Mitchell L. Griffin Jean Bossart CH2M HILL Gainesville, Florida

Transcription

1 NPDES STORMWATER DATA RESULTS FOR JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA INTRODUCTION Mitchell L. Griffin Jean Bossart CH2M HILL Gainesville, Florida New storm water data were collected for the City of Jacksonville's National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) storm water permit application pursuant to Chapter 40 CFR (d)(2)(iii)(A). This section of Chapter 40 requires that applicants collect data from 5 to 10 sites for 3 representative storm events. The City collected data from 5 sites and its co-applicants were responsible for 5 additional sites in Duval County (Florida Department of Transportation [FDOT, 3; Atlantic Beach, 1; Neptune Beach, 1). The City's characterization data collection began in April 1992; however, because of the sampling criteria (72 hours between rainfall events and 30 days between consecutive samples) and the inconsistent rainfall frequency, the sampling was not completed until July Data summaries and additional observations about the program are provided below. Table 1 presents characteristics about the sampled basins. Jacksonville does not have a good inventory of their storm water system, which contains thousands of outfalls into over 200 receiving waters. Sampling sites were selected during Part 1 of the application by the expected land use for each proposed sampling site. During Part 2, the drainage basins were more closely inventoried. The land uses were not as uniform as expected because the drainage areas were larger than estimated with the original information; however, these sites are typical of the Jacksonville area. A representative storm must meet the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA's) criteria (see above). For Jacksonville, the sampled storm had to be between 2.5 millimeters (mm) (0. 10 inch) and 28 mm (1. 1 inches) during the first 3 hours. The duration of the sampling program shows the difficulty of finding representative storms. The program could have been completed in 3 to 4 months, ideally, but took about 15 months. USEPA allowed the interevent time to be reduced to 36 hours from June through August, but that did not help the program. During most of the summer there were draught conditions in Jacksonville or the rainfall events were much larger than 28 mm. Table 2 presents descriptive data for the sampled storm events. The water quality data are presented in Table 3. The required sampling parameter list was extensive, but only parameters with readings higher than the detection limit are presented. Data results were close to those found during the comprehensive literature review of Florida storm water quality data in the Southwest Florida Water Management District (SWFWMD) Tampa Bay Surface Water Improvement and Management (SWIM) report. Metals, which were lower in Jacksonville than reported in the Tampa Bay report, were the exception. Both 53

2 Table I Basin Characteristics AR-25 JB-1 JX-121 JX-134 JX-179 Size of Basin (acre) Size of Basin (hectare) Residential Density (DU/ac) Residential Density (DU/ha) FDOT-Owned (% per ha) Commercial Land Use (% per ha) Light Industrial Land Use (% per ha) Heavy Industrial Land Use (% per ha) High Density (>25 DU/ha) (% per ha) Residential (<25 DU/ha) (% per ha) Undeveloped Land (% per ha) Approximate Age of Development In Basin (years) Representative Land Use Residential Residential' Commercial Heavy Light Pre-1982 Post-1982 Industry Industry NOTE: 1. DU/ha dwelling units per hectare 2. % per hectare Is based on approximate average for basin 3. Representative Land Use Is what the expected category was. The data above reflects findings after detailed examination, Table 2 Sampled Storm Event Characteristics AR-25 Characteristic 1 st Sample 2 nd Sample 3 rd Sample Date of Sample Event 6/23/92 8/23/92 1/4/93 Recorded Rainfall On.) Date of Prior Storm Event Greater than 0.01 In. 6/19/92 8/8/92 12/26/92 Prior Event Rainfall On.) Approximate Hours between Events Days between Sampling Events st Sample 2 nd Sample 3 rd Sample Date of Sample Event 6/23/92 8/28/92 2/11/93 Recorded Rainfall On.) Date of Prior Storm Event Greater than 0.01 In. 6/18/92 8/16/92 2/7/93 Prior Event Rainfall On.) ,59 Approximate Hours between Events Days between Sampling Events JB -1

3 JX st Sample 2 nd Sample 3 rd Sample Date of Sample Event 6/23/92 9/24/92 11/11/92 Recorded Rainfall On.) (1. 10 h 3 hrs.) 0.19 Date of Prior Storm Event Greater than 0.01 In. N/A 9/15/92 11/5/92 Prior Event Rainfall On.) N/A Approximate Hours between Events > Days between Sampling Events JX st Sample 2 nd Sample 3 rd Sample Date of Sample Event 7/ /11/93 3/31/93 Recorded Rainfall Date of Prior Storm Event Greater than 0.01 In, 7/14/92 217/93 3/26/93 Prior Event Rainfall On.) japproximate Hours between Events [Days between Sampling Events JX st Sample 2 nd Sample 3 rd Sample 4 th Sample Date of Sample Event 6/30/92 8/14/92 2/26/ Recorded Rainfall On) ,25 Date of Prior Storm Event Greater than 0,01 In. 6/25/92 8/8/92 2/22/93 7/24/93 Prior Event Rainfall On.) Approximate Hours between Events Days between Sampling Events Table 3

4 Storm Water Quality Analyses Results JX-121 Parameters Detection Limit 6/23/92 9/24/92 11/11/92 average Temperature (Centigrade) not app ph (std. units) not app Total Dissolved Solids (mg/l) Total Suspended Solids (mg/l) Copper (mg/l) BDL Lead (mg/l) Zinc (mg/l) Ammonia (mg/l) Nitrate + Nitrite (mg/l) Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (mg/l) Ortho-Phosphorus (mg/l) Total Phosphorus (mg/l) Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Inhibited (mg/l) 2.0 n/r Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/d Grease and Oil (mg/l) Phenol (mg/l) Fecal Coliform (MPN/IOOML) I n/r >=16,000 24,000 24,000 Fecal Streptococcus Coliform (MPN/I 00 ML) I n/r 9, ,500 Methylene Chloride (ug/l) 10 2 BDL BDL 2 1,2-Dichloroethene (total) (ug/l) 10 2 BDL BDL 2 Trichloroethene (ug/l) Tetrachloroethene (ug/l) j 7 7 Di-n-Butylphtholate (ug/l) 10 2 BDL 3 3 bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 00/0 10 BDL 4 BDL 4 gamma-bhc (Lindane) Sheet 3 of 5 Table 3 Storm Water Quality Analyses Results JB-1 Parameters Detection Limit 6/23/92 8/28/92 2/11/92 average Temperature (Centigrade) not app ph (std. units) not app Total Dissolved Solids (ma/d Total Suspended Solids (mg/l) 1 2 BDL BDL I Copper (mg/l) Zinc (mg/l) Ammonia (mg/l)

5 Nitrate + Nitrite (mg/l) Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (mg/l) Ortho-Phosphorus (mg/l) BDL BDL Total Phosphorus (mg/l) ' Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Inhibited (mg/l) BDL Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/l) Grease and Oil (mg/l) BDL 3.3 Phenol (mg/l) BDL Fecal Coliform (lvipn/1oornl) I n/r 3,000 16,000 9,500 Fecal Strectococcus (IVIPN/IOOmL) 1 n/r >=1,600 2,800 2,800 Sheet 2 of 5 9/10/93 Parameters Table 3 Storm Water Quality Analyses Results JX-134 Detection Limit 7/17/92 2/11/93 3/31/93 3/31/93 average Temperature (Centigrade) not app :23.1 ph (std. units) not app Total Dissolved Solids (mg/l) Total Suspended Solids (mg/l) Copper (mg/l) BDL Lead (mg/l) Zinc (mg/l) Ammonia (mg/l) Nitrate + Nitrite (mg/l) Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (mg/l) Ortho-Phosphorus (mg/l) Total Phosphorus (mg/l) Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Inhibited (mg/l) , Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/l) Phenol (mg/l) Fecal Coliform (MPN/ 100 ml) 1 5,000 2, ,000 3,000 3,850 Fecal Streptococcus Coliform (MPN/lOOmL) 1 9, ,000 9,000 8,675 Methylene Chloride (ug/l) 10 3 BDL BDL BDL Dichloroethene (total) (ug/l) 10 2 BDL BDL BDL 2 TrIchloroethene (ug/l) 10 BDL 2J BDL BDL 2J Di-n-Butylphtholate (ug/l) 10 2 BDL BDL BDL 2 Sheet 4 of 5 9/10/93 Jacksonville's and Tampa Bay's data were low (usually in the lowest quartile) when compared to the USEPA's National Urban Runoff Program (NURP) data. The only "nonstandard" pollutants consistently measured in Jacksonville were total phenol and oil and grease. The total phenol readings could be an artifact of the sampling method, which does not discriminate well between phenols and structurally similar compounds found naturally.

6 The averages shown in Table 3 were then used to estimate the event mean concentrations (EMCs) shown in Table 4. Pollutant loadings were computed for four land uses and three mixed uses with these new water quality data. The following observations were also made: Coliform sampling made the program more difficult because of the 6 hour holding time limit. An alternative approach, the delayed incubation method (an USEPA standard method), was evaluated. In this procedure, the media is inoculated in the field at sampling time. The sealed culture plate could be held 48 hours before it is placed in an incubator. Results with this method did not match results with the approved method. Consequently, the short holding-time constraint must still be used in future sampling programs. The sampling program cost about $10,000 per sample, which includes laboratory fees, rainfall monitoring, one duplicate sample, and other contingencies. The cost is high-because of the large number of pollutants that must be monitored, monitoring site maintenance, and the length of time it takes to successfully sample a representative storm. Additionally, employee safety is a major concern because of the weather conditions and sampling locations. Only open systems were sampled in Jacksonville. For Jacksonville, accurately inventorying the drainage system is more important than the results of the storm water runoff quality characterization. The change in drainage areas and land use had more of an affect on average annual, pollutant loadings than using observed data versus literature data for mean concentrations. Furthermore, the new data collected for the NPDES program should improve the available literature values, if these data are collated and analyzed. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The stormwater sampling program was managed and performed by England, Thims & Miller, Inc. of Jacksonville, Florida. 61 Table 4 Event Mean Concentrations (EMCs) Water Quality Parameter Land Use and Type and Parameter Concentration Light Heavy Mixed Mixed Mixed Description Abbr. Units Residential Commercial Industry Industry Comm./Res. Industrial/Res. Industrial/Comm. EMC Source EMC Source EMC Source EMC Source EMC Source EMC Source EMC Source Five Day BOD BOD5 mg/l 8.0 a 7.0 a 17.2 a 9.6 a 7.5 b 12.6 b 12.1 b Chemical Oxygen Demand COD mg/l 55.0 a 55.0 a 55.0 a 55.0 a b 55.0 b 55.0 b Total Suspended Solids TSS mg/l 21 Z a 71.0 a 94.0 a 94.0 a 46.3 b 57.8 b 82.5 b Total Dissolved Solids TDS mg/l 174 a 174 a 174 a 174 a 174 b 174 b 174 b Total Nitrogen TN mg/l 2.17 a 1.06 a 2.83 a 1.79 a 1.62 b 2.50 b 1.95 b Total Ammonia plus Organic N TKN mg/l 1.84 a 0.90 a 2.40 a 1.52 a 1.37 b 2.12 b 1.65 b Total Phosphorus TP mg/l 0.35 a 0.14 a 0.43 a 0.31 a 0.25 b 0.39 b 0.29 b Dissolved Phosphorus DP mg/l 0.19 a 0.05 a 0.40 a 0.13 a 0.12 b 0.30 b 0.23 b Total Cadmium Cd mg/l a a a a b b b Total Copper Cu mg/l a a 0127 a a b 0079 b b

7 Total Lead Pb mg/l a a a a b b Total Zinc Zn mg a a a a b b b Data Sources: a. NPDES dataset average values. Averages computed using samples tested below detection limits (BDL) as one-half BDL. b. Mixed land use EMCs were determined by averaging the appropriate EMC values for residential, commercial, and/or light industrial land uses. Table 3 Storm Water Quality Analyses Results JX-179 Parameters Detection Limit 6/30/92 8/14/92 2/26/93 7/26/93 average Temperature (Centigrade) not app ph (std. units) not app Total Dissolved Solids (mg/ Total Suspended Solids (mg/l) Arsenic (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL Copper (ma/d BDL Lead (mg/ Zinc (mg/d , Ammonia (mg/l) Nitrate + Nitrite (mg/l) Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (mg/ Ortho-Phosphorus (mg/l) Total Phosphorus (mg/l) Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Inhibited (mg/l) Chemical Oxygen Demand (ma/ BDL Grease and Oil (mg/l) Phenol (mg/l) , BDL Fecal Coliform (MPN/100m 1 n/r 90,000 1,600 >=1,600 45,800 Fecal Streptococcus Coliform (lvlpn/iooml) I n/r 1 30,000 9,000 >=1,600 19,500 Ethylbenzene (ug/l) 10 1 BDL n/r BDL I Di-n-Butylphtholate (ug/l) 10 3 BDL BDL BDL 3 bls(2-ethylhexydphthalate (Ug/0 I0 3 BDL BDL BDL 3 4,4 -DDT (Ug/L) 0.04 BDL 0.04 BDL BDL 0.04 Sheet 5 of 5 Table 3 Storm Water Quality Analyses Results AR-25 Detection Limit 6/23/92 8 /13/92 1 /4/93 average Temperature (Centigrade) not app

8 ph (std, units) not app Total Dissolved Solids (Mg/L) Total Suspended Solids (Mg/L) Antimony (Mg/L) BDL BDL Copper (Mg/L) BDL BDL Lead (rng/l) BDL Zinc (Mg/ Ammonia (Mg/L) Nitrate + Nitrite (mg/l) Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (mg/l) Ortho-Phosphorus (mg/l) Total Phosphorus (Mg/L) Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Inhibited (mg/l) Chemical Oxygen Demand (Mg/D Grease and Oil (Mg/L) BDL 1.8 Phenol (Mg/L) , Fecal Coliform (MPN/100 ml) I n/r 1,700 9,000 5,350 Fecal Streptococcus Coliform (MPN/lOOmL) 1 n/r 3,000 24,000 13,500 Methylene Chloride (Ug/L) 10 2 BDL BDL 2 Tetrachloroethene (Ug/L) 10 2 BDL BDL 2 gamma-bhc (Lindane) (Ug/L) BDL BDL 0.02, Dieldrin (Ug/L) BPI BDL U5 Chlordane BDL BDL 0.2 Sheet I of 5 9/)0/93