Technology. Trenchless. Planning, Equipment, and Methods. Mohammad Najafi. Mc Gravu Hill

Transcription

1 Trenchless Technology Planning, Equipment, and Methods Mohammad Najafi Mc Gravu Hill New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto

2 Contents Preface Acknowledgments xix xxiii 1 Introduction and Conceptual Cost Comparison of Trenchless Technology Methods Introduction Background Trenchless Construction Methods Microtunneling Method Horizontal Directional Drilling Method Data Collection Data Analysis Pilot Tube Microtunneling Method Pipe Jacking Data Collection Data Analysis Utility Tunneling Data Collection Data Analysis Cured-in-Place Pipe Data Collection Data Analysis Sliplining Data Collection Data Analysis Spray-in-Place Pipe (Spray-on Linings) Data Collection Data Analysis Pipe Bursting Data Collection Data Analysis Open-cut Method Data Collection Data Analysis TCM Cost Comparison Cost versus Diameter Comparison Cost versus Pipeline Length Comparison 33 V

3 vi Contents 1.14 TRM Cost Comparison Cost versus Diameter Comparison Cost versus Pipeline Length Comparison Cost Analysis Summary Chapter Summary 37 2 Planning for Trenchless Technology Projects Introduction Planning a Trenchless Project Planning Activities Background Assessment Example: Background Assessment for a Pipeline Renewal and Replacement Project Screening of Alternatives Data Collection Final Evaluation and Selection of Alternatives Predesign Surveys Land Use As-built Drawings Site Conditions and Surface Survey Pipeline Routing Routing Issues Subsurface Survey Utility Location Environmental Impacts and Benefits Jobsite Logistics Requirements Length of Installation and Jacking/Pulling Forces Accuracy and Tolerances Including Settlement and Heave Entry and Reception Shafts and Pits Service Connections Mamtaining Service Chapter Summary 60 3 Trenchless Technology Contracts, Project Delivery Methods, Specifications, and Means and Methods Introduction 61

4 Contents 3.2 Construction Contracts Lump-Sum Contracts Turnkey (Design-Build) Contracts Daywork (Cost-Plus) Contracts Unit Price (Footage) Contracts Project Delivery Methods Design-Bid-Build Design-Build Construction Manager at Risk Construction Manager as Agent Means and Methods Conditions of the Contract Types of Engineering Specifications Derived Means and Methods Special Case of Trenchless Boring Machine Procurement Chapter Summary and Concluding Remarks 81 Geotechnical and Subsurface Considerations Introduction Constructability Construction Impacts of Geological and Geotechnical Issues Soil Types Soil Classification Systems Cohesive, Cohesionless, and Organic Soils Coarse-Grained and Fine-Grained Soils Soil Classification for Tunneling OSHA Soil Classification System Soil Strength Strength of Cohesionless Soil (Silt, Sand, and Gravel) Strength of Cohesive Soils (Clays) Suitability of Trenchless Methods for Different Ground Conditions Alignment Considerations Protecting Excavation Walls 97

5 tents 4.7 Investigating Surface and Subsurface Conditions Investigating Project Conditions Geologic Settings Utilities Potential for Contaminated Materials Soil Borings Geotechnical Baseline Reports Field Tests Laboratory Tests Case Studies Chapter Summary 109 Rock Mass Properties and Trenchless Project Feasibility HI 5.1 Introduction Ill 5.2 Rock Mass Properties Site Investigations Advance Studies Surface and Subsurface Field Investigations Instrumentation Program Rock Mass Characterization Rock Mass Classification Rock Mass Properties and Their Impacts on Trenchless Projects Tunneling Operations Drilling Operations Chapter Summary 132 Locating and Tracking Planning and Methods for Horizontal Directional Drilling Introduction Overview of Walk-Over Locating Systems Brief Theory Behind the Operation of Walk-Over Systems Prebore Activities Walk-Over System Operation Calibration and Test Locating the Transmitter in the Ground Remote or Target Steering Data Logging 140

6 Contents ix Pressure and Tension Monitoring Magnetic Wireline Guidance Systems Hybrid Wireline Systems Recent and Future Developments Planning and Costs for Locating and Tracking Systems Planning Costs Use of Software for HDD Planning BoreAid HDD Design Framework BoreAid Case Study PPI BoreAid Chapter Summary Drilling and Lubricating Fluids Introduction Drilling Fluids Importance of Water Importance of Soils The Drilling Square Fluid Selection Drill Bits and Reamers Importance of Volumes Bentonite Requirements for Coarse Soils Hydrofractures or Fracouts Solids Removal Systems Chapter Summary Planning and Construction Requirements for Horizontal Directional Drilling Introduction HDD Project Planning Project Requirements HDD Productivity Soil Conditions Project Conditions Contractor Conditions Machine Conditions Maxi-HDD Design Considerations Route Selection Space Requirements Rig Side 191

7 X Contents Space Requirements Pipe Side Site Investigations Drilled Path Design Bore Path Entry and Exit Depth of Cover Drill Rod Radius of Curvature Equipment and Materials Drill Rods Pilot Bore and Reaming Tools Pullback Tools and Equipment Drilling Fluids Composition Mixing Water Disposal of Excess Drilling Fluid Recirculation Inadvertent Returns Specifications and Drawings Pipe Selection Considerations and Pullback Force Calculations Pullback Design Design Considerations for Post-Installation/Operational Loads HDD Project Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) Mini-HDD Considerations Mini-HDD Planning Drilled Path Design Bore Path Layout and Design: Vertical Trajectory Overall Bore Path Layout and Design Drilling Fluids Chapter Summary 223 Case Study of Project Planning for a Maxi-HDD Project 224 Introduction 224 New Waterline Design Evaluation 225 Geotechnical Investigations 226 HDD Design Analysis 228 Construction Considerations 234 Comparison between Design and Actual Pulling Forces 238

8 Contents xi Risk Mitigation 238 Case Study Summary Horizontal Auger Boring (Bore and Jack) Introduction Brief History Method Description Horizontal Auger Boring Method Jobsite Preparation Bore Pit Excavation and Preparation Setting the Boring Machine Preparation of Casing Installation of Casing Carrier Pipe Installation Using Blocking Grouting of Casing Site Restoration Cradle-Type Horizontal Auger Boring Main Features and Application Range Diameter Range Drive Length Type of Casing Workspace Requirements Soil Conditions Productivity Accuracy Major Advantages Major Limitations Guidance Systems Waterlme System (Grade Only) Mechanical Line and Grade 259 Control Electrical Line and Grade Control Walk-Over Systems Recent Innovations Guided Boring Method Controlled Boring System: Steerable Line and Grade System Steel Pipe Interlocking Joining System Laser-Guided Tunnel Attachment 261

9 Xii Contents Mechanical Line and Grade Control Head Electronic Line and Grade Control Head Chapter Summary Pipe Ramming Introduction Method Description Main Features and Application Range Diameter Range Drive Length Type of Casing Required Workspace Soil Conditions Productivity Accuracy Major Advantages Major Limitations Effects of Pipe Ramming on the Surrounding Environment Chapter Summary Microtunneling Methods Introduction History Method Description Microtunneling Boring Machine Jacking System Slurry Transportation System Guidance and Remote Control 278 System Active Direction Control Jacking Pipe Pipe Jacking Equipment Microtunneling Process Main Features and Application Range Contractor's Submittals Measurement and Payment Specifications Materials Workmanship Soil Information Project Closeout Chapter Summary 294

10 Contents xiii 12 Pilot Tube Method Introduction Pilot Tube Method Description Major Components of Pilot Tube Method PTM Planning and Design Considerations Surface Survey Subsurface Investigation Design of the Pipe PTM Applicability Chapter Summary Pipe/Box Jacking and Utility Tunneling Introduction Method Description Main Features and Application Range Jacking Load Considerations Utility Tunneling Method Description Main Features and Application Range Case Study: Record Jacking Project in San Antonio, Texas Shaft Construction Massive Weight Chapter Summary Cured-in-Place Pipe Introduction Site Compatibility and Applications Main Characteristics Method Description Initial Setup: Cleaning, Televising, and Resin Impregnation (Wetout Process) Installation Curing Final Steps Major Advantages Major Limitations Scheduling and Costs Scheduling Costs Chapter Summary 366

11 ' xiv Contents 15 Sliplining Introduction Site Compatibility and Applications Main Characteristics Sliplining Methods Continuous Sliplining Segmental Sliplining Installation Installation: Continuous Sliplining Installation: Segmental Sliplining Connecting Service Laterals Grouting Design Considerations Sliplining Gas Lines Advantages Limitations Case Study, Houston, Texas Sliplining a42-in.pccp Pipeline Chapter Summary Sewer Lateral Renewal Introduction Service Lateral Renewal Methods Methods and Installation Cured-in-Place Pipe Pipe Bursting Close-Fit Pipe Chemical Grouting Spray-on Linings Other Renewal Considerations Chapter Summary Localized Repairs Introduction Primary Characteristics Robotic Repairs Primary Characteristics Method Description Advantages Limitations Grouting Primary Characteristics Chemical Grouting 403

12 Contents XV Resin Injection System Fill-and-Drain Systems Cement Grouting Internal Seal Primary Characteristics Mechanical Joint Sealing Method Description Advantages Limitations Point CIPP Primary Characteristics Method Description City of Portland Case Study Chapter Summary Planning and Construction Requirements for Pipe Bursting Introduction Pipe Bursting Systems Pneumatic Bursting Static Bursting Pipe Reaming Pipe Materials Existing (Old) Pipe Material Replacement (New) Pipe Material Pipe Bursting vs. Other Alternatives Pipe Bursting Project Classification Preliminary Surveying Preparatory Work Design Considerations Predesign Phase Design Phase Utility Survey Investigation of Existing Pipe and Site Conditions Insertion and Pulling Shaft/Pit Requirements Geotechnical Investigation Requirements Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure Risk Assessment Plan Ground Movement Associated with Pipe Bursting 439

13 Xvi Contents Plans and Specifications Submittals Quality Control/Quality Assurance (QC/QA) Issues Dispute Resolution Mechanisms Permitting Issues Typical Bidding Form Construction Considerations Typical Pipe Bursting Operation Layout Shoring the Insertion and Pulling Shafts Matching System Components to Reduce Risk of Failure Existing Nearby Utilities Bypass Pumping Considerations Dewatering Considerations Ground Movements Monitoring Program Pipe Connection to the Manhole Pipe Connection to Other Pipes Pipe Bursting Water Mains Service Connections Grooves on the Outside Surface of the Pipe As-built Drawings Contingency Plan Safety Considerations Completion Work Replacing Laterals Pipe Bursting with Segmental Pipes Quality Assurance and Documentation Cost Estimating Potential Problems Pipe Design Chapter Summary Panel Linings for Large Diameter Sewer Applications Introduction Background 467

14 Contents xvii 19.2 Primary Characteristics Project Planning Panel Lining Applications Installation Process Preliminary Inspection Preparatory Work Safety and Construction Considerations Project Delivery Advantages Limitations Case Study: The SPR Spiral Wound Process The Pushing Machine Winding Method The Self-Running Machine Winding Method Making Lateral Connection Chapter Summary Spray-in-Place Pipe Introduction Material Type and Purpose Cementitious Materials Polymers Installation Process Ideal Properties Site Investigation and Preparation Surface Preparation Repair Materials Equipment and Process Inspection and Testing Visual Inspection SIPP Lining Thickness Holidays Adhesion Vacuum and Exfiltration Testing Chapter Summary and Concluding Remarks 498 A Acronyms 501 B Glossary of Terms 505

15 Xviii Contents C Abbreviations for Organizations Related to Trenchless Technology 537 D Related Documents 541 E Conversion Table 549 F Center for Underground Infrastructure Research and Education (CUIRE) 551 References 555 Index 561