COEXIST and MERMAID Case studies aquaculture and synergies/conflicts with other users PartiSeaPate Workshop Gdansk April 16 th 2013

Transcription

1 COEXIST and MERMAID Case studies aquaculture and synergies/conflicts with other users PartiSeaPate Workshop Gdansk April 16 th 2013 Øivind Bergh Institute of Marine Research, Norway

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3 Consortium and Case Studies 1. HARDANGERFJORD LP:IMR 2. ATLANTIC SEA COAST - LP: UCC 3. ALGARVE COAST - LP: IPIMAR 4. ADRIATIC SEA COAST LP: CNR-ISMAR 5. COASTAL NORTH SEA LP: vti-sf 6. BALTIC SEA LP: FGFRI AquaTT IMR DTU-AQUA IMARES LEI SYKE FGFRI CEFAS vti-sf IFREMER IPIMAR IMAR CNR-ISMAR

4 Coastal zones competing claims Aquaculture increased pressure Increasing globally NOT increasing in the EU Fisheries stagnant at best Conflicts with other users Tourism Conflicts with other users Windfarms, wavefarms Extreme growth potential Marine Protected Areas (MPA), conservation

5 Multi-Criteria Analysis - what is it? Most MCAs incorporates the following steps: Define and structure the problem Identify relevant alternatives (possible solutions) Identify relevant objectives/ criteria (interests/ values/ aspects) Identify scores for each alternative Identify weights (preferences) Compare results By looking at the MCA matrix, or By aggregating with a suitable MCA techniques

6 Evaluation of spatial management tools Objective: To assess the existing spatial management tools for each selected case study and propose improvements to those tools Outcomes: Framework for multi-objective quantitative and qualitative evaluation of marine spatial management of coastal zones

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8 Smolt and sea cage facility

9 Aquaculture permits (Ministry of fisheries) kilometers

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11 Demersal species relevant in northern Europe Great scallop (Pecten maximus) European lobster (Homarus gammarus) Photo: F.O. Tveit Photo: E. Farestveit Agnalt et al Seafood production in windmill farms 23 april 2012

12 Photo: Vivian Husa Seaweed production Sugar kelp (Laminara saccarina) Winged kelp (Alaria esculenta) Agnalt et al Seafood production in windmill farms 23 april 2012 Oarweed Laminaria digitata)

13 Aquaculture impact on pathogens Pathogen reservoirs in wild organisms - Pathogens proliferates in aquaculture Movement of cultured organisms: vectors for pathogens

14 Novirhabdovirus Negative-sense ssrna virus 180 nm x 75 nm 4 genotypes: I, II, III og IV. VHS-virus Ca 11kb, koder for seks proteiner.

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16 Exchange of pathogens wild-farmed Integration of models and processes Vectors: 1. Migration of wild organisms 2. Ballast water Introduced pathogens Vector: 1. Transport of farmed organisms Persistance Natural reservoir Wild organisms Lower host density Farmed organisms High host density Proliferation of pathogen Enhancement of virulence?

17 Disease Most significant limiting factor in aquaculture Direct impact: mortality Pathogens can be amplified within farm, causing significant infection pressure towards wild stocks Aquaculture and coastal management practices influence the transmission and impact of pathogens

18 We do know: Diseases are an integral part of nature Pathogens are subject to evolution, thus diseaes are, too There is no such thing as a disease-free wild population 1. Absence of pathogens: a situation only existing in an imaginary world of some environmental NGO s. 2. Human behaviour affect proliferation and distribution of pathogens in the wild

19 Lessons learned Knowledge based on experience Often very expensive learning Introductions of diseases. Uncontrolled proliferation of diseases Models learned from culture of other species Adapt the models to the marine environment to bivalves

20 Compartment-based models: Individuals transcend through a series of states Susceptible Infected (potentially) back to susceptible Maximum host carrying capacity critical threshold N t = maximum number of susceptible individuals - total number of individuals is N In aquaculture N t /N can be manipulated

21 Network-based models Take into account the contacts between populations that actually DO take place: Movement of populatons Movement of people Movement of equipment Movement of water Movement of other vectors

22 Network models working at different scales in time and space

23 Examples of tools Distance between farms Maximum amount of animals per farm Maximum impact on environment Fallowing Restriction on movement of animals Restrictions on sources of juveniles Specific-pathogen-free quality Screening for pathogens

24 Consequences for management: Spreading of highly specialized pathogens may be very efficient Management plans om farm level are not sufficient Management plans must be extended to the level of municipalities or even counties. synchronized treatments Mandatory, synchrinized, prophylaxis Synchronized fallowing All in all out principle

25 General considerations Appoint biosecutity managers Appoint veternary health contacts Provide staff training in animal health Identify risks for contact and spreading 1. Movements 2. Site procedures Risk limitation measures Monitor the plan Contingency planning

26 09/05/2012

27 Salmon/rainbow trout: n= Wild salmon/sea trout n=1, lice/fish lice 5 lice/fish lice

28 Hydrodynamic models: the amount of freshwater in a fjord has impact on the frequency of salmon-lice contact rate Little freshwater Many meetings Few meetings Infection- hot spot Much freshwater

29 Organic impact Lokal Overgangs- Regional sone sone sone Sedimentasjon av Sedimentasjon av Oppløste forbindelser store partikler små partikler Stor bunnpåvirkning Noe bunnpåvirkning Økt primærptoduksjon Bunnpåvirkning Oppdrettsanlegg totalt Oppdrettsanlegg Oppdrettsanlegg blant dominerende påvirker stor påvirkningskilde flere påvirkere

30 Påvirkning fra anlegg Seafloor Uggdalsfjord, Western Norway, 220 m -A,B,C increased biodiversity, biomass -D unaffected area

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32 IMR in Mermaid Task 4.2 Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) Task 4.3 Improving fish health* Task 6.4 Integrating remote sensing technology from fixed and floating devices aquaculture* Task 7.3 Open deep water site, Atlantic ocean IMR will develop a system for online analysis of water environment in regards to likely aquaculture species. APB505 CTD Step 1: Select cases for analysis. D 4.6 In and offshore fish farming. Comparison of environmental inmpacts from inshore and offshore fish farming D 6.1 Operators toolbox

33 Task 6.4 Develop of system for online analysis of water environment at potential and existing sites for marine infrastructure in regards to likely aquaculture species. T Ox Sal Fl FTU 2 1 September November Januar y 0

34 Task 6.4 Develop of system for online analysis of water environment at potential and existing sites for marine infrastructure in regards to likely aquaculture species. The Welfaremeter expert system will be extended with modules for analysing water environment in relation to welfare limits for: (preliminary lists, pending available literature on the species and analysis of which species that are most probable) Other fish species Atlantic cod Atlantic halibut Turbot Sea bream Sea bass Atlantic blue fin tuna... Molluscs European flat oyster Pacific cupped oyster Blue mussels Scallop... Crustaceans Lobster... Seaweed Irish moss Dulse Laver... Atlantic blue fin tuna Sea bass & S. bream Scallop Lobster Irish moss Dulse Laver

35 Task 6.4 The Welfaremeter expert system will be extended with modules for analysing water environment in relation to welfare limits for: Other fish species, molluscs, crustaceans and seaweeds. APB505 Milestones: Welfaremeter in operation [month 18] The end result is an Operators Tool box for analysing the water environment in relation to the aquaculture species at the MUP. CTD D6.1) Operators tool-box: A set of operator s tool-box to access the multiuse platform, operate and maintain the MUP. [month 36]

36 1600 m Case Hywind Deep-water Floating turbines Floating cages for salmon Offshore substation, 66/ 220 kv 10 MW floating wind turbine (n=2 * 50) 1000 MW offshore wind farm area: 2 * 114 km2 update? Aquaculture cage: 200 m diameter (n=34, total 1,07 km2) Salmon production: 34* individuals (max) Estimated weight (at slaugher): 34* 660 tonnes (biannual) Estimated value (28 nok/kg): 34*9 Mnok, 306 Mnok (annualized) Array cables Export cables Onshore substation

37 Offshore substation 66/220kV m m Onshore substation

38 6400 m 1600 m MUP case: A scallop demersal farm integration with a 1000 MW offshore wind farm north sea. 1200m m Offshore substation, 66kV / 220 kv Offshore substation, 66kV / 220 kv 10 MW wind turbine (n=100, area: 2 * 69 km2 ) Annual electricity: 3300 GWh / wind speed: 9.5m/s Annual income: 3300 Mnok (1 nok/kwh) Aquaculture fenced area on seabed: 36 km2 400 m diameter (n=72, 34 km2) 4-6 year ongrowth (dependent on site) Scallop production: tonnes (annualized) Scallop value: mill NOK/year, estimated prize 100NOK/kg (muscle) Array cables Export cables Onshore substation

39 Multi-Criteria Analysis - what is it? Most MCAs incorporates the following steps: Define and structure the problem Identify relevant alternatives (possible solutions) Identify relevant objectives/ criteria (interests/ values/ aspects) Identify scores for each alternative Identify weights (preferences) Compare results By looking at the MCA matrix, or By aggregating with a suitable MCA techniques 04/09/2012

40 Evaluation of spatial management tools Objective: To assess the existing spatial management tools for each selected case study and propose improvements to those tools Outcomes: Framework for multi-objective quantitative and qualitative evaluation of marine spatial management of coastal zones 04/09/2012

41 Defining habitats? Do Francisella noatunensis take part in defining the southern borders of the habitat of Atlantic cod?

42 Thank you! N 28 Mooie Meid Source: Sources: Integraal Beheerplan Noordzee 2015, Rijkswaterstaat, 2011

43 DISCLAIMER The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/ ) under grant agreement no This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the European Union cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.