selected Dosage: 4.5%
16 High Temp. PG Grade ( C) Low Temp. PG Grade ( C) 0.3 RBR (PG TxRAP 0.2 TxMWAS T1) Original G*/sin(d) RTFO G*/sin(d) PAV m-controlled PAV S-controlled 90 0 y = -1.7x y = -1.8x B (4.5,73) y = -1.3x y = -0.7x A (4.5,-22) DTc = Target Grade: Dosage (%) Actual Grade: Selected Dosage: 4.5%
17 High Temp. PG Grade ( C) Low Temp. PG Grade ( C) 0.3 RBR (PG TxRAP 0.2 TxMWAS T1) Original G*/sin(d) RTFO G*/sin(d) PAV m-controlled PAV S-controlled 90 0 y = -1.7x y = -1.8x B (4.5,73) y = -1.3x y = -0.7x A (4.5,-22) DTc = Target Grade: Dosage (%) Actual Grade: Selected Dosage: 4.5%
18 SELECT DOSAGE Plot original & RTFO PGH, S- & m- controlled PGL vs. RA dosage for all blends Establish linear regression equations Select RA dosage in 0.5% increments to meet target binder PGL using warmer PGL regression line Verify PGH of selected dosage vs. target binder PGH using colder PGH regression line *For RAS mixtures, if dosage >5.5%, replace virgin binder with 50% RA and add other 50%. NO D dosage in 0.5% increments to meet PGH & maintain PGL Meets target PGH? YES REPORT w/pg grade
19 High Temp. PG Grade ( C) Low Temp. PG Grade ( C) RBR ( TxRAP 0.25 TxTOAS T1) Original G*/sin(d) Original RTFO G*/sin(d) G*/sin(d) PAV m-controlled RTFO G*/sin(d) PAV S-controlled 0 y = -1.8x y = -2.2x B (10.0,78) y = -1.0x y = -2.1x A (10.0,-22) DTc = C (11.5,74) D (11.5,-25) DTc = Target Grade: Dosage (%) Actual Grade: Selected Dosage: 11.5%
20 High Temp. PG Grade ( C) Low Temp. PG Grade ( C) RBR ( TxRAP 0.25 TxTOAS T1) Original G*/sin(d) RTFO G*/sin(d) PAV m-controlled PAV S-controlled 0 y = -1.8x y = -2.2x B (10.0,78) y = -1.0x y = -2.1x A (10.0,-22) DTc = C (11.5,74) D (11.5,-25) DTc = Target Grade: Dosage (%) Actual Grade: Selected Dosage: 11.5%
21 High Temp. PG Grade ( ( C) Low Temp. PG Grade ( ( C) RBR ( TxRAP 0.25 TxTOAS T1) Original G*/sin(d) RTFO G*/sin(d) PAV m-controlled PAV S-controlled 0 y = -1.8x y = -2.2x B (10.0,78) y = -1.0x y = -2.1x A (10.0,-22) DTc = C (11.5,74) D (11.5,-25) DTc = Target Grade: Dosage (%) Actual Grade: Selected Dosage: 11.5%
22 High Temp. PG Grade ( ( C) Low Temp. PG Grade ( ( C) RBR ( TxRAP 0.25 TxTOAS T1) Original G*/sin(d) RTFO G*/sin(d) PAV m-controlled PAV S-controlled 0 y = -1.8x y = -2.2x B (10.0,78) y = -1.0x y = -2.1x A (10.0,-22) DTc = C (11.5,74) D (11.5,-25) DTc = Target Grade: Dosage (%) Actual Grade: Selected Dosage: 11.5%
23 High Temp. PG Grade ( ( C) Low Temp. PG Grade ( ( C) RBR ( TxRAP 0.25 TxTOAS T1) Original G*/sin(d) RTFO G*/sin(d) PAV m-controlled PAV S-controlled 0 y = -1.8x y = -2.2x B (10.0,78) y = -1.0x y = -2.1x A (10.0,-22) DTc = C (11.5,74) D (11.5,-25) DTc = Target Grade: Dosage (%) Actual Grade: Selected Dosage: 11.5%
24 High Temp. PG Grade ( C) Low Temp. PG Grade ( C) RBR ( TxRAP 0.25 TxTOAS T1) Original G*/sin(d) RTFO G*/sin(d) PAV m-controlled PAV S-controlled 0 y = -1.8x y = -2.2x B (10.0,78) y = -1.0x y = -2.1x A (10.0,-22) DTc = C (11.5,74) D (11.5,-25) DTc = Target Grade: Dosage (%) Actual Grade: Selected Dosage: 11.5%
25
26 log G* 15 C, rad/s G-R Binder Black Space Diagram 0.3 RBR (0.1 RAP & 0.2 RAS) DOT Control, 64-22, NO RA Phase Angle 15 C, rad/s
27 log G* 15 C, rad/s G-R Binder Black Space Diagram 0.3 RBR (0.1 RAP & 0.2 RAS) DOT DOT Control, Control, 64-22, 64-22, NO NO RA RA Recycled Blend, 64-22, 4.5% T1 Recycled Blend, 64-22, 5.5% A Phase Angle 15 C, rad/s
28 Glover-Rowe Parameter (kpa) G-R Results w/aging 0.3 RBR (0.1 RAP & 0.2 RAS) RTFO PAV 20 PAV % 12% 31% 10% % improvement vs. the DOT control blend % 52% 10 1 DOT Control NO RA Recycled Blend % T1 Recycled Blend % A1 Recycled opt RA < DOT control Blend no RA
29 % Improvement in Log(G-R) % Improvement in Log(G-R) Binder RE Evolution with PAV Aging 0.3 RBR (0.1 RAP & 0.2 RAS) Recycled Blend, 64-22, 4.5% T1 0.4RBR (0.4 RAP) Recycled Blend, 64-22, 7.5% T1 80% Recycled Blend, 64-22, 5.5% A1 80% Recycled Blend, 64-22, 9.5% A1 60% 60% 40% 40% 20% 20% 0% Control Blend, 64-22, no RA PAV Aging Time (hours) 0% Control Blend, 64-22, no RA PAV Aging Time (hours) The rejuvenating effect of RA decreased with PAV aging
30 % Improvement in Log(G-R) % Improvement in Log(G-R) % Improvement in Log(G-R) 0.5 RBR (0.25 RAP & 0.25 RAS) 80% 60% 40% Recycled Blend, 64-22, MWAS, 7.5% T1 Binder RE Evolution with PAV Aging 20% Control Blend, 64-22, MWAS, no RA 0% PAV Aging Time (hours) 0.5 RBR (0.25 RAP & 0.25 RAS) Recycled Blend, 64-22, TOAS, 11.5% T1 80% 80% 60% 0.5 RBR (0.25 RAP & 0.25 RAS) Recycled Blend, 64-28, TOAS, 12.5% T1 60% 40% 40% 20% 20% 0% Control Blend, 64-22, TOAS, no RA PAV Aging Time (hours) 0% Control Blend, 64-28, TOAS, no RA PAV Aging Time (hours)
31 Resilient Modulus (ksi) RA Dosage Selection Mixture Validation - M R 1200 LTOA STOA DOT control Recycled w/ FLD (2.65) Recycled w/ (3.5%) Recycled w/ OPT (4.5%) Recycled w/ OPT (5.5%)
32 Flexibility Index (FI) RA Dosage Selection Mixture Validation - SCB 8.0 STOA LTOA DOT Control Recycled w/ FLD (2.65%) Recycled w/ 3.5% Recycled w/ OPT (4.5%) Recycled w/ OPT (5.5%)
33 Phase IIB Materials TX: PG RBR (0.1 RAP+0.18 MWAS) + 2.7% Tall Oil T1 (Target=PG 70-22) + Better Base Binder (less negative DT c ) + Softer Base Binder + Vegetable Oil V1, + Bio-Based Oil B RBR balanced RAP/RAS w/ TX TOAS Related Phase IIA results
34 Phase IIB RA Dosage Selection beyond restoring PGL/checking PGH by restoring DT c to -5, restoring PGH + HWTT to preclude over-softening + BBR Sliver (AASHTO TP 125) for mixture Black Space + DSC (& UTSST) for onset of brittle behavior
35 SELECT DOSAGE Plot original & RTFO PGH, S- & m- controlled PGL vs. RA dosage for all blends Establish linear regression equations Select RA dosage in 0.5% increments to meet target binder PGL using warmer PGL regression line Verify PGH of selected dosage vs. target binder PGH using colder PGH regression line *For RAS mixtures, if dosage >5.5%, replace virgin binder with 50% RA and add other 50%. NO D dosage in 0.5% increments to meet PGH & maintain PGL Meets YES target PGH? D dosage in 0.5% increments to reduce DT c to -5 & REPORT w/pg grade
36
37 log G* (Pa) Glover-Rowe Parameter (kpa) G-R 21 C (0.28 RBR) Blends w/ IN PG Restore PGL/Check PGH and Restore DT c DOT Control IN NO RA Recycled Blend IN % V1 7.0 Recycled Blend IN % T1 Recycled Blend IN % B Recycled Blend IN % A RTFO PAV 20 PAV Phase Angle (degrees) 10 1 DOT Control IN NO RA Recycled Blend IN % T1 Recycled Blend IN % A1 Recycled Blend IN % V1 Recycled Blend IN % B T= 21 C, same thresholds RAs may not be needed with 0.3 RBR and a better binder
38 log G* (Pa) Glover-Rowe Parameter (kpa) G-R 21 C (0.28 RBR) Blends w/ TX PG Restore PGL/Check PGH DOT Control NO RA Recycled Blend 4% V1 7.0 Recycled Blend 4.5% T1 Recycled Blend 4% B Recycled Blend 5.5% A RTFO PAV 20 PAV DOT Control NO RA NA Recycled Blend 4.5% T1 NA Recycled Blend 5.5% A1 Recycled Blend 4% V1 Recycled Blend 4% B Phase Angle (degrees) T= 21 C, same thresholds Control blend ages beyond the thresholds RAs improve the blends
39 log G* (Pa) Glover-Rowe Parameter (kpa) G-R 21 C (0.28 RBR) Blends w/ TX PG Restore DT c 7.0 DOT Control NO RA Recycled Blend 8.5% V1 Recycled Blend 12.5% T1 Recycled Blend 7% B Recycled Blend 9.5% A RTFO PAV 20 PAV HWTT Rutting!!! 0 DOT Control NO RA Recycled Blend 12.5% T1 Recycled Blend 9.5% A1 Recycled Blend 8.5% V1 Recycled Blend 7% B Phase Angle (degrees)
40
41 SELECT DOSAGE Plot original & RTFO PGH, S- & m- controlled PGL vs. RA dosage for all blends Establish linear regression equations *For RAS mixtures, if dosage >5.5%, replace virgin binder with 50% RA and add other 50%. Select RA dosage in 0.5% increments to restore PGH to minimum that meets target using colder PGH regression line REPORT w/ PG grade & DT c
42
43 log G* (Pa) Glover-Rowe Parameter (kpa) 7.0 DOT Control NO RA Recycled Blend 5.5% V1 Estimated 21 C (0.28 RBR) Blends w/ TX PG Restore PGH Recycled Blend 6% T1 Recycled Blend 6.5% B Recycled Blend 6.5% A RTFO PAV 20 PAV Phase Angle (degrees) 1 DOT Control NO RA Recycled Blend 6% T1 Recycled Blend 6.5% A1 Recycled Blend 5.5% V1 Recycled Blend 6.5% B
44
45 log G* (Pa) Aging & Rejuvenation in Black Space DOT Control NO RA Recycled Blend 5.5% V1 Recycled Blend 6% T1 Recycled Blend 6.5% B Recycled Blend 6.5% A1 Initial G R = log G R 180 Threshold log G R RTFOT G R Aging Susceptibility = log G R More Aged log G R Less Aged 5.0 increases with aging Phase Angle (degrees) RE at specific aging state = log G R with RA log G R DOT Control evolves with aging
46 Finalize RA Dosage Selection Method Consider Incompatibility by Chemical or Rheological Properties Complete Aging Analysis to explore oven vs PAV aging, chemical vs rheological properties Characterize Mixtures Next Steps Cracking Resistance FI by SCB, N f by S-VECD, RI by UTSST Embrittlement - UTSST Viscous-Glassy Transition, Mixture Black Space with BBR Sliver and E*, f Evaluate Phase III Field Projects to set thresholds for Rejuvenating Effectiveness w/aging
47 Phase III Field Projects WI 9/16: 0.3 RBR RA: V2 IN 9/15: 0.4, 0.5 RBR RA: T2?? DE 2016: PG RA:?? NV 9/15: 0.3 RAPBR RAs: T2 + A2 TX 6/14: 0.3 RBR RA: T1
48 Dosage Selection NV Field Project RE & Evolution HWTT M R & SCB (STOA & LTOA) E* & UTSST (LTOA) S-VECD (LTOA) Target 64-28P Recycled (R) 64-28P (0.3 RAPBR) (R) +T2@FLD (2%) (R) +A2@FLD (2%) DOT Control 64-28P (0.15 RAPBR) Laboratory Mixtures (LMLC) & Field Mixtures (RPMLC, Cores) Binder Mod Binder RA Type Mixture
49 Dosage Selection IN Field Project Laboratory Mixtures (LMLC) & Field Mixtures (RPMLC, Cores) RE & Evolution HWTT M R & SCB (STOA & LTOA) E* & UTSST (LTOA) S-VECD (LTOA) Target DOT Control (58-28) (0.32 RBR) (0.25 RAP & 0.07 MWAS) Recycled (58-28) (0.42 RBR) (0.14 RAP & 0.28 MWAS) + T2 FLD (3%) Binder Mixture High RAS
50 WI Field Project Laboratory Mixtures (LMLC) & Field Mixtures (RPMLC, Cores) DOT Control 58-28S (0.22 RAPBR) Recycled 58-28S (0.3 RAPBR) Recycled 52-34S (0.3 RAPBR) Recycled 58-28S (0.3 RAPBR) + V2@FLD Dosage Selection Binder RE & Evolution HWTT M R & SCB (STOA & LTOA) E* & UTSST (LTOA) Mod Binders Mixture V Type
51 Contact Contact Amy Epps Martin, Ph.D., P.E. Professor and A.P. & Florence Wiley Faculty Fellow Zachry Department of Civil Engineering Research Engineer (TTI) 310D CE/TTI 3136 TAMU College Station, TX (979)
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