Conservation Agriculture. Carbon Sequestration
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1 Conservation Agriculture & Carbon Sequestration
2 Conservation Agriculture Conservation Agriculture is a concept for resource-saving agricultural crop production that strives to achieve acceptable profits together with high and sustained production levels while concurrently conserving the environment - FAO 2007 It refers to practices which permit the management of the soil for agrarian uses while altering its composition, structure and natural biodiversity as little as possible, and defending it from degradation processes (e.g. soil erosion and compaction) It is the integration of ecological management with modern, scientific, agricultural production
3 Principles of CA 1. Minimum mechanical soil disturbance Erosion control Soil C buildup 2. Managing the top soil to create a permanent organic soil cover Erosion control Moisture and temperature 3. Crop rotation with more than two crop species Pest and disease control Soil infrastructure Biodiversity
4 Use of integrated pest management technologies Reduce requirements for pesticides and herbicides Control off-site pollution Enhance biodiversity
5 Application of fertilizers and agrochemicals in balance with crop requirements Feeding the soil rather than fertilizing the crop Reduce chemical pollution of the environment Improve water quality Optimizing crop productivity and the economic returns
6 Promoting precision placement of crop inputs Treating the problems when and where they occur, rather than blanket treatment Increased economic and field operation efficiencies Improved environmental protection Reduced (optimized) input costs
7 Composting and the use of manures and other organic soil amendments Improves soil fertility Reduces the need for inorganic fertilizers
8 Agroforestry for fodder, fiber, fruit and medicinal purposes Value added production Conserve and enhance biodiversity Soil carbon sequestration
9 Key features of conservation agriculture systems No ploughing, disking or soil cultivation (i.e., no turning over of the soil) Crop and cover crop residues stay on the surface No burning of crop residues Permanent crop and weed residue mulch protects the soil The closed-nutrient recycling of the forest is replicated Specialized equipment Continuous cropland use Crop rotations and cover crops to maximize biological controls (i.e., more plant and crop diversity)
10 Problems with CA Not enough people that can turn from a conventional farmer to a conservationist Yield reduction Purchasing of new equipment Producing enough food at this moment to feed all the people in the world at this moment Once established, CA gives higher yields and higher outputs than conventional agriculture over long periods of time Keeps soils at a productive for an extended period of time
11 Minimum mechanical disturbance of the soil Conservation tillage > 30% surface residue Reduced tillage > 15-30% surface residue Zero tillage is a cornerstone of CA Can be practiced in both large and small farming systems. Most of the agricultural benefits of zero tillage relate to increased organic matter in the soil
12 Soil tillage, particularly inversion tillage drastically alters original structure breaks up aggregates buries crop residues bares/exposes soil to the elements reduces biodiversity increases CO 2 emissions
13 Simplified soil C balance
14
15 Effect of tillage on soil organic carbon Rothamsted -- part of the world's oldest existing agronomic experiment, started in 1843 Converting grassland to arable land cut the soil carbon content by 55 percent over 20 years due to tillage
16
17 Evolution of conservation tillage 1930s Dust bowl phenomenon in US WW II 2,4 D, other herbicides 1980s No till equipment 2000s Payments for conservation
18 Area under no tillage Country 1973/ / /2000 U.S.A. Canada United Kingdom France Netherlands Japan, Malaysia, Sri Lanka Australia New Zealand Brazil Argentina Mexico Paraguay Uruguay+Chile+Bolivia
19 Out of 95 m ha of zero till farmland in the world 47% is in South America 39% is in North America 9% is in Australia 3.9% is in Europe, Asia and Africa In the US, conservation tillage increased from 1% in 1963 to 37% in 1998 and is projected to exceed 50% by 2008
20 Zero tillage in Argentina
21 Time in hrs Emissions of CO 2 into atmosphere due to tillage
22 Tillage effect on soil organic carbon 35 Measured SOC (0 to 20-cm) a NT CT 30 b a a a 25 a α = 0.1 b b a 20 b a 15 b 10 Chester Conrad E Conrad W Ft. Benton St. Johns Simpson Bricklemyer 2003 SOC (t ha -1 )
23 SOM % Changes in SOM over time in under a no till system in Illinois
24
25 Average energy consumption of some tillage operations Producers can save 30% to 40% of time and labor by practicing the no-till process (FAO 2007) Fuel use and tractor hours are reduced up to 75%
26 No till makes economic sense
27 ZT in India ZT for wheat started 3 decades back Failed due to technical difficulties such as lack of equipment 1990 CIMMYT introduced inverted T openers 1991 First prototype of ZT seed drill developed by GBPUAT RWC took up ZT, distributed drills in Haryana Became popular in Haryana due to circumstances, support 2 m ha zero till wheat in rice-wheat consortium area RWC estimates a CO 2 emission reduction of 91 kg/ha/yr from ZT
28
29 Wheat productivity in UP NATP Project
30 Conservation agriculture under rainfed conditions at Doon valley Practice Maize yield (kg/ha) Toria yield (kg/ha) Net returns (Rs/ha) Minimum tillage with crop residue Conventional tillage MT with CR reduced runoff by 11% and soil loss by 21% compared to conventional tillage
31 Long term tillage studies at CRIDA (eight years) Organic C (g/kg) Tillage 0 5 cm 5 20 cm Conventional Minimum kg C/ha/yr
32 Potential sources of carbon sequestration in US agricultural soils (Lal, 2003)
33 C sequestration potential with improved management of US cropland
34 Global conversion of all cropland to conservation tillage can sequester 25 Gt C over 50 years CCX payments based on premise that CT sequesters 0.3 t C/ha/yr West and Post (2002) analysed global database of 67 long term experiments and found that Change from conventional to no till sequesters 570 kg C/ha/yr The sequestration rates peak in 5-10 years and a new equilibrium C level is reached in years Baker et al (2007) question the C sequestration estimates
35 Permanent soil cover Crop residues Cover crops Cover crop Any annual, biennial or perennial crop grown as a mono culture or poly culture to fulfill several objectives of sustainable agriculture
36 Cover crops control erosion reduce surface water pollution add organic matter improve soil structure and tilth fix atmospheric nitrogen recycle unused soil nitrogen increase soil productivity help control weeds
37 Soil C sequestration with some cover crops Cover crop Brachiara Paspalum Cynodon Pureria Stylosanthes Stizolobium Psophocarpus Centrosema Control Before After C seq rate (t/ha/yr)
38
39 Effect of post rainy season cover crop on soil organic C No horsegram 0.35 Horsegram SOC (%) Soil depth (cm) 0.34 t C/ha/yr up to a depth of 30 cm
40 Crop rotation Rotations, especially legume-based ones, are generally regarded as extremely valuable for maintaining soil fertility and have a very good potential for sequestering C in dryland systems. Rotations can lead to sequestering of Pg C/year in the maize/soybean-growing region of the US Effectiveness likely to be greatest where combined with conservation tillage practices.
41 West and Post (2002) global database - 67 long term experiments Increasing rotational complexity sequesters 200 kg C/ha/yr Equilibrium is reached in years
42 Agricultural practices for enhancing productivity and increasing the amount of carbon in soils Traditional practices Plough till Residue removal or burning Summer fallow Regular fertilizer use No water control Fence-to-fence cultivation Monoculture Land use along poverty lines and political boundaries Draining wetland Recommended Conservation till or no-till Residue return as mulch Growing cover crops Soil-site specific management Water management/conservation, irrigation, water table management Conversion of marginal lands to nature conservation Improved farming systems with several crop rotations Integrated watershed management Restoring wetlands
43
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