Above- and Belowground Biomass and Net Primary Productivity Landscape Patterns of Mangrove Forests in the Florida Coastal Everglades
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1 Above- and Belowground Biomass and Net Primary Productivity Landscape Patterns of Mangrove Forests in the Florida Coastal Everglades Edward Castaneda Robert R. Twilley Victor H. Rivera-Monroy Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences Louisiana State University July 2010
2 Riverine Mangrove Forests Nutrients, Light Salinity and Sulfide Frequency, Duration, Depth Environmental Gradients Landscape Vegetation Patterns Hurricane Disturbances Scrub Mangrove Forests
3 , SRS-6 Florida Coastal Everglades (FCE), TS/Ph-6 P Mangrove coverage: 144,000 ha
4 High Recurrence of Tropical Storms and Hurricanes in South Florida Zhang et al South Florida has been struck by 40 hurricanes since Three category 4 hurricanes have impacted the mangrove zone in FCE since The frequency of direct hits by category 3-5 hurricanes in South Florida is ~once every years.
5 Landscape Gradients in Resources (Nutrients), Regulators (H 2 S), and Hydroperiod Max. Height 23 m BA, m 2 ha -1 Av. Height < 3 m BA, <6 m 2 ha -1, SRS-6, TS/Ph-7 Hydroperiod: Tide-dominated P gradient: downstream upstream (N:P = 28) (N:P = 110) PW Sulfide: Negligible (<0.06 mm) Soil Redox: Slightly reduced Permanently or seasonally flooded P limitation (N:P = 66 to 110) High ( mm) Moderate reduced g kg -1 PW Salinity: 5-27 g kg -1 Castaneda (2010)
6 Research Questions What are the landscape patterns of above- and belowground biomass and NPP of mangrove forests across the P-limited conditions of FCE? What are the main soil factors controlling these patterns? What are the carbon accumulation rates in mangrove forests of the Florida Everglades?
7 Study Area: FCE-LTER Sites Mangrove Sites : - SRS-4 (upstream) - SRS-5 (upstream) - SRS-6 (downstream) : - TS/Ph-6 (upstream) - TS/Ph-7 (upstream) - TS/Ph-8 (downstream)
8 Root Biomass Root Production Ingrowth bags (10 x 45 cm) PVC coring (10 x 90 cm) Dec 2000 and Dec 2002 Depth: cm (shallow root zone) cm (deeper root zone) Ingrowth Core Technique Harvest periods: - 1-year (Dec 2003) - 3-year (Feb 2006) Live roots: Fine (<2 mm), Small (2-5 mm), and Coarse (>5mm)
9 Wood Biomass-Production Litterfall Production sites and TS/Ph-8 - Plots: Two 20 x 20 m plots - Transects: Two m in length Trees (DBH > 2.5 cm) were tagged and measured (May 2001 to May 2004). DBH and allometric equations (Smith and Whelan 2006). Five litter baskets (0.25 m 2 ) per plot; total of 10 per site. Monthly collections (Jan 2001 to Dec 2005). Plant material sorted by species components (leaves, reproductive parts, and woody material).
10 Total Root Biomass and Root Size Distribution Total (0-90 cm) mean biomass: - : 3368 ± 544 g m -2 - : 3811 ± 710 g m -2 69% of the total root biomass was distributed in the larger (> 5 mm) size class % of total biomass in the shallow (0-45 cm) root zone.
11 Aboveground Wood Biomass downstream upstream Wood biomass: - = 11,952 ± 1658 g m -2 - = 982 ± 268 g m -2 R. mangle: 70-80% of total biomass in upstream sites. L. racemosa: 43% of total biomass in SRS-6. * TS/Ph-6 & 7: Coronado-Molina et al. (2004)
12 Higher Allocation of Biomass to Roots in Root:shoot ratios: - : 0.17 to : 1.9 to 9.8 Higher Root:Shoot ratios in Taylor River are associated to P limitation and flooded hydroperiods. Scrub mangroves in allocated 3.8x more biomass to roots relative to AG.
13 Total Root Production and Root Size Distribution Total (0-90 cm) root production: - : 526 ± 89 g m -2 yr -1 - : 482 ± 49 g m -2 yr % of total production in the shallow (0-45 cm) root zone. Fine roots contributed 25-44% of the total production. Small and coarse roots accounted for 24% and 41% of the total root production.
14 Aboveground Wood Production downstream Wood production: - : 290 ± 52 g m -2 yr -1 - : 62 ± 8 g m -2 yr -1 upstream L. racemosa: Highest production (210 g m -2 yr -1 ) in SRS-6. R. mangle: Highest production in upstream sites of (180 to 167 g m -2 yr -1 ). * TS/Ph-6 & 7: Ewe et al. (2006)
15 Litterfall Production ( ) Wet Dry Mean rates: - Dry season: 1.3 ± 0.1 g m 2 d -1 - Wet season: 3.0 ± 0.2 g m 2 d -1 SRS-6 had the highest litterfall rate and TS/Ph-8 the lowest. Leaf fall comprised 66-81% of the total production. Woody material and reproductive parts: <15%.
16 Annual Litterfall Rates ( ) downstream upstream Annual rates: - = 864 ± 57 g m -2 yr -1 - = 282 ± 25 g m -2 yr -1 SRS-6: Highest (1014 g m -2 yr -1 ) litterfall. * TS/Ph-6 & 7: rates from Ewe et al. (2006)
17 Carbon Accumulation Rates downstream upstream Carbon content: - Litterfall = 46% - Wood = 42% - Roots = 41% Total mean Carbon pool: - : 734 ± 43 g C m -2 yr -1 - : 355 ± 11 g C m -2 yr -1 SRS-6: Highest (818 g C m -2 yr -1 ) C pool.
18 Riverine Mangroves Total C 734 ± 43 g C m -2 yr - 1 Scrub Mangroves Total C 355 ± 11 g C m -2 yr -1 Litterfall 398 ± 35 g C m -2 yr - 1 Litterfall 130 ± 6 g C m -2 yr -1 Wood 120 ± 21 g C m -2 yr - 1 Wood 26 ± 3 g C m -2 yr -1 Roots 216 ± 24 g C m -2 yr - 1 Roots 199 ± 18 g C m -2 yr - 1
19 Landscape Patterns of Mangrove Vegetation across FCE upstream ANPP is three times greater in western than eastern FCE downstream SRS-6 Gulf of Mexico Castaneda (2010) SRS-4 SRS-6 SRS g C m -2 yr -1 TS/Ph-6 TS/Ph-7 TS/Ph g C m -2 yr -1 Rivera-Monroy et al. in press Florida Bay
20 Summary The contrasting landscape patterns of above- and belowground biomass and NPP of FCE mangroves are regulated by a combination of P fertility and hydroperiod gradients. The decrease in aboveground biomass and NPP, and shift in species dominance from downstream to upstream areas of represent P limitation conditions and shorter hydroperiods upstream (SRS-4 & 5) in the estuary relative to SRS-6. The higher allocation of carbon to roots (56%) in is associated to an adaptation of scrub mangroves to allocate more belowground biomass (i.e., high root:shoot) and production relative to aboveground compartments in response to P limitation and high soil stress conditions. The significant contribution of fine root production (25-44%) to total NPP and the higher allocation (~70%) of root biomass to coarse roots, suggest the significant role of belowground allocation to carbon sequestration in mangroves of south Florida.
21 Ongoing Research Developing C and nutrient (N, P) budgets (storage, production, allocation) for mangrove forests ( and ) in FCE. Comparing C and nutrient (N, P) budgets before ( ) and after ( ) hurricane disturbances (Wilma, October 2005). Comparing our C budget with other techniques (Eddy Covariance Flux Tower at SRS-6).
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