Growing Wheat (Trititcum aestivum L.) by the Methods of Organic Agriculture Under the Conditions of Dobrudzha Region, Bulgaria

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Growing Wheat (Trititcum aestivum L.) by the Methods of Organic Agriculture Under the Conditions of Dobrudzha Region, Bulgaria"

Dana Donna Short
6 years ago
Views:

Turkish Journl of Agriulturl nd Nturl Sienes Speil Issue: 1, 2014 TÜRK TARIM ve DOĞA BİLİMLERİ DERGİSİ TURKISH JOURNAL of AGRICULTURAL nd NATURAL SCIENCES www.turkjns.

1 Turkish Journl of Agriulturl nd Nturl Sienes Speil Issue: 1, 2014 TÜRK TARIM ve DOĞA BİLİMLERİ DERGİSİ TURKISH JOURNAL of AGRICULTURAL nd NATURAL SCIENCES Growing Whet (Trititum estivum L.) y the Methods of Orgni Agriulture Under the Conditions of Dorudzh Region, Bulgri G. Milev, N. Nnkov, I. Iliev, A. Ivnov, M. Nnkov Dorudzh Agriulturl Institute Generl Toshevo 9520, Bulgri Corresponding utor: milev2013@v.g Astrt During field experiment with whet (Trititum estivum L.) ws rried out in the tril field of Dorudzh Agriulturl Institute. The im of the investigtion ws to determine wht re the possiilities of growing ommon whet in min whet prodution region (Dorudzh, north-est Bulgri) using the methods of orgni griulture. The results from the iologil growing were ompred to the respetive results otined y the onventionl method. The following gronomy ftors were investigted in oth vrints of prodution: three sowing dtes (erly, optiml nd lte) x three ultivrs (Enol, Aglik nd Gltey) x three sowing norms (550, 650 nd 750 seeds m -2 ). In the onventionl prt of the experiment, suitle fertilizers nd pestiides were pplied. Whet ws rotted with fodder pe, grin mize nd fllow. The soil in the tril field ws slightly lehed hernozem (Luvi pheozem) with very good physil nd hemil hrteristis. The tril ws designed ording to the split-split plot method in four replitions. Whet produtivity in oth wys of prodution ws signifintly influened y the tested gronomy ftors. Averged for the investigted period, the yield otined in the onventionl prodution exeeded the iologil method with %. The erly sowing dte ws n importnt prerequisite for higher yields under orgni growing. The sowing density ws the ftor with most vrile effet on whet produtivity. Cultivr Aglik demonstrted highest men produtivity under oth wys of prodution. The yer onditions hd signifint effet on grin yield in oth methods of growing. Key words: whet, orgni griulture, grin yield Introdution The system of orgni griulture originted in Western Europe nd the USA in the 1980 s s n lterntive to the exessive use of syntheti hemils (pestiides, fertilizers, onsumles, et.) in the griulture of the developed ountries nd the relted hrmful effet on the environment nd the humn helth (Bio griulture, 2011; Dimitrov nd Krov, 2004; Steiner, 2001). The orgni system of griulture is, ording to the definition of Kus nd Fotym (1992), system whih exludes the use of minerl fertilizers, pestiides nd growth regultors. It is hrterized with losed yle of the type soil plnt produtive niml, the eologil purposes eing predominnt over the eonomi ones. A typil nd irrevole feture of orgni griulture is its strit regultion y numer of legl ts lled regultory ts of oth world nd ntionl institutions (IFOAM*, Ntionl pln for development of orgni griulture in Bulgri during ; Regultion 22 of the Ministry of Agriulture nd Forestry, Stte Gzette 68/ ). At the end of the first dede of the 21 st entury, orgni griulture in Bulgri ws represented minly y the produts of piulture, the prodution of hers, essentil oils, osmetis, nd to lesser extent some niml produts (Prodution, distriution nd onsumption of io produts in Bulgri, 2009). Suh mjor rops for Bulgri s whet, mize nd sunflower re still not grown y the rules of orgni griulture. The gronomy methods for growing of rop, for exmple whet under onditions of orgni griulture, re deisive for its suessful hrvesting (Boone, 1999; Burnett nd Clrke, 2002). 849

2 Turkish Journl of Agriulturl nd Nturl Sienes Speil Issue: 1, 2014 Tle 1. Anlysis of the vrines of the investigted indies (vlues of prmeter р) (Tests of Between-Sujets Effets) Signifine Ftors Indies Orgni prodution Conventionl prodution Yers (1) Yield Asolute weight Sowing dte (2) Yield Asolute weight Cultivr (3) Yield Asolute weight Sowing densities (4) Yield.233 NS.009 Asolute weight.196 NS.418 NS Test weight.326 NS х 2 Yield Asolute weight NS 1 х 3 Yield Asolute weight х 4 Yield.102 NS.271 NS Asolute weight.221 NS.135 NS 2 х 3 Yield Asolute weight х 4 Yield.133 NS.271 NS Asolute weight.068 NS.135 NS 3 х 4 Yield Asolute weight Test weight.014 NS х 2 х 3 Yield Asolute weight х 2 х 4 Yield.039 NS.006 Asolute weight.070 NS х 3 х 4 Yield Asolute weight.048 NS.116 NS 2 х 3 х 4 Yield.113 NS.000 Asolute weight.064 NS.459 NS 1 х 2 х 3 х 4 Yield.674 NS.006 Asolute weight

3 Turkish Journl of Agriulturl nd Nturl Sienes Speil Issue: 1, 2014 Tle 2. Produtivity of whet under orgni nd onventionl prodution verged for three yers, kg h -1 Sowing Sowing dte Cultivr norm Erly Optiml Lte g.s. m -2 Orgni Conventionl Orgni Conventionl Orgni Conventionl Enol Averged for the sowing dte Aglik Averged for the sowing dte Gltey Averged for the sowing dte ,0 7500,0 8500,0 8000,0 7000,0 7500,0 7000,0 6500,0 6500,0 6000,0 6000,0 5500,0 5000,0 4500, Orgni Conventionl 5500,0 5000,0 erly optiml lter 7500,0 7000,0 6500,0 Yield ording to the yer of investigtion, kg h -1 Orgni Conventionl Yield ording to the sowing dte, kg h ,0 7000,0 6500,0 6000,0 6000,0 5500,0 5500,0 5000,0 5000,0 550 g.s.m g.s.m g.s.m-2 Enol Aglik Gltey Orgni Conventionl Orgni Conventionl Yield ording to the ultivr, kg h -1 Yield ording to the sowing density, kg h -1 Figure 1. Effet of the gronomy ftors on the men produtivity of whet ording to the mode of prodution 851

4 Turkish Journl of Agriulturl nd Nturl Sienes Speil Issue: 1, 2014 Tle 3. Mss of 1000 seeds under orgni nd onventionl prodution verged for three yers, g Cultivr Sowing Sowing dtes norm Erly Optiml Lte g.s. m -2 Orgni Conventionl Orgni Conventionl Orgni Conventionl Enol Averged for the sowing dte Aglik Averged for the sowing dte Gltey Averged for the sowing dte Weeds, diseses nd pests hve een pointed out s the min limiting ftors when growing this rop with the methods of orgni griulture. The defiieny of nutrients hs to e ompensted y some other mens, too, sine the use of hemil fertilizers is not llowed. Under these onditions of limittions it is very importnt to hoose suitle ultivr whih is resistnt to diseses nd is suffiiently ple of ompeting with the weed vegettion for moisture nd nutrients. In this respet some hrteristis of the whet ultivrs suh s high tillering pity, drought resistne, plstiity with regrd to the plnting dte, eonomi utiliztion of nutrients, requirements to the previous rop, et., re useful prerequisite for the possiility to grow ertin ultivr under onditions of orgni griulture. Plnning suitle rop rottion, whih involves the rop sujeted to orgni ultivtion, is ruil for overoming of the negtive onsequenes mentioned ove (Dzhumliev et l., 1986). The rops involved in the rop rottion n onsiderly help to overome the prolems with weeds, diseses nd defiienies of nutrients. Using field in fllow, whih is however mintined in good gronomi ondition, is frequent prtie in the orgni griulture system. For growing of whet in Bulgri, shllow pre-sowing soil tillge is usully reommended whih ensure homogeneity of the soil lyer to the depth of plnting (Simeonov, 1956; Klohkov, 1983; Kssimov, 1989). In prllel with this, the ove uthors re expliit tht in se of erlier predeessors, deeper tillge with turning of the surfe lyer should e pplied, for exmple pre-sowing plowing. This onlusion is espeilly importnt for the orgni mode of prodution in whih infesttion of the fields with weeds is inevitle, exluding hemil ontrol. Kssimov (1982 nd 1989) onsidered the sowing dte nd norm s omplex relted to the hrteristis of the different ultivrs (with higher or lower tillering pity) nd determined tht the eginning of Otoer is the optiml sowing dte of ommon whet in the region of Dorudzh. The purposeful sowing dte is often imed t non-oinidene of the developmentl stges of the rop nd the weeds, while the sowing norm is set t ompeting with the numer of weed plnts. Determining the optiml levels of these two ftors in orgni griulture is however relted not only to their diret effet on yield ut lso to the formtion of suffiiently dense rop tht n perform uto ontrol on weeding. Therefore the optiml levels of the ftors norm nd sowing in the orgni griulture re determined from nother point of view, sine they n turn out to e different from those of the onventionl prodution. With view of nswering the questions onsidered ove nd relted to the orgni mode of prodution, field experiment with whet ws rried out t DAI Generl Toshevo, North-Est Bulgri; the im of the experiment ws to find out wht is the effet of some gronomy ftors on the formtion of whet rop grown under onditions of orgni griulture. infesttion with perennil weeds, espeilly in the 852

5 Turkish Journl of Agriulturl nd Nturl Sienes Speil Issue: 1, ,00 47,00 45,00 44,80 44,60 45,00 43,00 41,00 39,00 44,40 44,20 44,00 43,80 43,60 43,40 37,00 43,20 35,00 48,00 47,00 46,00 45,00 44,00 43,00 42,00 41,00 40, Orgni Conventionl Asolute weight ording to the yer of investigtion, g Asolute weight ording to the ultivr, g Enol Aglik Gltey Orgni Conventionl 43,00 erly optiml lter Orgni Conventionl Asolute weight ording to the sowing dte, g 45,00 44,80 44,60 44,40 44,20 44,00 43,80 43,60 43,40 43,20 43,00 Asolute weight ording to the sowing density,g 550 g.s.m g.s.m g.s.m-2 Orgni Conventionl Figure 2. Effet of the gronomy ftors on the men vlues of whet grin size (mss of 1000 seeds) ording to the mode of prodution first ultivr is highly produtive, the seond Mteril nd methods possesses high grin qulity, nd the third hs high During in the tril field of DAI tillering pity. These ultivrs were sown on Generl Toshevo, field experiment with whet three dtes: erly (20 th 25 th Septemer), optiml ws rried out y the split plot method. The (10 th 15 th Otoer), nd lte (10 th 15 th experiment ws performed in field whih hs not Novemer). The sowing norms were 550, 650 nd een treted with fertilizers nd pestiides sine 750 germinting seeds m , i.e. the re ws purposefully prepred for No pestiides or other sustnes not orgni griulture. The orgni nd the llowed in orgni griulture were pplied in the onventionl prts of the experiment onsisted in orgni prt of the tril. The whet seeds in this 4-field rop rottion (pe, whet, mize, lying prt of the experiment were from the previous fllow). hrvest yer. The minerl fertiliztion of eh rop in the The meteorologil onditions during the onventionl prt of the experiment ws s individul yers, more speifilly preipittion, follows: pe N60P80K60; mize N120P60K0; whet differed signifintly. The utumn-nd-winter N120P120K60. The norms re given s tive rinflls were most undnt during : sustnes kg h -1. The tehnology for growing of mm, nd the vegettion rinflls (April the whet nd the other rops ws trditionl June) in The sum of preipittion ws (Klohkov et l., 1988). highest in mm. Cultivrs Enol, Aglik nd Gltey were The otined results were proessed tested in the experiment s onditionl sttistilly using the softwre SPSS 13. representtives of three min whet types. The 853

6 Turkish Journl of Agriulturl nd Nturl Sienes Speil Issue: 1, 2014 Tle 4. Test weight of whet under orgni nd onventionl prodution verged for three yers, кg Sowing Sowing dtes Cultivr norm Erly Optiml Lte g.s./m -2 Orgni Conventionl Orgni Conventionl Orgni Conventionl Enol Averged for the sowing dte Aglik Averged for the sowing dte Gltey Averged for the sowing dte Results nd Disussion The dispersion nlysis of the results during showed tht the yer of investigtion, the sowing dte nd the hoie of ultivr influened signifintly the rop s produtivity regrdless of the mode of prodution (Tle 1). The independent tion of the ftor rop density did not use signifint vritions in the produtivity under orgni prodution. Most of the intertions involving this ftor hd insignifint effet on grin yield. Under onventionl prodution, the investigted gronomy ftors hd signifint effet on whet produtivity in greter numer of ses in omprison to orgni prodution. During the yers of investigtion, the differentition in the produtivity under orgni prodution ws more lerly expressed in omprison to onventionl prodution (Figure 1). The results lerly show tht the onditions of hrvest yer 2013 were prerequisite for higher produtivity in omprison to the rest of the investigted yers. In 2011 nd 2013 the results undoutedly indited tht onventionl prodution llowed higher yields in omprison to the orgni, while in 2012 signifint differene in the men produtivity under the two modes of prodution ws not found. The dt for the investigted period, verged y ultivrs, sowing dtes nd sowing densities, lerly demonstrted the effet of these ftors on the produtivity of whet (Tle 2). Asolute kernel weight, verged for the period, vried from g (Aglik, onventionl prodution, lte sowing with 550 g.s. m -2 ) to g (Gltey, orgni prodution, erly sowing with 750 g.s. m -2 ) (Tle 3). The nlysis of dispersions under onventionl prodution showed tht the vlues of this index were influened insignifintly y the diret effet of the ftor sowing density. The greter prt of the intertions involving this ftor were lso sttistilly insignifint. There ws signifint intertion with the ftor ultivr; signifint ws the omplete intertion etween the four ftors s well. The ftor yer plyed determining role for the grin size, followed y the ftor genotype. Among ll types of intertions etween the ftors, the omintion etween these two ftors on the vlues of solute grin weight ws most signifint. This tendeny ws vlid for the orgni prodution s well; in this se the strength of the effet of the ftor ultivr ws onsiderly etter expressed thn in onventionl prodution. In 2012, higher vlues of grin size were otined under oth modes of prodution, without signifint vritions etween them (Figure 2). The smllest grin ws otined in 2011; under orgni prodution it ws with higher vlues of the index in omprison to onventionl prodution. The sowing dte definitely hd etter expressed effet on grin size under onventionl prodution in omprison to orgni. Lowest men vlues of solute grin weight were otined t the lte sowing dte, 854

7 Turkish Journl of Agriulturl nd Nturl Sienes Speil Issue: 1, 2014 onventionl prodution oneding to orgni. Among the three investigted ultivrs, ultivr Gltey hd the lrgest grin under orgni prodution. It ws followed y ultivr Enol. In ultivrs Enol nd Aglik, verged for the period of investigtion, the mode of prodution did not hve signifint effet on this index. 83,00 The sowing density did not hve effet on the men vlues of the index under oth modes of prodution. Regrdless of this ft, tendeny ws oserved towrd lrger grin under orgni prodution in omprison to onventionl. 83,00 82,00 81,00 80,00 82,50 82,00 79,00 81,50 78,00 77,00 76,00 81,00 80,50 75, Orgni Conventionl Test weight ording to the yer of investigtion, kg 83,00 80,00 erly optiml lter Orgni Conventionl Test weight ording to the sowing dte, kg 83,00 82,50 82,50 82,00 82,00 81,50 81,50 81,00 81,00 80,50 80,50 80,00 Enol Aglik Gltey 80, g.s.m g.s.m g.s.m-2 Orgni Conventionl Test weight ording to the ultivr, kg Orgni Conventionl Test weight ording to the sowing density, kg Figure 3. Effet of the gronomy ftors on the men vlues of test weight of whet grin ording to the mode of prodution > Cultivr > Sowing dte > Sowing density. The Test weight of grin vried signifintly most signifint intertions of the ftors were depending on the tested ftors of the tril (Tle Yer x Cultivr, Yer x Sowing dte, nd Yer x 4). Its men vlues were from kg (Enol, Sowing dte x Cultivr. onventionl prodution, lte sowing dte with The role of the yers of investigtion ws 750 g.s. m -2 ) to kg (Aglik, orgni very well differentited under oth modes of prodution, optiml sowing dte with 650 g.s. m -2 ). prodution (Figure 3). The otined grin hd The nlysis of dispersions under iologil highest test weight in The grin produed prodution reveled tht tht the diret nd during the unfvorle yer 2011 hd lowest test omined intertion of the ftors ws weight, the estlished vritions etween the two sttistilly signifint, with the exeption of the modes of prodution not eing signifint. During ftor sowing density. The ftors yer, sowing the rest of the yers tendeny ws oserved dte nd their intertion hd highest strength of towrd grin with higher test weight under orgni effet on the vlues of the index. prodution in omprison to onventionl Under onventionl prodution, the effet prodution. of the ftors nd their intertion ws lso The sowing dte lso hd signifint effet sttistilly signifint. Aording to their diret on the vlues of the index nd lthough these effet, the ftors n e rrnged s follows: Yer vlues vried within omprtively nrrow rnge, 855

8 Turkish Journl of Agriulturl nd Nturl Sienes Speil Issue: 1, 2014 the Wller-Dunn test differentited them to mximum degree. This ftor lso outlined tendeny towrd grin with higher test weight under orgni prodution in omprison to the onventionl. The lte sowing dte deresed the vlues of this index in whet. Regrdless of the mode of prodution, the grin of ultivr Aglik hd highest test weight, followed y ultivrs Gltey nd Enol. The vrition in the vlues depending on the mode of prodution ws est expressed in ultivr Enol, in whih test weigh under orgni prodution ws higher thn the test weigh under onventionl prodution. In the other two ultivrs, verged for the investigted period, it ws not signifint. Under orgni prodution, the role of the sowing density ws insignifint. Regrdless of the signifine of the vritions under onventionl prodution, the vlues of the index vried within nrrow rnge. Highest men vlues were found t sowing density 650 g.s. m -2. Conlusions Averged for the investigted period, the yields otined under orgni prodution oneded to the yields under onventionl prodution with %. The erly sowing dte ws n importnt prerequisite for higher yields under orgni prodution. The lte sowing dte led to lower produtivity of the rop, whih ws etter expressed under orgni prodution. Highest men produtivity under oth modes of prodution ws demonstrted y ultivr Aglik. The sowing density ws the ftor with most vrile effet on whet produtivity; its effet ws not signifint sttistilly under orgni prodution. Highest vritions in the vlues of the index 1000 kernel weight depending on the mode of prodution were found in ultivr Gltey, while in the other two ultivrs the differenes were not signifint. Test weight of grin showed tendeny towrd higher vlues under orgni prodution in omprison to the onventionl tehnology of growing of the rop. Aknowlegements: The uthors wish to express their grtitude to the tehnil tem who rried out the field work during the tril. Sine 2013 the topi presented in this pper is eing developed s PhD thesis. Referenes Biogriulture, Brief history of io dynmi griulture (In Bg). Dzhumliev, D., Vssilev, А., Koynov, G., Konstntinov, K., Donhev, N., Lyuenov, Y., Kontev, H.,. Shtnov, D., Milynhev I., Milev V., Surlekov, P., Crop rottions in intensive griulture, S. (In Bg). Dimitrov, Ю., Krov, S., Fundmentls of orgni griulture. Plovdiv : Foundtion Bioselen,.50 p. (in Bg). Kssimov, I Optiml sowing norm nd dte of whet, Agriulture, No 8:28-31 (In Bg). Kssimov, I Formtion nd prmeters of the highly produtive rop of ommon winter whet in Dorudzh region, D. Si. strt. (In Bg). Klohkov, B., On some theoretil nd pplied prolems of the miniml soil tillge of slightly lehed hernozem soils, D. Si strt. (in Bg). Klohkov, B., Krivnov, А., Dimov, А., Simeonov, B., Kovhev, V., Dvidov, D., Ivnov, D., Gospodinov, G., Sev, G., Dimitrov, I., Klinov, I., Lukov, I., Moskov, G., Pnyotov, I.,. Shterev, L, Gospodinov, М., Krstev, М., Yolevsky, М., Petkov, М., Donhev, N., Ivnov, P., Plzov, P.,. Shterev, P, Zhriev, Т., Kontev, H., Filipov, H., Georgiev, Y., Tehnology of whet prodution y gro eologil regions, In :Tehnology for prodution of erels, NAPS, S., (In Bg). Ntionl pln for development of orgni griulture in Bulgri during , (in Bg). Regultion No 22 of the Ministry of Agriulture nd Forests from 4 th July 2001 on orgni prodution of plnts, plnt produts nd foods of plnt origin nd their respetive designtions, Stte Gzette No 68/ (In Bg). Prodution, distriution nd onsummtion of of orgni produts in Bulgri (mrketing reserh results) Vitosh Reserh, Sofi. (in Bg). Simeonov, B., On pre-sowing soil tillge efore winter whet under the onditions of Dorudzh region, reserh ommunitions of the periodil Agriulturl thought, DSNII, (In Bg). Steiner, R., Biodynmi griulture. Spiritul nd sientifi priniples for development in griulture. Pulishing house Dsklov, Str Zgor, ISBN (In Bg). 856

9 Turkish Journl of Agriulturl nd Nturl Sienes Speil Issue: 1, 2014 Boone, N Orgni whet prodution hndook: revitlizing orgni whet prodution in Northern New Mexio. Snt Fe, NM, USA, Kernel of Life. Burnett, V. & Clrke, S Orgni frming: whet prodution nd mrketing. Agriulture Notes. AG1075. ISSN Emmens, J., Considertions for onversion to orgni prodution for whet-sed frming systems, FAOSTAT Kus, J. nd M. Fotym, Stn I perspektywy rolnitv ekologiznego, eologiznego, Frgment Agronomi, 2: Internet soures: BCView/139AA72A06A859ACCA256C F77?OpenDoument (/pdf/ag1075.pdf) 857

Crop Rotations, Reduced Tillage and N Fertilization Effects on Corn Yields And Aflatoxin Levels

Crop Rotations, Reduced Tillage and N Fertilization Effects on Corn Yields And Aflatoxin Levels Crop Rottions, Redued Tillge nd N Fertiliztion Effets on Corn Yields And Afltoxin Levels J.E. Mtoh nd M. Rihrdson Texs AgriLife Reserh nd Extension Center Stte Hwy Corpus Christi, TX 78- jmtoh@g.tmu.edu