Florida s Class I Water Treatment Injection Wells. Joseph Haberfeld, P.G. UIC Program, FDEP January, 2013

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1 Florida s Class I Water Treatment Injection Wells Joseph Haberfeld, P.G. UIC Program, FDEP January, 2013

2 Source: U.S. Geological Survey

3 Source: elmhurst.edu

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6 120 Class I Injection Wells Number of Wells Total Wells Number of Wells Municipal RO Blend Industrial Other Hazardous

7 Desalination Facilities in Florida (FDEP, 2009)

8 WTP/WWTP = Ο WTP = Δ Class I Desalination Wells Blended WTP/WWTP WTP Only

9 Types of Water Treatment Plants using Injection Membrane mostly Reverse Osmosis (RO) Lime Softening Electrodialysis Reversal (1 plant) Nanofiltration

10 Injection Well Potable Ground Water g Brackish Ground Water Base USDW Injection Zone Anhydrite

11 Sy Injection Zone Injection Zone Peninsular Florida Tertiary Stratigraphy

12 1000 ft SL W RO Injection Wells in Sarasota County, Florida: The Early Years Englewood Venice Gardens Plantation E Avon Park Formation Injection Zone

13 Albert Whitted WRF Generalized Pre- Injection (Background) Water Quality Profile Depth in Feet East IW-2 TDS < 3,000 MW-1 MW-2 MW-3 West IW-1 Hydrogeologic Unit Surficial Aquifer Aquitard Water Bearing Zone Hawthorn Group General Formation/ Lithologic Surficial Sands Peace River Formation Tampa Member of Arcadia Formation Zone A TDS 3,000-10,000 TDS 10,000-35,000 Aquitard Water Bearing Zone Aquitard Upper Floridan Aquifer Suwannee Limestone Ocala Limestone B 800 TDS > 35,000 Injection Zone Avon Park Formation C 1,000 1,200 Concentration expressed in mg/l (CH2M HILL, March 1993) Aquitard

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15 Chemistry of Wastewater vs. Injection Zone Water Municipal RO Injection Parameter Wastewater Concentrate Zone Chloride 100 mg/l ,000 Sulfate 100 mg/l ,000 Total Dissolved 500mg/L ,000 35,000 Solids ph 7 std units 7 7 Gross Alpha <15 pci/l >15 Total Nitrogen 20 mg/l 2-4 <2 Specific Gravity g/cc

16 Operating Conditions of a WTP Injection Well in South Florida Injection into Boulder Zone Very high Transmissivity >1 mgd/ft or 134,000 ft 2 /d Volumes Up to approximately 2 MGD Very low wellhead pressure - < 20 psi; can be < 5 psi WTP concentrate may be combined with WWTP effluent Increased volumes and injection pressures One to two wells per site

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18 TYPES OF TUBING MATERIAL MILD STEEL EPOXY-COATED STEEL ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE-STYRENE (ABS) FIBERGLASS REINFORCED PLASTIC (FRP) DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL

19 Source: Future Pipe Industries

20 Factors Affecting Corrosion of Tubing and Packers Salinity of Injectate Tubing Material Packer Material Packer Design Dissolved Oxygen in Injectate Injection Rates

21 TYPES OF PACKERS MECHANICALLY SET, CONVENTIONAL TYPE (SUCH AS TIW) - removable POSITIVE-SEAL TYPE non-removable

22 Positive Seal Packer

23 HOW TO FIX AN ANNULAR LEAK Hope it goes away Tighten/repair all surface connections Place seal (bentonite, barite) on top of packer Replace annular fluid with a special mixture to seal leak Replace tubing and/or packer, refill annulus with fluid Completely cement annular space

24 Cemented Tubing Cemented Intermediate Casing Cemented Annulus Base USDW Tubing Cemented Final Casing Injection Zone Packer

25 Alternative Design, Older Well Double-Cased To Injection Zone Cemented Casing (steel) Cemented casing (steel) Another cemented casing (non-steel) Injection Zone

26 Required Monitoring at Class I WTP Sites: Field Temperature (deg. C) ph (std. units) Specific Conductance (µmhos/cm) Chloride (mg/l) Sulfate (mg/l) Total Dissolved Solids (mg/l) Sodium (mg/l) Calcium (mg/l) Potassium (mg/l) Magnesium (mg/l) Bicarbonate (mg/l) Iron (mg/l) Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (mg/l) Gross Alpha (pci/l) Radium 226 (pci/l) Radium 228 (pci/l)

27 Vertical Fluid Monitoring Depth in Feet East IW-2 TDS < 3,000 MW-1 MW-2 MW-3 West IW-1 Hydrogeologic Unit Surficial Aquifer Aquitard Water Bearing Zone Hawthorn Group General Formation/ Lithologic Surficial Sands Peace River Formation Tampa Member of Arcadia Formation Zone A TDS 3,000-10,000 TDS 10,000-35,000 Aquitard Water Bearing Zone Aquitard Upper Floridan Aquifer Suwannee Limestone Ocala Limestone B 800 TDS > 35,000 Injection Zone Avon Park Formation C 1,000 1,200 Concentration expressed in mg/l (CH2M HILL, March 1993) Aquitard

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29 35000 North Miami Dade Mon Well FA2N Zone B TDS Series /1/1997 7/1/1998 7/1/1999 7/1/2000 7/1/2001 7/1/2002 7/1/2003 7/1/2004 7/1/2005 7/1/2006 7/1/2007 7/1/ North Miami Dade Mon Well FA2 Zone B TKN Series /1/1997 7/1/1998 7/1/1999 7/1/2000 7/1/2001 7/1/2002 7/1/2003 7/1/2004 7/1/2005 7/1/2006 7/1/2007 7/1/2008

30 Contact Information Joe Haberfeld Florida Department of Environmental Protection 2600 Blair Stone Road, MS 3530 Tallahassee, FL Phone: