Mechanical Behavior of Composite Multilayered Basalt/E-Glass/Epoxy Pipe under Internal Pressure

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1 Advanced Materials Research Subitted: ISSN: , Vol. 115, pp 7-34 Accepted: doi:10.408/ Online: Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland Mechanical Behavior o Coposite Multilayered Basalt/-Glass/poxy Pipe under Internal Pressure Thair A. D. M. S. Alula 1,, a, Mohd Yazid Yahya 1, b* Aran Ayob 1, c, and Iqbal Mokhtar 1, d, Aran Alias 1,e 1 Center or Coposites, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia Technical College Mosul, Mosul, Iraq a thair_own@yahoo.co, b yazid@k.ut.y, c aran@k.ut.y, d iqbal.okhtar@gail.co, e aran_al@k.ut.y Keywords: Coposite; Cylinders; Basalt, Internal pressure Abstract. Pressurized coposite pipes ade o concentric iber reinorced polyer layers have ound uch interest aong researchers. These coposite pipes possess echanical and theral properties that exceed those o their constituent aterials. This developent is otivated by the deand or corrosion resistant, lighter and high speciic stiness coponents. Natural iber coposite aterials retain better lexural stiness and are environentally riendly. Unlike experiental testing, nuerical investigations on the anuacture and perorance o natural iber reinorced pipes under internal pressure see lacking. In this analysis, the echanical behavior o ultilayer coposite pipes ade o natural basalt and -glass ibers under internal pressure were carried out nuerically. The ultilayered coposite pipes were abricated by eploying ilaent winding technique with, basalt and -glass ibers, with iber orientation angles o ±45 o, ±55 o, ±65 o, ±75 o. The atrix epoxy resin was inused using vacuu inusion process (VIP). A longitudinal and hoop tensile test rig, designed and abricated according to ASTM D105 and D99 respectively, was used to deterine the hoop and longitudinal properties o the pipes. Nuerical siulations were conducted to deterine the stress and strain behaviors with the intention to ind the eect o ply angle, basalt and glass properties and also to evaluate the perorance o the new natural basalt iber as an alternative to -glass/poxy. Introduction Natural ibers have been assessed as appropriate alternatives or -glass iber and other ibers that cannot be recycled like hep, lax, sisal and kena. These ibers are renewable, easily recycled, cheap and abundant. They exhibit ixed eatures such as high toughness, low density, ease o chapping, depression in wear tool, easy abrication procedure and CO -neutrality [1] In the interest o reducing the need or petroleu-based products, investigation into environentally riendly and sustainable aterials as alternatives or the present glass reinorced coposite aterials is on the rise. Consequently, tailor designing the properties o natural iber reinorced aterials have recently attracted the attention o researchers or use as aerospace and autootive coponents. Since 1990, natural ibers coposite aterials have evolved as replaceents to glass/reinorced coposite aterials in any applications. For exaple, or reducing the weight o the vehicles, engineers have shited ro steel usage to aluinu and then to iber reinorced atrix. It is predicted that in the near uture polyer and plastic coposites will account or nearly 15%, in weight, o ost o autoobile coponents []. In the last ew decades, developers o polyer coposite aterials have taken a step orward in exploring the use o agricultural natural ibers as a substitute or synthetic aterials such as -glass iber which is dangerous to huan health [3]. A quick and siple ethod o predicting the biaxial strength o ilaent wound glass reinorced epoxy pipe is by eploying the netting analysis. This ethod was described by Hull and was All rights reserved. No part o contents o this paper ay be reproduced or transitted in any or or by any eans without the written perission o Trans Tech Publications, (ID: , Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA-09/04/16,05:09:59)

2 8 Materials, Industrial, and Manuacturing ngineering Research Advances widely used during the early evolution o ilaent winding technique [4]. Although the analysis considerably sipliies the nature o the loading taking place, it has been ound to provide a airly good approxiation o the rupture strength o coposite pipes. This siplicity and its conservative approach ay be the reasons or its continuing use. With reerence to Fig.1, ( 1, ) are principal stresses, while ( x, y, xy ) are reerence stresses. cos, sin x 1 y sin cos xy 1 i x A, y H and H / A then i the pipes are closed ended and thin enough, H 1sin A 1cos tan A, to give H H o 54.7 The ideal angle is deined as the angle which will result in the ibers taking up the axiu principal stress, or internal pressure loading; hence this ideal angle will result in the axiu strength o the pressurized pipes, especially when the stiness o the atrix is extreely sall relative to that o the reinorcing ibers. However, or other stress ratios, the predicted strengths becoe doubtul. In addition, netting analysis can also be used to decide which angle is best suited or the particular hoop to axial stress ratios. Most high pressure glass reinorced epoxy pipes today which operate at :1 hoop stress to longitudinal stress ratios are reinorced at θ = ±55. The analytical odel established by Xia et al [5] to resolve the strains and stresses in ultilayered tubes pressurized internally assues the tube structure exhibits anisotropy or each ply. Subsequently, Xia et al [6] established an analytical ethod to copute theral stresses in thickwalled sandwich tube pressurized internally with theral-echanical load. Calculation or strains and stresses or ultilayered coposite cylinder was oered by Rosenow [7] with dierent orientation angles varying between 15 o and 85 o. He ade a coparison between analytical and experiental result and ound the optial orientation angle o ±55 o or thin layered coposite tubes while according to Xia et al [6] the orientation angle o ±75 o was ound to be the optiu in the case o internally pressurized loading without axial. Shultz s et al [8] results indicated an optiu winding angle o ±50 o or thin pressure vessels ade o carbon iber/epoxy. In studies concerning ailure Highton et al [9] investigated ±75 o ilaent winding angle racture stresses or glass reinorced epoxy tubes under biaxial loads. According to ckold et al [10] no siple criteria o anisotropic ailure can be accorded to the ajority o ailure cases as they are not only dependent on the coposite aterial constituent, but also on the technique o anuacture, and the conditions o the testing. According to Carswell [11] increasing the lexibility o the resin increases the leak pressure. According to Spencer et al [1] when pressurizing with a biaxial load, axial negative strain was detected with winding angles less than 35, the axiu leak pressure was ound to be ±55 o. Bakaiyan et al [13] provided an analytical basis or studying strains and stresses in ilaent wound pipe pressurized internally with teperature variation. This exaination relected the pipe characteristics as a three diensional, orthotropic cylinder structure having reinorced layers with alternative ply coposites. Traditional design ethod uses a global actor o saety taking into consideration uncertainties in industrial, loadings, properties o aterial and echanical behavior. Kunel [14] explained that Basalt is a volcanic crag ade ro the quick rerigeration o lavas. The content ratio depends on deposit position and is norally: Al O % Fe O %, MgO 4.63%, SiO 5.8%, CaO 8.59%, Na O 3.34%, K O 1.46%, P O 5 0.8%, TiO 1.38%, MnO 0.16%, Cr O %; and because o that the content o quartz can coe up to 0%. The advantages o z y 1 A H A 1 A Fig.1 Coniguration o coposite pipe and relation o the principal axes (1, ) and reerence axes (x, y). H

3 Advanced Materials Research Vol basalt iber are high tensile strength, high tensile odulus, high abrasion strength, high teperature resistance, high resistance to aggressive edia, excellent drapability, very good treatability, reasonable recycling, excellent theral and sound insulation, easy o process, not harul and excellent ecological tolerance. With increased deand or natural iber coposite pipes, sound knowledge o its echanical behavior under internal pressure is essential; thereore this nuerical study will investigate the echanical behavior or ilaent wound ultilayered -glass/poxy and Basalt/poxy coposite pipes with dierent iber orientation angles. Materials ven though the analysis is nuerical, the pipes were abricated or experiental tests to be carried out in another research project. The diensions and aterial properties which were used in this nuerical analysis were based on these abricated pipes. The pipe geoetry and diensions used in this investigation are shown in Fig.. Two types o aterials were used, -glass/poxy and Basalt/poxy and the pipe structure is ade o ilaent wound ultilayered coposites with dierent orientation angles, even though the analysis is nuerical; the pipes were abricated or experiental tests to be carried out. The diensions and aterial properties which were used in this nuerical analysis were based on these pipes. Fig.. Geoetry and diensions o the coposite pipe. The pipes thickness is.5 and the pipes were prepared with three layers and our dierent orientation angles. The volue raction was calculated using ignition loss o cured reinorced resins, according to ASTM D584 [15]. The longitudinal and hoop tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM D105 [16] and ASTM D90 [17] respectively. The internal pressure test was conducted to ASTM D1599 [18] standard. Following Jones [19,0,1], the volue raction was calculated using the ixture rule (qs.1). The constituent aterial properties that are used or abricating the two types o aterials are shown in Table 1. Table 1. Material properties o constituents [GPa] G [GPa] (kg/c 3 ) -glass Basalt poxy resin The paraeters that are required or odeling the coposite pipes are: ass M in g, volue v in c 3, density in g/c 3 and volue raction V. The echanical properties o the pipe aterial that are calculated using qns. -8 are: density, shear oduli G, elastic odulus and Poisson s ratio. Table shows the echanical properties o the coposite pipe. M Mc M M ; v ; v ; vc v v ; V ; V (1) v v M c. V. V. () 11. V. V. (3) V. V. (4) v c v c

4 30 Materials, Industrial, and Manuacturing ngineering Research Advances G G 1 1 c V 1 V c ; where c 1 ; or 1 calculations (5) G 1 1 g V G ; where g ; 1 or G1 calculations 1g V G G (6) ; and G ; assue G 1 G 13. (1 ) (1 ) (7). r 3. V r r. V Table. Material properties or the coposite aterials Material ρ [kg/ 3 ] 1 3 G 1 G 3 G 13 [GPa] [GPa] [GPa] [GPa] [GPa] [GPa] glass/poxy Basalt/poxy (8) Finite leent Analysis By eploying a F coercial code, ANSYS V14, a linear static analysis o the coposite ilaent wound pipe under internal pressure, hoop tensile and longitudinal tensile loadings were carried out. The -glass and Basalt/poxy lainates were considered to be anisotropic. The elastic properties and orientations o the ibers were introduced. The odel was very ine-eshed, linear tetrahedral 3 diensions as thin surace with 8 nodes was used to siulate all o the three loading types with dierent or the total nubers o nodes and eleents or each type o loading. For internal pressure loading, a total o 818 nodes and 416 eleents was utilized, while or hoop tensile loading the total o 1697 nodes and 4059 eleents and or longitudinal tensile loading the total o 465 nodes and 454 eleents were used. The nuerical solution gave hoop and longitudinal stresses and strains or dierent iber orientation angles and or the two types o coposite aterials. Fro the results it was able to evaluate the perorance o the new natural basalt iber as an alternative to -glass/poxy. Results and Discussions Linear elastic nuerical analyses were perored using three loadings (internal pressure, hoop tensile and longitudinal tensile loadings) on the two types o coposite pipes, each having our orientation angles ( 45 o, 55 o, 65 o and 75 o ). Fig.3(a) shows the strain contour or the ±55 o - glass/epoxy pipe under internal pressure o 18 MPa. Fig.3(b) shows the hoop strain contour when the pipe was subjected to hoop tensile loading. The ASTM D105 standard test was siulated such that no bending occurred at the dog bone section. Fig.3(c) shows the axial strain contour under longitudinal tensile loading. (a)

5 Advanced Materials Research Vol (b ) (c) Fig.3 Strain contours. (a) Hoop strain o -glass/poxy ±55 o coposite pipe subjected to 18 MPa internal pressures. (b) Hoop strain o ±55 o -glass/epoxy pipe subjected to hoop tensile loading (c) Axial strain o ±55 o -glass/epoxy pipe subjected to longitudinal tensile loading. Table 3. illustrates the hoop and longitudinal stresses and strains against dierent orientation angles or -glass and Basalt/epoxy pipes subjected to 18 MPa internal pressure. The orientation angles do not aect stresses as uch as strains. Dierences o the strain results between the two types o coposite aterials are due to their dierent iber properties. When the iber angle is varied under the sae internal pressure, the hoop strain o / or -glass/poxy pipe occurred or ±55 o orientation angle, and or Basalt/poxy pipe the hoop strain is / occurred or angle ±55 o. This lower hoop strain value or the basalt pipe indicates that the basalt iber tube can carry ore internal beore the pipe ails. The basalt pipe has a lower strain because basalt has a higher elastic odulus than -glass. Table 3. Hoop and longitudinal stresses and strains or dierent orientation angles or the two types o coposite pipe subjected to internal pressure o 18 MPa. Basalt/epoxy under internal pressure -glass/epoxy under internal pressure ply Angle Ɛ hoop / Ɛ Long. / σ hoop MPa σ Long MPa ply Angle Ɛ hoop / Ɛ Long. / σ hoop MPa σ Long MPa Fig.4 ect o orientation angles on hoop and longitudinal strains or -glass/epoxy and Basalt/poxy under 18 MPa internal pressure. Fig.5 shows the eect o orientation angles on the hoop strain or -glass/epoxy and Basalt /poxy pipes under hoop tensile loading o N. It can be seen that the hoop strain decreases with increasing orientation angle. It eans that the highest capable winding angle is the best ply angle or pipes applied with hoop tensile loading. This is due to the act that tensioning in the direction parallel to the iber direction results in high stiness and tensile strength in the tensile hoop direction. A lower longitudinal strain was recorded or basalt/epoxy pipe.

6 3 Materials, Industrial, and Manuacturing ngineering Research Advances Fig.5 ect o orientation angle on hoop strain or -glass/epoxy and Basalt/epoxy pipes under hoop tensile load o N. Fig.6 shows the eect o orientation angle on the longitudinal strain or -glass/epoxy and Basalt/epoxy pipes under longitudinal tensile loading o 358 N. It can be seen that the longitudinal strain increases when the orientation angles are increased, resulting in a lower longitudinal stiness and strength. A lower longitudinal strain was recorded or basalt/epoxy pipe. Fig.6 ect o orientation angle on longitudinal strain, or -glass/epoxy and Basalt /poxy pipes under longitudinal tensile load o 358 N. Conclusions In this paper linear elastic stress and strain analyses o coposite ultilayered Basalt/epoxy and Glass/epoxy pipes under internal pressure, hoop tensile and longitudinal tensile loadings with dierent iber orientation angles were carried out nuerically. A inite eleent odel was established to ind the eect o orientation angle on the echanical behavior o -glass/poxy and Basalt/poxy coposite pipes. The perorance o the new natural Basalt/poxy coposite pipe structure can then be deterined and assessed to see i it can be used as an alternative aterial over -glass/poxy coposite pipe that had been used or any applications. Fro the results it can be concluded that: The ±55 o orientation angle is the optiu iber angle or internal pressure with :1 hoop stress to longitudinal stress ratio. Basalt/epoxy coposite pipe structure can be used as an alternative with good echanical behavior than -glass/epoxy. Pipes produced by ilaent winding process should be wound based on the type o load that will be used. For biaxial internal pressure the pipes should be wound with ±55 o, while or hoop tensile load only, the pipes should be wound with highest possible orientation angle. For longitudinal tensile load the pipes should be wound with lowest possible orientation angle. Acknowledgents The support o Universiti Teknologi Malaysia through the research grant No. (Q.J H19) is grateully acknowledged.

7 Advanced Materials Research Vol Reerences [1] Mohanty AK., Misra M., Hinrichsen G., Bioibres biodegradable polyers and biocoposites: An overview, Macrool Mater ng. 76/77 (000) 1 4. [] Mohanty AK., Drzal LT., Misra M., Novel hybrid coupling agent as an adhesion prooter in natural iber reinorced powder polypropylene coposites, J Mater Sci Lett. 1 (00) [3] Misri S., Lean Z., Sapuan S., and Ishak M., Mechanical properties and abrication o sall boat using woven glass/sugar pal ibres reinorced unsaturated polyester hybrid coposite, IOP Conerence Series: Materials Science and ngineering. 11 (010) [4] Foulk JD., Akin D., Dodd RB., New low cost lax ibers or coposites. SA 000 World Congress. (000) 6 9. [5] Xia M., Takayanagi H., and Keochi K., Analysis o ulti-layered ilaent-wound coposite pipes under internal pressure, Coposite Structures. 53 (001) [6] Xia M., Keochi K., and Takayanagi H., Analysis o ilaent-wound iber-reinorced sandwich pipe under cobined internal pressure and theroechanical loading, Coposite structures. 51(001) [7] Rosenow M. W. K., Wind angle eects in glass ibre-reinorced polyester ilaent wound pipes, Coposites. 15(1984), [8] Shultz, M., and Sith, L. V., Optial iber orientation or iber reinorced pressure vessels, Applied Mechanics. (004) [9] Highton, J., Adeoye, A. B., and Soden, P. D., Fracture stresses or±75 degree ilaent wound grp tubes under biaxial loads, The Journal o Strain Analysis or ngineering Design. 0 (1985) [10] ckold, G. C., D. Leadbetter, Laination theory in the prediction o ailure envelopes or ilaent wound aterials subjected to biaxial loading, Coposites. 9 (1978) [11] Carswell, W. S., An atlas o polyer daage: Lothar ngel, Heran Klingele, Gottried W. hrenstein and Helut Schaper (ds.), Wole Science Books, International Journal o Fatigue 3 (1981) 18. [1] Spencer, B. and D. Hull, ect o winding angle on the ailure o ilaent wound pipe. Coposites, 9 (1978) [13] Bakaiyan H., Hosseini H., and Aeri., Analysis o ulti-layered ilaent-wound coposite pipes under cobined internal pressure and theroechanical loading with theral variations, Coposite Structures. 88 (009) [14] Kunel S., A short review on Basalt iber, International Journal o Textile Science. 1 (01) [15] ASTM D584-11, Standard Test Method or Ignition Loss o Cured Reinorced Resins, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, (011), [16] ASTM D105-01, Standard Test Method or Longitudinal Tensile Properties o Fiberglass (Glass-Fiber-Reinorced Therosetting-Resin) Pipe and Tube, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, (014), [17] ASTM D90-00, Standard Test Method or Apparent Hoop Tensile Strength o Plastic or Reinorced Plastic Pipe by Split Disk Method, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, (000),

8 34 Materials, Industrial, and Manuacturing ngineering Research Advances [18] ASTM D , Standard Test Method or Resistance to Short-Tie Hydraulic Pressure o Plastic Pipe, Tubing, and Fittings, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, (014), [19] Jones, M.L.C. and D. Hull, Microscopy o ailure echaniss in ilaent-wound pipe, Journal o Materials Science. 14 (1979) [0] Alula, T. A. D. M. S., S. Sharii, et al., Static Analysis o Stitched Sandwich Beas with Functionally Graded Foa Core, Applied Mechanics and Materials. 393 (013) [1] Alula, T. A. D. M. S., M. Y. Yahya, et al., Mechanical Behavior o Functionally Graded Sandwich Hollow Cylinders under Internal Pressure, Advanced Materials Research 845 (014)

9 Materials, Industrial, and Manuacturing ngineering Research Advances / Mechanical Behavior o Coposite Multilayered Basalt/-Glass/poxy Pipe under Internal Pressure / DOI Reerences [1] Mohanty AK., Misra M., Hinrichsen G., Bioibres biodegradable polyers and biocoposites: An overview, Macrool Mater ng. 76/77 (000) /(sici) ( )76:1<1::aid-ae1>3.0.co;-w [3] Misri S., Lean Z., Sapuan S., and Ishak M., Mechanical properties and abrication o sall boat using woven glass/sugar pal ibres reinorced unsaturated polyester hybrid coposite, IOP Conerence Series: Materials Science and ngineering. 11 (010) / x/11/1/01015 [4] Foulk JD., Akin D., Dodd RB., New low cost lax ibers or coposites. SA 000 World Congress. (000) / [5] Xia M., Takayanagi H., and Keochi K., Analysis o ulti-layered ilaent-wound coposite pipes under internal pressure, Coposite Structures. 53 (001) /s063-83(01) [6] Xia M., Keochi K., and Takayanagi H., Analysis o ilaent-wound iber-reinorced sandwich pipe under cobined internal pressure and theroechanical loading, Coposite structures. 51(001) /s063-83(00) [7] Rosenow M. W. K., Wind angle eects in glass ibre-reinorced polyester ilaent wound pipes, Coposites. 15(1984), / (84) [9] Highton, J., Adeoye, A. B., and Soden, P. D., Fracture stresses or±75 degree ilaent wound grp tubes under biaxial loads, The Journal o Strain Analysis or ngineering Design. 0 (1985) / v03139 [10] ckold, G. C., D. Leadbetter, Laination theory in the prediction o ailure envelopes or ilaent wound aterials subjected to biaxial loading, Coposites. 9 (1978) / (78) [11] Carswell, W. S., An atlas o polyer daage: Lothar ngel, Heran Klingele, Gottried W. hrenstein and Helut Schaper (ds. ), Wole Science Books, International Journal o Fatigue 3 (1981) / (81)9007-x [1] Spencer, B. and D. Hull, ect o winding angle on the ailure o ilaent wound pipe. Coposites, 9 (1978) / (78) [13] Bakaiyan H., Hosseini H., and Aeri., Analysis o ulti-layered ilaent-wound coposite pipes under cobined internal pressure and theroechanical loading with theral variations, Coposite Structures. 88 (009) /j.copstruct [19] Jones, M.L.C. and D. Hull, Microscopy o ailure echaniss in ilaent-wound pipe, Journal o Materials Science. 14 (1979) /b

10 [0] Alula, T. A. D. M. S., S. Sharii, et al., Static Analysis o Stitched Sandwich Beas with Functionally Graded Foa Core, Applied Mechanics and Materials. 393 (013) / [1] Alula, T. A. D. M. S., M. Y. Yahya, et al., Mechanical Behavior o Functionally Graded Sandwich Hollow Cylinders under Internal Pressure, Advanced Materials Research 845 (014) /