The Dutch national research programme on CO 2 capture, transpor t and storage

Transcription

1 VORMGEVING: SANDERS & VAN DAM RECLAME, UTRECHT The Dutch national research programme on CO 2 capture, transpor t and storage Facts about CATO-2 60 M programme (50% Dutch government, 50% private funding) Almost 40 partners from industry, SME, university and NGOs involved Demand-driven & flexible programme Applied and scientific research Complete CCS Chain Coordination: TNO w w w.co2- cato.nl

2 2 THE DUTCH NATIONAL RESEARCH PROGRAMME O N C O 2 C A P T U R E, T R A N S P O R T A N D S TO R A G E 3 CO 2 Capture and Storage, part of a climate strategy CATO-2: a demand driven program The combustion of fossil fuels causes CO 2, which is currently released to the atmosphere. Nowadays there is consensus that this man-made CO 2 contributes to global warming and affects the climate. One strategy to mitigate CO 2 emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels is to capture the CO 2 and permanently store it underground. This option is called CO 2 capture and storage, abbreviated as CCS. By capturing, transporting and storing the CO 2 from large scale power plants and industrial sources, CCS buys the time the transition from a fossil fuel based energy system to a 100% renewable energy system. Theree, CCS is a good match with renewable energy and energy efficiency in a Trias Energetica portfolio. The Dutch policies on climate change and energy are based on contributions from many technologies and all sectors. The Dutch climate policy, as mulated in the Clean and Efficient white paper, identifies CCS as a necessary intermediate strategy to combat climate change. Worldwide CO 2 emissions (Gt CO 2 /y) Although promising, CCS is not yet a mature, commercially available technology. The individual parts of the CCS chain are proven and have been used by industry years. But putting the integrated CCS chain to work will require quite some research eft. This is the main reason why the Dutch government and industry jointly decided to finance the CATO-2 research and development programme. Further R&D results are expected to bring CCS to a higher level. CATO-2 will facilitate the development of CCS towards large-scale implementation. In the Netherlands, small-scale capture pilots and demonstrations of CO 2 storage are currently planned or under construction. Also large-scale demonstration projects are being prepared. Both pilots and demos have a strong link with the CATO-2 programme. These projects need to deliver the required knowledge and expertise the commercialisation of CCS technology, which is expected around the year CO 2 capture and storage fossil fuels Year energy saving renewable energy CO 2 reduction strategy Partly achieved by the first national R&D programme, CCS has obtained a promising position in the Netherlands. The CATO programme, executed between 2004 and 2009, created an extensive knowledge network on CCS in the Netherlands. The conclusion that many CCS aspects still require further research and development laid the foundation its follow-up CATO-2. CATO-2 concentrates on enabling commercial CCS technology implementation as of Today, sitespecific research is very important. To make this happen experiences with pilots and demonstrations are essential assets in scaling up the CCS technology and get the integrated CCS chain to work. The cooperation between industry and research institutions ensures that CATO-2 is a demand-driven and effective program. Research priorities are aligned with future requirements. Applied research on capture, transport and storage is planned on a number of research sites. Meanwhile, new technologies, processes and procedures with a focus on application within five to ten years continue to be an important topic of fundamental research within CATO-2. John Gale, General Manager IEA Greenhouse Gas Programme In Europe, CATO-2 is a trailblazer and one of the emost national CCS research programmes. With the roll-out of large demos there will be a large need expertise. By combining the views from Dutch industries and academia, CATO-2 will help make a substantial contribution to the deployment of CCS. Stan Dessens, Chairman CATO-2 Executive Board Entering the demonstration phase, CCS also enters a new political and social debate. Increasing knowledge is indispensable to feed and support this debate. The national research programme is secured four years. That allows us to take founded decisions. Research topics are not only technological. Moving towards the demonstration and commercialisation phase, issues like public perception, financing and costs or monitoring techniques are of increasing importance. Krijn de Jong, Professor Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis at Utrecht University One of the biggest challenges we face in CATO-2 is reducing the energy use of the CO 2 capture. We should succeed in reducing the energy losses from say 25% to 10% in order to make CCS a realistic option at a large scale. Fundamental research will be essential to arrive at such a breakthrough.

3 THE DUTCH NATIONAL RESEARCH PROGRAMME O N C O 2 C A P T U R E, T R A N S P O R T A N D S TO R A G E CATO-2: regional projects In the ROAD (Rotterdam Opslag en Afvang Demonstratieproject), E.ON Benelux, Electrabel and GdF SUEZ develop a large-scale demonstration of the entire CCS chain. Post-combustion technology will capture approximately 1 million tonnes of CO 2 per year at a newly built coal power plant. The CO 2 is to be stored off shore in empty gas fields of TAQA. A. Energy supplier NUON has planned a multi-fuel MAGNUM power plant (1200 megawatt). A gasfired power plant is the first step. The second phase combines pre-combustion CO 2 capture with coal gasification technology. B. RWE is assessing the feasibility applying largescale post-combustion capture at a new coal and biomass plant in the Eemshaven. With the other partners in the region and stakeholders suitable storage locations are examined. As a spin-off of the University of Twente, the company Procede is assessing the possibilities a CCS project at the Twence waste combustor in Hengelo. Post-combustion technology will need to be optimised this purpose. Steel company Corus is investigating several technological options to reduce its carbon footprint. Most important topics are industrial separation processes and new steel processes that produce pure CO The K12-B gas field has been producing natural gas since 1984 with a relatively high CO 2 content. Bee transporting the natural gas to shore, CO 2 is separated. Since 2004 a part of this CO 2 is injected in the same reservoir where it was produced. Wintershall closed the Q08-A gas field in This field is most likely suitable storing CO 2. Shell CO 2 Storage B.V. (SCS) is starting up a demonstration storage of CO 2 in the depleted gas fields of Barendrecht and Barendrecht-Ziedewij. The CO 2 comes from the Shell refinery in Pernis, that produces pure CO 2. It will be transported by pipeline. The ammonia plant of Orascom (merly DSM Agro) at the Chemelot site produces pure CO 2. This project esees to inject part of this CO 2 in a sand layer under the site, at almost 2 kilometres deep. Nuon Energy Sourcing, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), ECN and KEMA are cooperating in the CO 2 catch-up project to test pre-combustion CO 2 capture at the Willem Alexander coal gasification plant in Buggenum. The pilot develops and tests the technology that will be needed the large-scale MAGNUM project in the north of the Netherlands.

4 6 THE DUTCH NATIONAL RESEARCH PROGRAMME O N C O 2 C A P T U R E, T R A N S P O R T A N D S TO R A G E 7 Capture Transport and chain integration Research on capture technologies is at CO 2 transport and chain integration are the core of CATO-2. Three types of capture the linking pins the deployment of the technologies are investigated. entire CCS chain. The research develops around three focal points: Post-combustion: CO 2 is removed from flue gases after the combustion process. Special solvents absorb the First, the development of a CO 2 transport infrastructure, CO 2 and are re-generated while releasing the CO 2 again, including hardware (e.g. pipelines) as well as regulations in a continuous cycle. and organisational structure. Pre-combustion: CO 2 is removed from the fuel bee Second, the integration of CO 2 capture, transport and the combustion process. Most promising here are storage in an optimal way. This implies that individual CCS membranes or solid sorbents that extract CO 2 from the chain elements will be integrated in a cost-effective way gasification process of fossil fuels. By removing the CO 2 the resulting syngas contains hydrogen (H 2 ), which only and that CCS will effectively contribute to the development of a sustainable Dutch energy system. produces water when combusted. Third, the creation of conditions CCS deployment. This Oxyfuel: the fuel is burned with pure oxygen, wich includes the economic, legal and political conditions that results in a concentrated CO 2 stream. need to be in place in the Netherlands and the assessment of conditions at the international level, such as the post- For a large part, capture research is applied research and One example of applied research in CATO-2 is the pilot 2012 climate negotiations. concentrates on scaling up and demonstrating first- plant CATO CO 2 Catcher, located at the Maasvlakte. This generation technologies. The fundamental research line pilot plant, developed under the CATO programme, focuses on second-generation technologies, which could serves testing and studying improved regeneration To prepare building a CO 2 transport infrastructure, be applied in five to ten years. of solvents that wash out the CO 2 from flue gases the design parameters, conditions and constraints are post-combustion capture. With the pilot plant, solvents assessed in detail, including lab tests and modeling can be tested under real flue gas conditions. Goals of work. these tests are to reduce the total cost of capture by e.g. Different CCS chains are evaluated, both power and Kay Damen, reducing energy demands and optimizing the capture industrial sectors. This includes developments in the development manager CCS, NUON process and at the same time to minimize the impact of Netherlands and in neighbouring countries. CATO-2 could mark a change in cooperation the capture process on the environment. The third focal point involves the development of a CCS Mariëlle Corsten, on CCS between industry and research The SEWGS project - which stands Sorption-Enhanced roadmap. This research aims to identify the main decision Junior Researcher Utrecht University institutes in The Netherlands. We bring in the Water Gas Shift is an example of a second-generation issues, timing and responsible actors deployment of By co-operating with other parties, my main results of our R&D in pre-combustion technology. This pre-combustion capture technology CCS in the Netherlands. academic work on environmental impacts capture. In return we expect to fill in the gaps has already passed the proof-of-principle phase in of CCS gets a broader mind-set. These other in our knowledge. One of the major challenges is to CATO and the 6th Framework R&D programme of the angles are essential to paint a complete make sure that the research remains driven by industry EU. CATO-2 aims at further developing this promising picture those who will decide on CCS requirements to enable CCS demonstration. process in a pilot plant. implementation in the end.

5 8 THE DUTCH NATIONAL RESEARCH PROGRAMME O N C O 2 C A P T U R E, T R A N S P O R T A N D S TO R A G E 9 Storage Safety A large part of the storage research in Chris Spiers, professor of Geology Safety and safety regulation of CCS CATO-2 is targeted at specific research at Utrecht University activities are essential the successful Define a best practice guide licensing and certification sites. Existing research already indicates CATO-2 provides an excellent opportunity implementation of CCS in the Netherlands of CCS, based on experiences at the pilot and small- significant storage potentials in empty to apply fundamental research to geological and anywhere else. scale demonstration sites. This best practice guide gas and oil fields. CATO-2 studies site-specific reservoir systems in The Netherlands. By provides important input to international discussions on characteristics of the fields, in order to arrive at investigating specific sites, we deepen our In recent years a lot of eft has been put into the harmonizing CCS legislation and regulation. improved figures on the potential of CO 2 storage in knowledge about every possible process that development of legal frameworks CCS with special Develop methods and tools risk management and the Netherlands. might affect underground storage of CO 2. reference to underground CO2 storage. Following the integrate these with the current practice in industrial EU Directive on CCS and the subsequent transposition in HSE activities. One of the aims of the CATO-2 programme on storage is This differs considerably from any of the currently national laws, a number of regulatory issues are currently to develop a site-specific best storage approach. Another ongoing demonstration projects worldwide and has discussed, example the ownership and long term important topic that is dealt with is applied research on consequences the optimization of the injection. liability the stored CO 2. monitoring and verification techniques specifically The outcome of such a study will example steer the Dutch geological systems. A large number of techniques potentially required pre-heating of the CO 2. Development of a reliable, verifiable and practicable set have been tested worldwide, but the challenge is to With respect to monitoring and verification research is of rules which guarantees safe and effective emission deal with local site-specific (geological) conditions and ongoing both shallow (near the surface) and deep reduction by CCS is crucial. CATO-2 contributes to this circumstances. (such as seismic) monitoring techniques. of by defining and describing best practices in permitting the shallow investigations encompass the determination and certifying CCS activities at designated CCS sites in of naturally occurring variations ( example seasonal the Netherlands. The research sites in CATO-2 play a very An example of research within CATO-2, typical the variations) of CO 2 in groundwater the Netherlands important role again in evaluating the applicability of new Dutch situation, is to properly predict the behavior of or the potential to observe any ground movement in legislation and regulation. large volumes of injected CO 2 in depleted gas reservoirs the order of millimetres with satellites. An example of with very low pressures. research of deep techniques consists of designing and permanently testing installed seismic systems. Martha Roggenkamp, Professor at the Centre of Energy Law, University of Groningen Basically, all technological developments have to be set in a proper legal framework. Impression of Theree, our legal research is a necessary the geology of and integral part of CATO-2. This provides the the K12-B field. clarity about the legal feasibility of such a technology.

6 10 THE DUTCH NATIONAL RESEARCH PROGRAMME O N C O 2 C A P T U R E, T R A N S P O R T A N D S TO R A G E 11 Public perception Dissemination Along with the introduction of first demonstration projects, the Netherlands has learned in practice how important public perception of CCS is. Within CATO, the public perception research focused on new methods to monitor inmed public opinions on CCS (e.g. the Inmation-Choice Questionnaire, ICQ). Research also focused on identifying factors which improved public communication on CCS. Two of the key findings are credibility of inmation is higher when the source is a coalition of parties (e.g. a company and NGO) instead of each party separately and public trust (e.g. regarding the decision process) is crucial acceptance of CCS. Within CATO-2 we will apply these findings in order to improve communication of valid, balanced, relevant and comprehensible inmation on CCS to the general and local public ( instance in the case of residents near onshore CCS projects in Northern Netherlands). We will monitor with repeated surveys whether communication is actually more effective. Example: ICQ research will be continued as well as fundamental research into processes that underpin decision-making and communication with stakeholders. Gerard Jägers, Manager of the YmGreen programme at Corus IJmuiden For a steel company like Corus, reducing CO 2 emissions is crucial our license-to-operate. That is why we participate in CATO-2, as well as in European CCS research. We have a wide interest and input, ranging from oxyfuel capture technology to public opinion on CCS. CCS is g, CCS reduces CO2 emissions fast enough to avoid dangerous climate change. n industries that have no alternative methods of CO2 emission reduction. generation from biomass, and so even extract CO2 from the atmosphere. n make large scale hydrogen production and electric transport CO2-neutral. CCS makes international climate agreements (more) feasible me necessary efficient, large-scale implementation of renewable energy. tries with many coal-fired power stations like China are more likely to follow. CCS, the public needs to change its lifestyle less to achieve climate objectives. CCS is unnecessary the climate problem The consequences of the climate problem can be dealt with through adaptation. blem can be resolved with energy saving, renewable energy and nuclear energy. climate problem can be resolved in other sectors such as estry and agriculture. CCS is bad the climate Power stations using fossil fuels will continue to emit CO2, even with CCS. can make us lose sight of the urgent need energy saving and renewable energy. oal and gas-fired power stations that, without mandatory CCS, continue to emit CO2. er the CO2 will remain underground long enough to avoid dangerous climate change. CCS keeps fossil fuel reserves accessible cheaply extractable coal supply is practically unusable due to the climatic consequences. CCS contributes to the successful implementation of sustainable energy CCS costs extra energy es the price of electricity, which means that renewable energy becomes profitable sooner. tations with CCS are a stable addition to the fluctuating energy supply from sun and wind. CCS costs ten to ty percent additional energy; that exhausts coal and gas supplies faster. CCS retards the development of sustainable energy Investment in CCS is made at the expense of investment in sustainable energy. investment in coal-fired power stations, which means they will stay in use longer. S is good the environment ls. ClimaTe What are the arguments and CO2 capture and storage (CCS*) the Netherlands? energy SafeTy - CO 2 CATO-2 is a research program that aims at an optimal link with realistic developments in CCS. Theree, much attention is paid to the dissemination of the knowledge generated in CATO-2, providing an easy access to the knowledge while taking into account intellectual property rights. Dissemination activities vary widely. CCS developments are distributed to all CATO-2 partners. Special attention is paid to cooperation among the parties and to knowledge sharing. Also dialogs with stakeholders are organised, instance by providing objective background inmation about safety issues in public debates. economics CCS has a CCS partly restores the pressure bal CCS reduces the need nuclear energy, which is often Geopolitical security increases because coal consumption reduces dependen The consequences of CCS are unpredictable CCS is new and has never been used on a large scale, theree the risks are not fully For the public, inmation on CCS is complex and sometimes contradictory, and peo Geopolitical security can decline if extra energy consumption increases dependency o CCS is unsafe humans and the environment If CO2 escapes at a low pressure during transport and storage, it can cause suffoca If stored CO2 escapes up into shallow underground reservoirs, this can acidify the CO2 storage leads to the risk of small earth tremors, comparable with those from Post-combustion CO2 capture can cause emission of carcinogenic substances. CCS is good business and the creation of skilled employment The private sector can (internationally) market knowledge, technology and st CCS increases business continuity of existing coal and gas power stations. Capture technology generates knowledge that can be used the productio With CCS, climate objectives are economically feasible Electricity from power stations with CCS is cheaper in the medium term than Mandatory CCS makes the polluter pay (via his energy bill). Compared to other countries, the Netherlands has a competitive lea The Netherlands has suitable gas fields with a large storage capacity clo Thanks to its gas infrastructure, the Netherlands has an advantage in t CCS costs Dutch business money It is unsure whether the high initial investments in technology and in It is unsure whether the high operating costs can be included in the By the time that CCS is possible on a large scale, alternative metho CCS costs Dutch citizens money The government (tax payers) finances the development phase of The government (tax payers) pays - ever - supervision of s s long as it is controversial, CCS could have a negative effect o e and resources are wasted on a tempor A yearly highlight in this respect is the national CCS symposium, which is organised to discuss CCS developments with a broad public from universities, research institutes, NGOs, industry and (local) government. One example of organising the dialog is the Argument Map, which shows all possible pros and cons of CCS in The Netherlands in a concise way. Many experts contributed to this Map. Jan Brouwer (TNO), CATO-2 programme manager Managing CATO-2 is largely a matter of arranging administrative, political and legal issues. I get my inspiration from regularly meeting these 250 people from fourty parties, who do their utmost to take another step in CCS research. They deserve a seamless organisation.