Soil, water and course woody debris CO 2 fluxes and aqueous CO 2 in a tidal mangrove forest in the Florida Everglades
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1 Soil, water and course woody debris CO 2 fluxes and aqueous CO 2 in a tidal mangrove forest in the Florida Everglades Tiffany Troxler 1, Jose Fuentes 2, Jordan Barr 3, Vic Engel 4, Christopher Sanchez 1, Gordon Anderson 3, David Lagomasino 1, Rene Price 1, Stephen Davis 5 1 Florida International University, Miami, FL, troxlert@fiu.edu; 2 Pennsylvania State University; 3 Everglades National Park; 4 United States Geological Survey, 5 Everglades Foundation
2 Respiration fluxes in mangrove forests Mangrove forests cover 1% of the continental surface but represent large C stocks (eg. Micronesian forest Mg C ha -1; Kauffman et al. 2011) due to large BG C stocks Respiration fluxes, exported to the atmosphere or as dissolved aqueous CO 2, comprise an key component of coastal C cycling The soil compartment is comprised of CO 2 fluxes from soil, roots and root structure (i.e. pneumatophores), course woody debris (CWD) to the atmosphere, and when inundated, to surface water (SW). Variability a function of numerous physical and biological factors including temperature, root production, benthic microalgae, invertebrates, duration and frequency of inundation, salinity, alkalinity and nutrient availability.
3 Toward partitioning ecosystem respiration fluxes Eddy flux measurements provide important information about forest-atmosphere exchange, but cannot partition parameters that contribute to soil respiration. Accounting for variability in CO 2 flux rates as a function of inter- and intra-site variability will help to elucidate important factors controlling soil respiration fluxes and mangrove forest C cycling. Ecosystem disturbances can alter the importance of specific fluxes i.e. contribution of CO 2 fluxes associated with course woody debris (downed wood) after hurricane disturbance or changes in sea level
4 Shark River Slough FCE LTER study sites Mixed species comp. Peat depth > 5m Wet-dry season variability Semi-diurnal tides, SRS6 >1m Salinity range: 10-35ppt Soil inundated > 50% yr -1 Avg precip = 1600 mm yr -1 Avg air temp = 24 Disturbance history
5 Characteristics of and variation in tidal inundation Groundwater and surface water differ in salinity as well as temperature (in May 2011 >10ppt and 2.5 C)
6 Primary Study Site SRS 6
7 Soil, course woody debris and surface water CO 2 fluxes Replicate measurements of soil over 2-3 years to capture inter- and intra-site variability in soil CO 2 flux Measurements of CWD and SW LICOR 8100 soil respiration system Water temperature, water level and salinity from nearby ENP station
8 Inter-site variability in soil CO 2 fluxes High inter-site variability SRS 5: dominated by red mangrove with little presence of pneumatophores, moderate salinity, lowest frequency of inundation (but longest duration tidal events) and highest soil C:N and soil organic matter content. SRS 4: lowest flooding duration and salinity, lowest TP content by volume and the highest tree density (<2.5cm DBH; Castaneda 2010).
9 Leaf litter Litter CO 2 (μmol flux (μmol m -2 s -1 ) Intra-site variability in sub-canopy CO 2 fluxes leaf litter Leaf litter was collected from the soil surface characterized by range of degradation N= y = x x F=63.81, n=14 r 2 = 0.921, p> Leaf litter dry weight (g)
10 Intra-site variability in sub-canopy CO 2 fluxes extent of inundation Tidal inundation reduces CO 2 flux
11 CO 2 flux (μmol m -2 s -1 ) Intra-site variability in sub-canopy CO 2 fluxes surface water, soil, prop roots, CWD and soil with presence of pneumatophores Soil with pnuematophores and course woody debris among the highest average CO 2 fluxes
12 Mangrove Fringe Forest Soil Respiration Efflux Range of variability within the Shark River 6 site approximates the variability in soil respiration among fringe mangrove forests owing to variability among components within the soil compartment Lovelock, CE Soil respiration and belowground carbon allocation in mangrove forests. Ecosystems 11:
13 Intra-site variability in sub-canopy CO 2 fluxes groundwater level and salinity Stepwise regression modeling of all parameters determined that SW salinity and GW stage were the significant (p<.001) independent drivers of CO 2 flux rates. Together they account for approximately 50% of the total variation in soil CO 2 fluxes at SRS6 Approx soil surface
14 Comparison with forest CO 2 flux Sub-canopy atmospheric CO 2 concentration decreases with inundation of soil surface by tides
15 Comparison with forest CO 2 flux CO 2 (μmol m -2 s -1 ) CO 2 (μmol m -2 s -1 ) Decline in CO 2 concentration with tidal inundation corresponds to decline in CO 2 flux over the vertical forest profile and as CO 2 flux to the atmosphere Inundation enhances the forest CO 2 sink ds.profile stage CO stage /5/11 8/5/11 9/5/11 10/5/11 11/5/11 12/5/11 13/5/11 14/5/11 15/5/11 16/5/ feet feet /5/11 8/5/11 9/5/11 10/5/11 11/5/11 12/5/11 13/5/11 14/5/11 15/5/11 16/5/11
16 Porewater flushing with tidal inundation and advective flux is suggested to be an important mechanism for C export from mangrove forests (Romigh et al 2006) Variability in surface water CO 2 with tidal inundation NDIR sensors deployed at the soil-water interface and following Johnson et al 2009 and Weiss Within the range of values reported for northern peatlands (2-8 mg C L -1 ) Porewater pco 2 is 5-10 higher than SW. ph of soil water and surface water , dominant carbonate species HCO 3
17 Laboratory experiments support CO 2 production at soil-water interface Liu and Davis in prep mg C L Day 2 - Leachate Respiration RM-SRS-A RM-DI-A BM-SRS-A BM-DI-A SRS RM-SRS-A RM-DI-A BM-SRS-A BM-DI-A SRS Saenz and Troxler in prep
18 Key Findings Significant variability in soil CO 2 fluxes within and among sites Pneumatophores contributed the largest average flux Tidal inundation and salinity contributed to significant variation in soil CO 2 flux and lower flux to the atmosphere Factors that reduce soil oxidation or increase salinity could favor dominance by species with significant pneumatophore density and contribute to increased CO 2 flux Tidal inundation reduces soil CO 2 flux but increases CO 2 concentrations in surface water. Fluxes at soil-water interface may constitute a significant component of export. Increased CO 2 concentrations at soil-water interface with tidal inundation was supported by laboratory studies showing contributions of leaf leachate and soil to CO 2 production, possibly mediated through increased porewater flushing and advective flux
19 Acknowledgements Field and Lab Support: Rafael Travieso, Adam Hines, Olga Sanchez and Patrick Risko Funding Sources:
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