Net ecosystem carbon balance in a tidal mangrove forest
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1 Net ecosystem carbon balance in a tidal mangrove forest Acknowledgements William Anderson Jr., Rudolf Jaffe, Rene Price, Christopher J. Smith, Michael Sukop National Institute of Climate Change Research Coastal Center (DE-FC02-06ER64298) National Park Service, Everglades National Park National Science Foundation, Water Sustainability and Climate (EAR )
2 Mangrove forests are pan-tropical and often co-occur with adjacent coral reefs or seagrass communities. TOTAL AREA = 160,000 to 200,000 km 2 Mangroves Coral reefs <1% of the continental surface NPP equal to 218±72 Tg C yr -1 (Boullion et al. 2008) 50% NPP cannot be accounted for in site carbon balance Contribute more than 10% of all refractory DOC transport to oceans (Ditmar et al. 2006) Source:
![biomass reflect [P] gradients and peat](/docs-images/83/88955549/images/3-1.jpg "depths (up to 6 m) Marc Simard Cal Tech Jet")
3 Mangrove forest structure varies across the salinity mixing zone Growth and total biomass reflect [P] gradients and peat depths (up to 6 m) Marc Simard Cal Tech Jet Propulsion Lab
4 Everglades Gulf Coast mangrove forest Mixed species stand R. mangle, L. racemosa, A. germains Peat depth > 5 m Semi-diurnal tides Flooded 52% of the time Precipitation:1600 mm yr -1 Average air temperature: 24 C
5 Hurricane disturbance Wilma 2005 Everglades National Park Wilma (October 2005) makes landfall as a Category 3 storm. Near 100% defoliation Delayed mortality as high as 20% of mature trees Near 100% mortality closer to Gulf Coast
6 METHODS NEE ( present) Ameriflux site SRK Barr et al. (2009) Barr et al. (2010 ) Carbon balance Stand surveys (1995-present) Root growth and decomposition (biannual) Sediment elevations (quarterly) Soil accretion Complementary Data Continuous surface and groundwater levels Routine water chemistry Flow velocity
7 Tracer release SRS-4 SRS-6 Ameriflux SRK SRS-5 FCE-LTER Transect stations
8 Net ecosystem carbon balance NECB = NEE + F( DOC, DIC, POC ) NECB = d(ab, BG, SOILS, LITTER)/dt NEE + - CO 2 F( DOC, DIC, POC ) = NEE - d(ab, BG, SOILS, LITTER)/dt Objective 1: Use NECB and NEE data to solve for F( DOC, DIC, POC ) Objective 2: Examine controls on and spatial heterogeneity in river C fluxes
9 g C m-2 yr-1 Net ecosystem carbon balance - NEE = 850 to 1100 g C m -2 yr *7 months H. Wilma Year
10 NEE Net ecosystem carbon balance - NEE = 850 to 1100 g C m -2 yr -1 Litter = 312 ± 64 g C m -2 yr -1 J. Barr, J. Fuentes, V. Engel NEE
11 Net ecosystem carbon balance - NEE = 850 to 1100 g C m -2 yr -1 Litter = 312 ± 64 g C m -2 yr -1 Roots = 215 ± 36 g C m -2 yr -1 E. Castaneda-Moya (2010) Shark River
12 Net ecosystem carbon balance - NEE = 850 to 1100 g C m -2 yr -1 Burial (max) = 450 g C m -2 yr -1 Litter = 312 ± 64 g C m -2 yr -1 Roots = 215 ± 36 g C m -2 yr -1 Soil carbon accumulation J. Smoak Univ. South Florida
13 Net ecosystem carbon balance Burial (max) = 450 g C m -2 yr -1 Wood = 260 ± 60 g C m -2 yr -1 - NEE = 850 to 1100 g C m -2 yr -1 Litter = 312 ± 64 g C m -2 yr -1 Roots = 215 ± 36 g C m -2 yr -1 Stems, branches, prop roots
14 Net ecosystem carbon balance Burial (max) = 450 g C m -2 yr -1 - NEE = 850 to 1100 g C m -2 yr -1 Litter = 312 ± 64 g C m -2 yr -1 Wood = 260 ± 60 g C m -2 yr -1 Roots = 215 ± 36 g C m -2 yr -1 F( DOC, DIC, POC ) = NEE - d (AB, BG,SOILS, LITTER)/dt F( DOC, DIC, POC ) 370 ± 227 g C m -2 yr -1 Up to 800 g C m -2 yr -1 CO 2 Particulate organic carbon (POC) Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) Global Average (g C m -2 yr -1 ) a a a
15 Objective 2: Examine controls on and spatial heterogeneity in river C fluxes Non-conservative mixing which varies spatially along the SRS transect Monthly dissolved organic carbon (DOC) SRS-6 SRS-5 SRS-4 R. Jaffe (FIU)
16 Shark River TRacer Experiment a.k.a. SharkTREx Line release of SF 6 across channel Tracer release SRS-4 Continuous [SF 6 ], pco2, salinity, DO, temperature, radon msmts SRS-6 SRS-5 RSV NPS Houseboat
17 Shark River TRacer Experiment a.k.a. SharkTREx Line release of SF 6 across channel Continuous [SF 6 ], pco2, salinity, DO, temperature, radon msmts 3 to 5 discrete DIC, DIC 13, DOC, TOC, Alk, and DOM (PARAFAC) msmts in the tracer plume on each day Tracer release Loc/day of discrete samples RSV NPS Houseboat
18 SharkTRex animations max min Tracer release SF 6 (fmol L -1 ) Loc/day of discrete samples Discrete samples
19 Discrete samples Days 1-5 Tracer release Loc/day of discrete samples Discrete samples
20 Discrete samples Days 1-5 Tracer release Loc/day of discrete samples Discrete samples
21 Discrete samples Days 1-5 Tracer release Loc/day of discrete samples Discrete samples
22 Future Directions Calculation of net advection and dispersion from SF 6 movement Apply end member mixing analysis in a Lagrangian framework to model (e.g. DIC, DOC, 13C) over time in the plume Tracer release Develop hydrodynamic simulation models which include solute transport Discrete samples
23 Key Findings Eddy covariance measurements must be coupled with measurements of dissolved and particulate carbon fluxes to improve understanding of mangrove ecosystem carbon budgets DIC, DOC, and POC fluxes from mangrove forests are heterogeneous in time and space Tracer based measurements hold promise for improving understanding of river carbon fluxes in complex tidal regions and for calibrating hydrodynamics models with solute transport
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