Significance of Tests and Properties of Concrete and Concrete-Making Materials
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2 Significance of Tests and Properties of Concrete and Concrete-Making Materials STP 169D Joseph F. Lamond and James H. Pielert, Editors ASTM Stock No.: STP169D ASTM International 100 Barr Harbor Drive PO Box C-700 West Conshohocken, PA Printed in the U.S.A.
3 Copyright 2006 ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or in part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of the publisher. Photocopy Rights Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use, or the internal, personal, or educational classroom use of specific clients, is granted by ASTM International (ASTM) provided that the appropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923; Tel: ; online: NOTE: The Society is not responsible, as a body, for the statements and opinions expressed in this publication. Printed in Bridgeport, NJ April 2006
4 Foreword THIS PUBLICATION is a revision and expansion of Significance of Tests and Properties of Concrete and Concrete-Making Materials (STP 169C) published in That publication in turn replaced editions published in 1956, 1966, and The present publication includes a number of new materials and test methods that have been developed, or materials that have increased in importance since the 1994 edition. Two most useful additions are the chapters on slag as a cementitious material and self-consolidating concrete. As in the previous editions, chapters have been authored by individuals selected on the basis of their knowledge of their subject areas, and in most cases because of their participation in the development of pertinent specifications and test methods by ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and, in some cases, ASTM Committee C01 on Cement. The authors developed their chapters in conformance with general guidelines only. Each chapter has been reviewed and, where necessary, coordinated with chapters in which overlap of subject matter might occur. This latest edition has been developed under the direction of the Executive Committee of ASTM Committee C09 by coeditors Joseph F. Lamond, Consulting Engineer, and James H. Pielert, Consultant, both members of Committee C09.
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6 Contents Chapter 1: Introduction JOSEPH F. LAMOND AND JAMES H. PIELERT...1 PART I GENERAL Chapter 2: The Nature of Concrete RICHARD A. HELMUTH AND RACHEL J. DETWILER...5 Chapter 3: Techniques, Procedures, and Practices of Sampling of Concrete and Concrete Making Materials TOY S. POOLE...16 Chapter 4: Statistical Considerations in Sampling and Testing GARLAND W. STEELE...22 Chapter 5: Uniformity of Concrete-Making Materials ANTHONY E. FIORATO...30 Chapter 6: Virtual Testing of Cement and Concrete DALE P. BENTZ, EDWARD J. GARBOCZI, JEFFREY W. BULLARD, CHIARA FERRARIS, NICOS MARTYS, AND PAUL E. STUTZMAN...38 Chapter 7: Quality Cement, Concrete, and Aggregates The Role of Testing Laboratories JAMES H. PIELERT...51 PART II FRESHLY MIXED CONCRETE Chapter 8: Factors Influencing Concrete Workability D. GENE DANIEL...59 Chapter 9: Air Content, Temperature, Density (Unit Weight), and Yield LAWRENCE R. ROBERTS...73 Chapter 10: Making and Curing Concrete Specimens JOSEPH F. LAMOND...80 Chapter 11: Time of Setting BRUCE J. CHRISTENSEN...86 Chapter 12: Bleed Water STEVEN H. KOSMATKA...99 PART III HARDENED CONCRETE Chapter 13: Concrete Strength Testing CELIK OZYILDIRIM AND NICHOLAS J. CARINO Chapter 14: Prediction of Potential Concrete Strength at Later Ages NICHOLAS J. CARINO Chapter 15: Freezing and Thawing CHARLES K. NMAI Chapter 16: Corrosion of Reinforcing Steel NEAL S. BERKE Chapter 17: Embedded Metals and Materials Other Than Reinforcing Steel BERNARD ERLIN Chapter 18: Abrasion Resistance KARL J. BAKKE Chapter 19: Elastic Properties, Creep, and Relaxation JASON WEISS Chapter 20: Petrographic Examination BERNARD ERLIN Chapter 21: Volume Change FRED GOODWIN Chapter 22: Thermal Properties STEPHEN B. TATRO Chapter 23: Pore Structure, Permeability, and Penetration Resistance Characteristics of Concrete NATALIYA HEARN, R. DOUGLAS HOOTON, AND MICHELLE R. NOKKEN Chapter 24: Chemical Resistance of Concrete M. D. A. THOMAS AND J. SKALNY Chapter 25: Resistance to Fire and High Temperatures STEPHEN S. SZOKE Chapter 26: Air Content and Density of Hardened Concrete KENNETH C. HOVER Chapter 27: Analyses for Cement and Other Materials in Hardened Concrete WILLIAM G. HIME Chapter 28: Nondestructive Tests V. MOHAN MALHOTRA...314
7 vi CONTENTS PART IV CONCRETE AGGREGATES Chapter 29: Grading, Shape, and Surface Texture ROBIN E. GRAVES Chapter 30: Bulk Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), Pore Structure, Absorption, and Surface Moisture JOHN J. YZENAS, JR Chapter 31: Soundness, Deleterious Substances, and Coatings STEPHEN W. FORSTER Chapter 32: Degradation Resistance, Strength, and Related Properties of Aggregates RICHARD C. MEININGER Chapter 33: Petrographic Evaluation of Concrete Aggregates G. SAM WONG Chapter 34: Alkali-Silica Reactions in Concrete DAVID STARK Chapter 35: Alkali-Carbonate Rock Reaction MICHAEL A. OZOL Chapter 36: Thermal Properties of Aggregates D. STEPHEN LANE PART V OTHER CONCRETE MAKING MATERIALS Chapter 37: Hydraulic Cements Physical Properties LESLIE STRUBLE Chapter 38: Hydraulic Cement-Chemical Properties SHARON M. DEHAYES AND PAUL D. TENNIS Chapter 39: Mixing and Curing Water for Concrete JAMES S. PIERCE Chapter 40: Curing and Materials Applied to New Concrete Surfaces BEN E. EDWARDS Chapter 41: Air-Entraining Admixtures ARA A. JEKNAVORIAN Chapter 42: Chemical Admixtures BRUCE J. CHRISTENSEN AND HAMID FARZAM Chapter 43: Supplementary Cementitious Materials SCOTT SCHLORHOLTZ Chapter 44: Slag as a Cementitious Material JAN R. PRUSINSKI PART VI SPECIALIZED CONCRETES Chapter 45: Ready Mixed Concrete COLIN L. LOBO AND RICHARD D. GAYNOR Chapter 46: Lightweight Concrete and Aggregates THOMAS A. HOLM AND JOHN P. RIES Chapter 47: Cellular Concrete FOUAD H. FOUAD Chapter 48: Concrete for Radiation Shielding DOUGLAS E. VOLKMAN Chapter 49: Fiber-Reinforced Concrete PETER C. TATNALL Chapter 50: Preplaced Aggregate Concrete EDWARD P. HOLUB Chapter 51: Roller-Compacted Concrete (RCC) WAYNE S. ADASKA Chapter 52: Polymer-Modified Concrete and Mortar D. GERRY WALTERS Chapter 53: Shotcrete JOHN H. PYE Chapter 54: Organic Materials for Bonding, Patching, and Sealing Concrete RAYMOND J. SCHUTZ Chapter 55: Packaged, Dry, Cementitious Mixtures DENNISON FIALA Chapter 56: Self-Consolidating Concrete (SCC) JOSEPH A. DACZKO AND MARTIN VACHON INDEXES Index...647
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