BIOLOGY. Chapter 14 DNA Structure and Function
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1 BIOLOY hapter 14 DN Structure and Function
2 Figure 14.11
3 Figure 16.22a Figure DN double helix (2 nm in diameter) Nucleosome (10 nm in diameter) DN, the double helix Histones Histones Histone tail H1 Nucleosomes, or beads on a string (10-nm fiber)
4 Figure 16.22b Figure hromatid (700 nm) 30-nm fiber Loops Scaffold 300-nm fiber 30-nm fiber Looped domains (300-nm fiber) Replicated chromosome (1,400 nm) Metaphase chromosome
5 Figure 16.1
6 Figure 16.2/14.3 EXPERIMEN Living S cells (control) Living R cells (control) Heat-killed S cells (control) Mixture of heat-killed S cells and living R cells riffith 1920s RESULS Mouse dies Mouse healthy Mouse healthy Mouse dies Living S cells
7 Figure nm Phage head ail sheath ail fiber DN Bacterial cell
8 Figure 14.3 EXPERIMEN Phage Bacterial cell Radioactive protein Empty protein shell Hersey & hase, 1952 Radioactivity (phage protein) in liquid Batch 1: Radioactive sulfur ( 35 S) DN Phage DN entrifuge Radioactive DN Pellet (bacterial cells and contents) Batch 2: Radioactive phosphorus ( 32 P) entrifuge Pellet Radioactivity (phage DN) in pellet
9 Figure 14.5 Each nucleotide is made up of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Deoxyribose in DN Ribose in RN.
10 Figure 16.8 DN base pairs Sugar denine () Sugar hymine () Sugar Sugar uanine () ytosine ()
11 Figure 16.UN04 DN base pairs
12 Figure 16.UN01 DN width Purine purine: too wide Pyrimidine pyrimidine: too narrow Purine pyrimidine: width consistent with X-ray data
13 Figure 16.5 Sugar phosphate backbone end Nitrogenous bases hymine () denine () ytosine () Phosphate uanine () Sugar (deoxyribose) DN Nitrogenous base nucleotide end
14 Figure 14.7 ntiparallel 5 and 3 ends Ladder analogy Sugar & phosphates (backbone) omplimentary bases (rungs) 1 twist = 10 base pairs
15 Figure 16.7a end Hydrogen bond end 3.4 nm 1 nm 0.34 nm end end (a) Key features of DN structure (b) Partial chemical structure
16 Figure 14.6 (a) Rosalind Franklin (b)franklin s X-ray diffraction photograph of DN
17 Figure Overview of DN Replication (a) Parent molecule
18 Figure Overview of DN Replication (a) Parent molecule (b) Separation of s
19 Figure (a) Parent molecule (b) Separation of s (c) Daughter DN molecules, each consisting of one parental and one new Overview of DN Replication
20 Figure DN Replication models Parent cell First replication Second replication (a) onservative model (b) Semiconservative model (c) Dispersive model
21 Figure EXPERIMEN Figure Messelson & Stahl, 1958 Semi-conservative model 1 Bacteria cultured in medium with 15 N (heavy isotope) 2 Bacteria transferred to medium with 14 N (lighter isotope) RESULS 3 DN sample centrifuged after first replication 4 DN sample centrifuged after second replication Less dense More dense ONLUSION Predictions: First replication Second replication onservative model Semiconservative model Dispersive model
22 Figure 16.11a EXPERIMEN 1 Bacteria cultured in medium with 15 N (heavy isotope) 2 Bacteria transferred to medium with 14 N (lighter isotope) RESULS 3 DN sample centrifuged after first replication 4 DN sample centrifuged after second replication Less dense More dense
23 Figure 16.11b ONLUSION Predictions: First replication Second replication onservative model Semiconservative model Dispersive model
24 0.5 m 0.25 m Figure (a) Origin of replication in an E. coli cell Origin of replication Doubleed DN molecule Parental (template) Replication bubble Daughter (new) Replication fork (b) Origins of replication in a eukaryotic cell Origin of replication Parental (template) Bubble Double-ed DN molecule Daughter (new) Replication fork wo daughter DN molecules wo daughter DN molecules
25 able 16.1
26 Figure DN Replication replication fork is formed when helicase separates the DN s at the origin of replication. he DN tends to become more highly coiled ahead of the replication fork. opoisomerase breaks and reforms DN s phosphate backbone ahead of the replication fork, thereby relieving the pressure that results from this supercoiling. Single- binding proteins bind to the single-ed DN to prevent the helix from re-forming. Primase synthesizes an RN primer. DN polymerase III uses this primer to synthesize the daughter DN. On the leading, DN is synthesized continuously, whereas on the lagging, DN is synthesized in short stretches called Okazaki fragments. DN polymerase I replaces the RN primer with DN. DN ligase seals the gaps between the Okazaki fragments, joining the fragments into a single DN molecule. (credit: modification of work by Mariana Ruiz Villareal)
27 Figure Primase opoisomerase RN primer Helicase Single- binding proteins
28 Figure New emplate Sugar Phosphate Base OH DN polymerase P P i Pyrophosphate OH Nucleoside triphosphate 2 P i
29 Figure Leading Overview Origin of replication Lagging Primer Lagging Overall directions of replication Leading Origin of replication RN primer Sliding clamp Parental DN DN pol III
30 Figure emplate RN primer for fragment 1 1 Leading Overview Origin of replication Lagging 2 1 Overall directions of replication Lagging Leading RN primer for fragment 2 Okazaki fragment 2 2 Okazaki fragment 1 1 Lagging Overall direction of replication
31 Figure 16.16b-1 emplate Lagging
32 Figure 16.16b-2 emplate Lagging 1 RN primer for fragment 1
33 Figure 16.16b-3 emplate Lagging 1 RN primer for fragment 1 Okazaki fragment 1 1
34 Figure 16.16b-4 emplate Lagging 1 RN primer for fragment 1 RN primer for fragment 2 Okazaki fragment 2 Okazaki fragment
35 Figure 16.16b-5 emplate Lagging 1 RN primer for fragment 1 RN primer for fragment 2 Okazaki fragment 2 Okazaki fragment
36 Figure 16.16b-6 emplate Lagging 1 RN primer for fragment 1 RN primer for fragment 2 Okazaki fragment 2 Okazaki fragment Overall direction of replication
37 Figure DN Replication: leading and lagging s Leading Overview Origin of replication Lagging Leading Lagging Overall directions of replication Leading DN pol III Parental DN Primer Primase DN pol III 4 Lagging DN pol I DN ligase 3 2 1
38 Figure 16.17a Overview Leading Origin of replication Lagging Lagging Overall directions of replication Leading Leading DN pol III Parental DN Primer Primase
39 Figure 16.17b Overview Leading Origin of replication Lagging Leading Lagging Overall directions of replication Leading Primer DN pol III Lagging DN pol I 4 DN ligase 3 2 1
40 Figure 16.18/14.14 DN Replication DN pol III Parental DN Leading onnecting protein Helicase DN pol III Lagging Lagging template
41 Figure Proofreading by DN polymerase corrects errors during replication.
42 Figure Mismatch repair What enzyme does this?
43 Figure and Excision repair of thymine dimers DN damage Nuclease DN polymerase DN ligase Xeroderma pigmentosa
44 Figure Ends of parental DN s Leading Lagging Last fragment Next-to-last fragment Lagging RN primer Parental Removal of primers and replacement with DN where a end is available Second round of replication New leading New lagging Further rounds of replication Shorter and shorter daughter molecules
45 Figure 16.20a Ends of parental DN s Leading Lagging Last fragment Next-to-last fragment Lagging Parental RN primer Removal of primers and replacement with DN where a end is available
46 Figure 16.20b New leading New lagging Second round of replication Further rounds of replication Shorter and shorter daughter molecules
47 Figure elomerase maintains ends
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