YIR01WQ2 Total oxygen in river stations by river size
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1 YIR01WQ2 Total oxygen in river stations by river size Figure 1 Annual average dissolved oxygen concentrations (mg O 2 /l) at stations in different sized rivers between 1993 and mg O2/l Small Medium Large Very large Largest 9.0 Year Figure 2 Annual average dissolved oxygen concentrations (mg O 2 /l) in aggregated (all sizes) river stations between 1993 and Number of stations in brackets. 12 mg O2/l Average of 4 countries (628) Austria (241) Finland (119) France (258) UK (10) Year 1
2 Figure 3 Annual average dissolved oxygen concentrations (% saturation) at stations in different sized rivers between 1993 and Dissolved oxygen (% saturation) Small Medium Large Very large Largest 86 Year Figure 4 Annual average dissolved oxygen concentrations (% saturation) at stations in aggregated (all sizes) river stations between 1993 and Number of stations in brackets. Dissolved oxygen (% saturation) Average of 3 countries (465) Austria (208) Finland (119) UK (138) 75 Year 2
3 Figure 5 Distribution of annual average dissolved oxygen concentrations (mg O2/l) in European countries for the most recent year for which data are available (aggregated data across all sizes of river). Number of stations per country in brackets. Austria (241) Finland (137) Italy (38) Netherlands (16) Germany (147) France (466) United Kingdom (15) > to < to < to <7.0 <5.0 Belgium (12) Greece (88) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Percentage of stations Figure 6 Distribution of annual average dissolved oxygen concentrations (% saturation) in European countries for the most recent year for which data are available (aggregated data across all sizes of river). Number of stations per country in brackets. 3
4 Austria (241) Ireland (51) United Kingdom (174) Greece (91) Finland (137) >95 90 to to <90 50 to <70 <50 Netherlands (8) Belgium (2) 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Percentage of stations Notes: - River size refers to the surface area of the catchment upstream of the river monitoring station. Thus small = <50 km 2 catchment area: medium = 50 to <250 km 2 : large = 250 to <1000 km 2 : very large = 1000 to <2500 km 2 : and largest 2500 km 2. - Time series are for those stations with data for each of the years shown. Source: Data collected through EUROWATERNET and stored in WATERBASE, EEA 4
5 Key message: K There has been little change in dissolved oxygen concentrations in rivers of all sizes over the last six years. J However, in recent years, the majority of rivers in most EEA countries had good oxygenation with over 70 % oxygen saturation, with a high proportion with more than 95 %. Results and assessment (level of the indicator) Relevance of the indicator for describing developments in the environment When the atmospheric mixture of gases is in contact with water, some oxygen goes into solution, if the water is under-saturated. The amount of oxygen absorbed is a function of temperature, salinity and pressure. Cold water absorbs more oxygen than warm water, salinity decreases solubility, and pressure increases it. If there were no pollution, oxygen levels in rivers would fluctuate slightly around the saturation level at the ambient temperature, salinity and pressure. Because the solubility of oxygen in cold water is higher than in warm water, the natural saturation concentrations (in mg/l of oxygen) in the rivers of Europe will vary according to the water temperature and hence climate. Oxygen concentrations expressed as percentage saturation levels take these temperature-related differences (and other chemical and physical properties of the water) into account. Thus 100 % saturation in warm southern rivers would equate to 100 % saturation in colder northern rivers though the actual equivalent oxygen concentrations in mg/l O 2 would be different. Oxygen concentrations and saturation levels can also vary significantly between day and night, particularly in spring and summer where there is algal activity. Photosynthesis by algae during the day can greatly increase oxygen levels, often to above saturation. In the absence of photosynthesis at night, the respiration of algae and other aquatic life consumes oxygen and oxygen levels can decrease significantly. Many countries include the measurement of dissolved oxygen concentrations in their river monitoring programmes. However most measurements are undertaken during daylight, working hours. Results over the year may thus be biased towards higher levels, and a representative overview of dissolved oxygen over the year may not be obtained. This is particularly important, as it is low dissolved oxygen concentrations that generally affect biological communities. Thus periods of low oxygen are more important in the assessment of river quality than annual average daily levels. Low oxygen levels in water are caused mainly by organic pollution resulting from the discharge of poorly treated or untreated wastewater. This leads to an increase in microbiological activity and hence depletion in oxygen levels. A high input of nutrients to a water body can cause an increase in plant growth in turn leading to an increase in organic matter that creates an oxygen demand when it degrades. This can cause a further depletion in oxygen levels. Low oxygen results in a decrease in plant and animal species and a reduction in the quality of the water. This affects the uses of the water both for human consumption and other purposes. This indicator shows the trend in oxygen levels in different sized rivers in the EEA area. Different sized rivers tend to have different functions. For example, smaller rivers are ecologically important for the hatching of valuable sport fish and as corridors for animal migration. It is important that all sizes of river have good water quality and this indicator illustrates whether policies have been successful in improving oxygen levels in all types of river. From an ecological perspective, the annual average oxygen level may not be the best descriptor of oxygen conditions in rivers. The aquatic fauna is particularly affected by episodes of low oxygen concentration. Thus indicators based on ten percentile values may be more useful once data become available. 5
6 Policy relevance and policy references The Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (91/71/EEC) aims to reduce pollution caused by the discharge of poorly treated or untreated sewage effluents to water bodies. The Directive sets standards for the level of treatment depending on the size of agglomeration and the type of water body being discharged into. Discharges to sensitive water bodies and the catchments of these rivers must have advanced treatment with nutrient removal. A decrease in organic matter and nutrient discharges will reduce organic matter and nutrient-related pollution, and hence increase oxygen levels in rivers. The IPPC Directive (96/61/EC Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control) aims to control and prevent pollution to water by reducing or eliminating emissions from industry. These emissions can result in high phosphorous and nitrogen loads which can cause eutrophication and stimulate plant growth. The eventual death and biodegradation of this organic matter can lead to low oxygen levels in water bodies. Discharges of organic matter that can directly reduce oxygen levels in receiving waters are also included in the Directive s requirements. The Water Framework Directive will require the achievement of good ecological status and maximum ecological potential of rivers across the EU by This includes all sizes and types of river (and other water types). Organic pollution of rivers can lead to low dissolved oxygen concentrations and the degradation of ecological quality. Assessment Concentrations of over 9 mg O 2 /l or 90 % oxygen saturation are indicative of good quality waters in terms of oxygen. For example, the EC Directive on Fresh water for Fish (78/659/EEC) gives a guideline level of 9 mg O 2 /l for waters that are suitable for salmon and trout. At concentrations below 5 mg O 2 /l or 50 % saturation, some effects on biological communities are expected. Data for dissolved oxygen concentrations (mg/l) at the river stations in countries providing information show a slight decrease over the time period. This is true for all sizes of river except medium, where there has been a slight increase. The UK data for dissolved oxygen saturation are for 138 stations and they indicate little change in annual average saturation concentrations over the six-year period. Data for Austria show a large fall in dissolved oxygen in The reason for this is not known but it could be due to differences in hydrology and/or climate for that year. These data also account for the drop in concentration shown in the country-averaged data. The graph of the distribution of concentrations indicates that the majority of European river stations for which information is available are of good quality in terms of dissolved oxygen (with concentration greater than 9 mg/l), with only Greece and Belgium having a higher proportion of water with lower concentrations. In the case of Greece this could be due in part to its relatively hot water which, when fully saturated, would not contain as much oxygen as colder waters, for example in Austria and Finland. When expressed as percentage saturation, the trend over time is the same as above. Small rivers have the lowest percentage saturation and largest rivers the highest. However, Finland has the lowest percentage saturation which has remained fairly constant over the time period. Finnish rivers are characterised by high content of natural humic substances due to high percentage of peat bogs (about 30 % of country s area), ice cover that restricts aeration during winter, and low water temperatures. The ice cover can last up to six months in the northern part of the country. Because the solubility of oxygen in cold water is higher than in warm water, the same oxygen content results in lower oxygen saturation in Finnish rivers than in those of the UK, for example. Austria has high levels of percentage saturation dissolved oxygen but there was a large decrease in 1995, which, as described above, affects the average plot. The distribution graph shows that the majority of stations had good water quality with a high proportion of stations in Austria, Greece, UK and Ireland having more than 95 % oxygen saturation. Belgium had the lowest percentages but data were available for only two stations. These data are therefore not considered to be representative of Belgium as a whole. In Finland and the Netherlands, the majority had more than 70 % oxygen saturation. 6
7 Therefore, although levels of dissolved oxygen have not increased over the time period, the oxygen saturation in most EEA rivers is fairly high, probably due to the increase in treatment level of wastewater, and the associated reduction in discharges of organic matter. Data 7
8 Table 1 Annual average dissolved oxygen concentrations (mg O 2 /l) at stations in different sized rivers between 1993 and 1998 Number of stations Small Medium Large Very large Largest Data from Austria, France and UK only Table 2 Annual average dissolved oxygen concentrations (mg O 2 /l) in aggregated (all sizes) river stations between 1993 and Country Number of stations Average of countries Austria Finland France UK Table 3 Annual average dissolved oxygen concentrations (% saturation) at stations in different sized rivers between 1993 and 1998 Number of stations Small Medium Large Very Largest Data from Austria and UK only Table 4 Annual average dissolved oxygen concentrations (% saturation) at stations in aggregated (all sizes) river stations between 1993 and Country Number of stations Average of countries Austria Finland UK Table 5 Distribution of annual average dissolved oxygen concentrations (mg O2/l) in European countries for the most recent year for which data are available (aggregated across all sizes of river). Number of river stations in brackets. Country <5.0 mg 5.0 to < to < to <11.0 >11.0 O 2 /l Austria (241) 0.0% 0.4% 2.5% 40% 57.3% Belgium (12) 25% 25% 33% 8% 8% Finland (137) 0.0% 0.0% 6% 53% 41% France (466) 1% 3% 10% 72% 15% Germany (147) 0.0% 2% 10% 65% 22% Greece (88) 5% 9% 39% 40% 7% Italy (38) 8% 8% 11% 34% 39% Netherlands (16) 0.0% 6% 6% 56% 31% United Kingdom (10) 0.0% 0.0% 20% 67% 13% 8
9 Table 6 Distribution of annual average dissolved oxygen concentrations (% saturation) in European countries for the most recent year for which data are available (aggregated across all sizes of river). Number of river stations in brackets. <50 50 to <70 70 to <90 90 to 95 >95 Austria (241) 0.00% 0.40% 9.10% 21.60% 68.90% Belgium (2) 50.00% 50.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Finland (137) 0.00% 2.90% 66.40% 28.50% 2.20% Greece (91) 2.20% 9.89% 27.47% 7.69% 52.75% Ireland (51) 0.00% 0.00% 17.60% 17.60% 64.70% Netherlands (8) 0.00% 0.00% 62.50% 37.50% 0.00% United Kingdom (174) 0.00% 1.10% 26.40% 16.10% 56.30% Meta data Technical information 1. Data source: Waterbase, ETC/IW database containing EUROWATERNET data. 2. Description of data: Data are annual averages of percentage dissolved oxygen and oxygen concentrations in rivers. Data are from representative river monitoring stations, i.e. those which reflect the majority of rivers in a region/area with human activities in the catchment consistent with the region s/area s activities. 3. Geographical coverage: EEA-18 but only countries with sufficient data used in this assessment. 4. Temporal coverage: Data are available from Data only from 1993 to 1998 were used for this assessment as this period had the most consistent dataset in terms of years, number of stations and countries covered. 5. Methodology and frequency of data collection: Data exchange with NFPs. This is currently an ongoing process but probably will eventually be annual or biannual. 6. Methodology of data manipulation: Data are reported as annual averages (plus other statistics) for each station included in EUROWATERNET. Averages of the annual average concentrations are used to summarise country-aggregated and station size-aggregated data. Qualitative information 7. Strength and weakness (at data level): A consistent and comparable time series has been produced which covers more stations and countries across Europe than previously available. Data are also available for different sizes of rivers, including small rivers. Currently, the most detailed information is available only from relatively few western countries and there are less time-series data for the southern and Northern countries. However, some countries have only provided information for a few stations, not using the EUROWATERNET criteria and process. For example, the UK only submitted mg/l data for ten stations, and the Netherlands and Belgium only submitted percentage saturation data for eight and two stations, respectively. Thus this information must be considered to be unrepresentative of the situation with regards to those determinands in those countries. 8. Reliability, accuracy, robustness, uncertainty (at data level): The EUROWATERNET stations are designed to give a representative overview of the status in each country. Data are provided by official national data sources and have had some initial validation. However, there is a large amount of data variability within each stratum and each year which could perhaps be reduced by a more thorough statistical assessment. 9. Further work required (for data level and indicator level): These indicators will be improved as more countries implement EUROWATERNET. There are gaps in information on river characteristics from some countries which does not enable stratification by river size. More time-series data would improve the dataset, as would data from more stations in more countries. Also it would be more relevant to present dissolved oxygen data as a low percentile value (e.g. ten percentile) as periods of low dissolved oxygen are of more importance ecologically than average concentrations. 9
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