Power Systems Fundamentals

Transcription

1 Power Systems Fundamentals This seminar will be valuable to participants in the power industry who need a fundamental understanding of the power system, and how system operation can impact power market activity. Beginning with the basic terms and concepts, the instructor will lead participants through a discussion of the power generation technologies and power delivery systems. Participants will learn about issues such as reliability, performance and potential bottlenecks or limits on the system that can impact trading. They will gain an understanding of key power market fundamentals such as pricing and scheduling. Persons needing to increase their understanding of the power system, system operations and competitive power market behavior, including: Financiers Power traders Power project developers Independent Systems Operator personnel Professionals in other energy industries Electric utility personnel who are new or have new job responsibilities. Energy Outlook Overview Power Fundamentals Basic terminology and concepts Types of current Energy and power Generation Fundamentals Basic elements of a power system What is a power plant? Heat rate and efficiency Gas turbines Steam turbines Generators Hydro generation Power plant subsystems Power plant economics Power Delivery Fundamentals Transmission fundamentals HVDC transmission Power delivery components Delivery challenges Reliability and performance Regulatory drivers The consumer Integrated System Operations Operation of the transmission grid Interconnection economics Congestion management Power Market Fundamentals Energy and capacity Ancillary services Transmission Regulatory overview Basic knowledge of mechanical or electrical engineering, power systems & economic theory

2 Distributed Energy Resources: Planning for High Penetrations How do you plan for and manage a future grid with increased levels of distributed energy resources (DER)? This course covers technical, economic and policy aspects of planning and operations. We will also discuss global lessons learned from integration of high penetrations of distributed solar. Power system engineers, planners, and operators, as well as economists and policy makers working on readiness of the future grid where various elements of DER are expected to play an increasingly greater role. Distributed resource planning In a future grid with high penetrations of DER, utilities will need to conduct distribution planning at a new level of technical and economic rigor. Utilities will need to consider hosting capability, anticipate where DER are likely to grow on their system, and consider how DER growth defers or incurs needs for system upgrades. We will discuss plans in California and New York, where distributed resource planning is a current focus, and examine methodologies and outcomes of distribution resource plans. Hosting capacity How much DER can you accommodate where and what impacts those answers. How can you be strategic about upgrading feeders to increase hosting capacity? How do different types of DER impact hosting capacity? DER compensation How will we compensate DER owners when net metering ends? We will discuss the value of solar approach as well as dynamic pricing options that may help cost recovery under net metering. We will discuss upgrade deferral benefits from different types of DER. Distribution marginal prices may be a future option. We will also discuss lessons learned from Germany s feed-in tariff and subsequent market-based approaches. Impacts on bulk power system reliability What happens to bulk power system reliability when high penetrations of DER are interconnected? Recent studies such as the Western Wind and Solar Integration Study Phase 3 have started to examine impacts of high penetrations of DER during system disturbances. We will discuss Germany s recent need to invest $500M in retrofitting PV inverters to address reliability concerns. Load forecasting Behind-the-meter generation impacts the ability of load forecasters to successfully do their job. We will investigate impacts of DER on load forecasting and how some utilities are addressing this. Smart inverters and interconnection requirements DER interconnection requirements in the US were not originally designed for high penetrations of DER to be connected to the grid. Ride-through and voltage regulation were originally undesirable attributes. However, at high penetrations, these attributes become important. We will discuss revisions to IEEE 1547 as well as state initiatives (California s Rule 21 and Hawaii s rule 14H). Basic knowledge of economics and familiarity with the electric power industry and utility structures

3 Smart Grid: Substation/Distribution Automation The participants will acquire knowledge of modern/intelligent grid technology; more specifically SCADA/EMS/DMS, Substation and Distribution Automation applications, designs, technical issues and benefits. Modern/intelligent grid, its real value and a summary of its architectures are introduced. Mangers, engineers and technicians working for power delivery companies, equipment providers, consulting organizations, and government entities who have a vested interest in knowing how power distribution systems are planned, engineered and operated to deliver reliable, economic power, and understanding the key drivers, requirements and constraints that affect cost and performance tradeoffs. Introduction to Enterprise Data Management and Substation Automation (SA) Enabling the Smart Grid Industry Standards Activities Why Substation Automation? Why Now? Acquiring Operational and Non-Operational Data from Substation IEDs Smart Grid Business Drivers SCADA Systems Evolution and Overview Smart Grid Recent Deployments and Lessons Learned Substation Functions Impact of Renewables on the Grid Distribution Automation Value Distribution Automation Continuum Modular Protection, Control and Automation Systems SCADA Integration with Other Systems SCADA System Implementation and Maintenance Smart Grid Security Privacy of Information and Smart Grid Smart Grid Policy and Regulation Communication Issues Building the Business Case Basic knowledge of electrical engineering

4 Distribution Systems Planning and Engineering The participants will acquire a broad knowledge of power distribution systems planning and engineering. They will learn about the basic design and operation of U.S. distribution systems, how systems are planned, and engineered to meet cost and performance objectives, equipment application considerations, and how to assess and improve distribution reliability. Managers, engineers and technicians working for power delivery companies, equipment providers, consulting organizations, and government entities who have a vested interest in knowing how power distribution systems are planned, engineered and operated to deliver reliable, economic power, and understanding the key drivers, requirements and constraints that affect cost and performance tradeoffs. Overview of power distribution systems Primary objectives, goals and mission Physical layout, primary and secondary design, service connections Basic operation principles Capacity planning Demand and energy, load behavior/models, forecasting Integrated T&D planning, long and short range planning Equipment application, fault calculations Voltage requirements Standards and requirements Voltage drop and flicker considerations, voltage regulation Capacitor application, voltage support, power factor correction Economic considerations Distribution economics review T&D costs, capital and O&M expenses, cost of losses and poor reliability Total owning cost concepts Distribution reliability Overcurrent and overvoltage protection review Reliability assessment, historical and predictive methods Interruption causes, measuring and improving reliability Storm response Basic knowledge of electrical engineering and engineering economics

5 Protective Relaying Fundamentals The participants will learn the fundamentals of power system protective relaying. They will learn the art and science in the application of protective relays in electric power systems. This includes applications for rotating machinery, transformers, buses, transmission and distribution. Engineers working for utilities and related power industries that are responsible for the application of power system relaying. Power system overview and analysis of fault conditions Introduction to IEEE and IEC protection standards Instrument transformer operating principles and applications Electro-mechanical relay philosophies and applications The evolution of microprocessor based relays Basics of transformer protection including current differential, overexcitation and overcurrent Bus configurations and forms of bus current differential protection Transmission line overcurrent, distance, and high speed protection Motor protection including voltage variations, frequency variations and overload conditions Generation protection for fault conditions and abnormal operations Use of power system analysis software for basic fault current calculation and relay coordination In-class examples for students and instructor to work through Basic knowledge of power systems analysis

6 Fundamentals of Renewable Energy Systems The participants will acquire extensive basic knowledge of renewable power plants. They will learn to understand the engineering and application of the components of wind and solar plants as well as basic knowledge of systems engineering for planning and design of reliable and cost-effective plants. Participants will also learn about the behavior and economics of power systems with substantial amounts of renewable generation. Engineers and planners who work for power supply companies and industry and who have to solve integrated network and systems engineering problems within the context of new business development activities, planning, and application in connection with the use of wind plants. Wind and solar power basics: how does a wind turbine or solar array work; what constitutes a wind or solar plant World energy trends; growth, distribution and politics Characteristics of different types of wind generators and characteristics of solar arrays and inverters. Plant collector systems; engineering and economic considerations Plant protection basics Plant interconnection; substation design, SCADA, utility interface Dynamic performance Technical Regulations, Standards and Interconnection Codes for renewable generation Modeling for system planning; loadflow and stability studies Behavior and operation of power systems with substantial amounts of renewable generation Economics and Consequences for power system and power plant operation Special topics include Distributed Renewables and Special Controls Basic knowledge of electrical engineering