by Roberto Villarreal

Transcription

1 WELCOMING REMARKS AND INTRODUCTORY FRAMEWORK TO THE WORKSHOP CITIZENS ENGAGEMENT IN DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT FOR ADVANCING TOWARDS THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGs) by Roberto Villarreal Chief, Development Management Branch Division for Public Administration and Development Management Department of Economic and Social Affairs United Nations 2010 Public Service Forum Barcelona, Spain, June 2010.

2 THANKS! Sincere gratitude of the Development Management Branch, in the Division for Public Administration and Development Management, of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA), to:» Government of the Generalitat de Catalunya» Distinguished speakers» All participants coming from 22 countries around the World Asia 16 Europe 38 North America 0 South America 20 Africa 6 Oceania 2 Japan 4 Austria 1 Argentina 4 Botswana 1 Australia 2 Jordan 2 Italy 5 Brazil 11 Ethiopia 1 Korea (ROK) 1 Romania 4 Colombia 1 Kenya 1 Lebanon 8 Russia 3 Mexico 3 Mauritius 1 Philippines 1 Spain 25 Venezuela 1 Nigeria 1 South Africa 1 The total number of Countries 22

3 FUNDAMENTAL NOTIONS ON DEVELOPMENT Development is a process carried out by human beings which consists in making people live a better human life A better human life in several aspects, including: Satisfaction of needs To mention some: food, water and sanitation, health, shelter, clothing, transportation, telcommunication, clean surroundings, recreation Fulfillment of human potentials or capabilities Productivity, intelligence, creativity, spirituality, sociability Enjoyment of rights and freedoms Self-determination, non-discrimination, mobility and residence, social rights People, as a word encompassing: Individuals and groups of individuals (households, communities, nations, countries or large regions, mankind) Making, as an act performed by themselves (these very individuals and groups) People collaborate and organize themselves for development sake in numerous ways, that overtime become human institutions, including systems of rights and obligations to act on private or public matters one of such institutions being government APPENDIX A

4 MILLENNIUM DECLARATION Development encompasses a considerable large array of matters, so to focus attention and concentrate efforts from relevant actors in a set of very fundamental ones, the Millennium Declaration adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2000, highlighted the following 8 development goals and set corresponding targets for the year 2015 to guide adequate progress Goal 1 End Poverty and Hunger Goal 2 Achieve Universal Primary Education Goal 3 Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women Goal 4 Reduce Child Mortality Goal 5 Improve Maternal Health Goal 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases Goal 7 Ensure Environmental Sustainability Goal 8 Develop a Global Partnership for Development APPENDIX B

5 TEN YEARS AFTER THE MILLENNIUM DECLARATION The MDGs remain fully valid in every respect Morally, development wise, politically and socially Also because of their utility to focus on development priorities Progress is observable, although it is uneven Better results about some goals than others Large differences among regions of the world With regard to certain targets, regrettably, deterioration has occurred TWO EXAMPLES APPENDIX C Additional ways to invigorate progress towards the MDGs are at hand 1. More integrated, responsive, capable and accountable organization within the government sector, with national and local levels of government applying their comparative strengths 2. Better involvement of all stakeholders from the public and private sectors, and from civil society Revisiting respective roles and responsibilities, improving coordination and cooperation, complementing resources (knowledge, labour, capital, leadership, etc.) 3. Diverse uses of Information and Telecommunications Technologies (ICT) For information, management and monitoring purposes, as well as for innovative forms of public service delivery 4. Enhanced forms for delivering and investing international aid and financing The first three of these fall within the substantive focus of the Division for Public Administration and Development Management, in the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. All three are being addressed in three parallel workshops as part of the 2010 Public Service Forum. This very workshop is devoted to the second one: Citizens Engagement in Development Management for Reaching the MDGs.

6 ORGANIZING CONCEPTS TO ORGANIZE KNOWLEDGE 6

7 REDUCTIONIST VIEW OF DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT PEOPLE Individuals CSOs Businesses GOVERNMENT Public sector entities PUBLIC POLICIES PUBLIC SERVICES BETTER DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT

8 PARTICIPATION, ENGAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT PEOPLE Individuals CSOs Businesses GOVERNMENT Public sector entities PARTICIPATION ENGAGEMENT CREATING OR REFORMING LEGAL FRAMEWORK PUBLIC GOVERNANCE PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY PUBLIC POLICY DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT BETTER DEVELOPMENT 8

9 SOME EXAMPLES OF FORMS OF SOCIAL PARTICIPATION AND CITIZENS ENGAGEMENT IN PUBLIC AFFAIRS PARTICIPATION Assessing needs Identifying gaps Determining priorities Setting targets Providing vision and leadership Expressing shared aspirations Building will Aggregating efforts Generating initiatives Community projects Proposals to authorities Committing real resources Labor Equipment Land Constructions Providing finance Donations Cost sharing partnerships Bringing organization Community groups Civil Society Organizations Networks Connecting to programs Enrollment ENGAGEMENT Shaping shared visions about desirable future states Public deliberation Negotiations among diverse stakeholders To set common priorities To reach consensus on ends, means and responsibilities To identify targeted groups Expressing recommendations or complaints Mailing or calling Consultations Commissions Providing guidance Referendum Decision making Voting Elections of officials Plebiscite Overseeing compliance with applicable laws and regulations or about use of public resources Auditing Councils Assessing performance or quality Evaluation questionnaires Opinion polls Customer satisfaction exercises 9

10 EFFECTS OF PARTICIPATION AND ENGAGEMENT ADVANTAGES PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Responsiveness Accountability Transparency Legitimacy Integral and coherent delivery Focus on people Effectiveness Efficiency Equity Additional resources PEOPLE Inclusion Empowerment Enhanced control over powers granted to governments Enhanced auditing on governments resource use, processes and actions, decision making, etc. Expansion of citizenship Better information and knowledge about the public context and challenges for development REQUISITES Rules to conduct engagement in ordered, transparent and fair manners Skills for dialogue, negotiation, consensus building, etc. in public officials Systems or technology for knowledge management Personnel, time, related resources for consultations, communications, etc. Acceptance of rules to be followed for ordered and productive engagement Tolerance of diversity and dissension, willingness to negotiate Skills to address sometimes complex issues or matters of technical nature Time, strong civic values 10

11 ABOUT THIS WORKSHOP Speakers and participants bring with them to this event very valuable knowledge and experience on these matters The UN Secretariat will effectively record and organize the rich presentations, analyses and deliberations which will take place this afternoon and tomorrow, and based on this: A Report will be published, reflecting all this Early in 2011, a set of Guidelines to Promote Participation and Engagement for Development Management will be published You are encouraged to be very much involved in the discussions and to interact closely with all participants and speakers, looking forward to: Expand capacities in your country about participation and engagement to advance towards the MDGs Integrate a Community of Practice on Promoting Engagement for Development Join the ongoing efforts of the Division for Public Administration and Development Management of UNDESA to construct a useful global Knowledge Base with relevant knowledge to serve all UN Member Countries END OF PRESENTATION

12 APPENDIX A ADDITIONAL COMMENTARIES ON THE FUNDAMENTAL NOTIONS ABOUT DEVELOPMENT

13 FUNDAMENTAL NOTIONS ON DEVELOPMENT Development is a process carried out by human beings which consists in making people live a better human life A better human life in several aspects, including: Satisfaction of needs To mention some: food, water and sanitation, health, shelter, clothing, transportation, telcommunication, clean surroundings, recreation Fulfillment of human potentials or capabilities Productivity, intelligence, creativity, spirituality, sociability Enjoyment of rights and freedoms Thus it is not an intermediate nor a terminal condition in human history People are not to be seen as developed or not, we are at any moment more developed or less developed (compared to others or to ourselves in the past), but we are always undergoing development Development is not spontaneous, it occurs by cause of humans As such it is manegeable by humans in a variety of ways Performance in this regard can vary along various criteria So it is not just about the economy (production, employment, consumption, physical capital accumulation ), also human, Self-determination, non-discrimination, mobility and residence, social rights social and environmental aspects are intrinsic And strictly speaking it is nor only about humans, but about life in Earth (humans being a very important element of the system) People, as a word encompassing: Individuals and groups of individuals (households, communities, nations, countries or large regions, mankind) Making, as an act performed by themselves (these very individuals and groups) People collaborate and organize themselves for development sake in numerous ways, that overtime become human institutions, including systems of rights and obligations to act on private or public matters From the outset, development has an essential collective nature one of such institutions being government Who leads development must be clearly understood As well as for whom, and for what reasons The wording of this bullet implicitly assumes regarding domination, that democratic institutions predominate, but this may not always be the case That is, of particular and exclusive concern to determined individuals, or of concern to all or most of them in the respective group So, public is used in relation to the collectivity of individuals, not government GO BACK

14 APPENDIX A MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGs) 14

15 MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TARGETS (1) Goal 1 End Poverty and Hunger Target 1: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than $1 a day Target 2: Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people Target 3: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger Goal 2 Achieve Universal Primary Education Target 1: Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling Goal 3 Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women Goal 3 Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women Target 1: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015

16 MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TARGETS (2) Goal 4 Reduce Child Mortality Target 1:Reduce by two thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate Goal 5 Improve maternal Health Target 1: Reduce by three quarters the maternal mortality ratio Target 2: Achieve universal access to reproductive health Goal 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases Target 1: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS Target 2: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it Target 3: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases

17 MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TARGETS (3) Goal 7 Ensure Environmental Sustainability Target 1: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources Target 2: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss Target 3: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation Target 4: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers

18 MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TARGETS (4) Goal 8 Develop a Global Partnership for Development GO BACK Target 1: Address the special needs of least developed countries, landlocked countries and small island developing states Target 2: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, nondiscriminatory trading and financial system Target 3: Deal comprehensively with developing countries debt Target 4: In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries Target 5: In cooperation with the private sector, make available benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications

19 APPENDIX B RELATIVE PROGRESS TOWARDS THE MDGs IN DIFFERENT REGIONS AROUND THE WORLD 19

20 SOME WORLD STATISTICS ON POVERTY (1) 1.4 billion people living under $1.25 USD/day in developing countries in 2005 (vs. 1.9 billion people in 1981) Even though population increased in these 25 years A 1% yearly decrease in the proportion of extreme poor people relative to total population, from 52% en 1981 to 26% in 2005 This is on track with the Millenium Development Goals established by the United Nations (50% reduction of people in poverty between 1990 and 2015) By 2015 there will still be 1 billion people living under $1.25 USD a day, and those that have crossed that international poverty line will still be poor considering many other standards * World Bank: Ravaillon, M. and Sh. Chen (2008), The developing world is poorer than we thought, but no less succesful in the fight against poverty. With 1993 data original estimates were 985 million people living under $1 USD a day in 2004, down from 1.5 billion in 1991.

21 SOME WORLD STATISTICS ON POVERTY (2) Poverty reduction has been territorialy uneven As a proportion of the total population, poverty has decreased in all regions, although to different extents Yet, absolute declines have only occurred in East Asia and Pacific (due to impressive results in China) Poverty reached many additional million people in other regions: 182 more millions in Sub-Saharan Africa 38 more in South Asia (most of them in India) 17 million more in Europe and Central Asia The number of poor has been constant in the Middle East and North Africa Latin America registered large transitory augments because of major macroeconomic crisis, but has returned to pre-crisis levels This does not include increases in poverty occurred between 2005 and today, from very high raises in food and energy prices, and from larger unemployment in the context of the ongoing global financial and economic crisis. * World Bank: Ravaillon, M. and Sh. Chen (2008), The developing world is poorer than we thought, but no less succesful in the fight against poverty. With 1993 data original estimates were 985 million people living under $1 USD a day in 2004, down from 1.5 billion in

22 Sub-Saharan Africa Southern Asia South-Eastern Asia Eastern Asia Latin America & the Caribbean Developing regions Source: United Nations, MDG Report,

23 MDG 1: Eradicate Poverty and Hunger GOAL AND TARGETS RELATIVE PROGRESS BY REGIONS GOAL 1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Sub-Saharan Africa South-Eastern Asia Southern Asia Latin-America and the Caribbean Reduce extreme poverty by half Very high poverty High poverty Very high poverty Moderate poverty Productivity and decent employment Very large deficit in decent work Very large deficit in decent work Very large deficit in decent work Moderate deficit in decent work Reduce hunger by half Very high hunger High hunger High hunger Moderate hunger Progress insufficient to reach the target if prevailing trends persist Progress sufficient to reach the target if prevailing trends persist Already met the target or very close to meeting the target Source: United Nations MDG Report

24 GOAL AND TARGETS RELATIVE PROGRESS BY REGIONS GOAL 2 Achieve universal primary schooling Sub- Saharan Africa South- Eastern Asia Southern Asia Latin- America and the Caribbean Universal primary schooling Low enrolment High enrolment Moderate enrolment High enrolment Progress insufficient to reach the target if prevailing trends persist Progress sufficient to reach the target if prevailing trends persist Already met the target or very close to meeting the target Source: United Nations MDG Report

25 GOAL AND TARGETS GOAL 3 Promote gender equality and empower women RELATIVE PROGRESS BY REGIONS Sub-Saharan Africa South-Eastern Asia Southern Asia Latin-America and the Caribbean Equal girls enrolment in primary school Women s share of paid employment Close to parity Parity Parity Parity Low share Medium share Low share High share Women s equal representation in national parliaments Low representation Low representation Low representation Moderate representation Progress insufficient to reach the target if prevailing trends persist Progress sufficient to reach the target if prevailing trends persist Already met the target or very close to meeting the target Source: United Nations MDG Report

26 GOAL AND TARGETS RELATIVE PROGRESS BY REGIONS GOAL 4 Reduce child mortality Sub-Saharan Africa South-Eastern Asia Southern Asia Latin-America and the Caribbean Reduce mortality of under-five-yearolds by two thirds Very high mortality Low mortality High mortality Low mortality Measles immunization Moderate coverage Moderate coverage Moderate coverage High coverage Progress insufficient to reach the target if prevailing trends persist Progress sufficient to reach the target if prevailing trends persist Already met the target or very close to meeting the target Source: United Nations MDG Report

27 GOALAND TARGETS RELATIVE PROGRESS BY REGIONS GOAL 5 Improve maternal health Sub-Saharan Africa South-Eastern Asia Southern Asia Latin-America and the Caribbean Reduce maternal mortality by three quarters Very high mortality High mortality High mortality Moderate mortality Access to reproductive health Low access Moderate access Moderate access High access No progress or deterioration Progress insufficient to reach the target if prevailing trends persist Progress sufficient to reach the target if prevailing trends persist Already met the target or very close to meeting the target Source: United Nations MDG Report

28 GOAL AND TARGETS RELATIVE PROGRESS BY REGIONS GOAL 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases Sub-Saharan Africa South-Eastern Asia Southern Asia Latin-America and the Caribbean Halt and reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS High prevalence Low prevalence Low prevalence Moderate prevalence Halt and reverse the spread of tuberculosis High mortality High mortality Moderate mortality Low mortality No progress or deterioration Progress insufficient to reach the target if prevailing trends persist Progress sufficient to reach the target if prevailing trends persist Already met the target or very close to meeting the target Source: United Nations MDG Report

29 GOAL AND TARGETS GOAL7 Ensure environmental sustainability RELATIVE PROGRESS BY REGIONS Sub-Saharan Africa South-Eastern Asia Southern Asia Latin-America and the Caribbean Reverse loss of forests Halve proportion without improved drinking water Halve proportion without sanitation Medium forest cover High forest cover Medium forest cover High forest cover Low coverage Moderate coverage Moderate coverage High coverage Very low coverage Low coverage Very low coverage Moderate coverage Improve the lives of slum-dwellers Very high proportion of slum-dwellers High proportion of slum-dwellers High proportion of slum-dwellers Moderate proportion of slum-dwellers No progress or deterioration Progress insufficient to reach the target if prevailing trends persist Progress sufficient to reach the target if prevailing trends persist Already met the target or very close to meeting the target Source: United Nations MDG Report 2009 GO BACK 29

30 Access to safe water ACCESS TO SAFE WATER The highest coverage for both urban and rural areas occurs in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, where the gap is also the narrowest (95% and 82%, respectively, a 13 percent points difference) In the middle range are East Asia and Latin America, with similar coverage and disparities in both regions (around 93% and 67%, thus a 26 percent points gap) The lowest indicators are observed in Sub-Saharan Africa (83% and 44%, a 39 percent points disparity) * World Bank: Ravaillon, M. and Sh. Chen (2008), The developing world is poorer than we thought, but no less succesful in the fight against poverty. With 1993 data original estimates were 985 million people living under $1 USD a day in 2004, down from 1.5 billion in

31 Access to sanitation ACCESS TO SANITATION The highest urban and rural coverage and smallest disparities are in Eastern Europe and Central Asia (91% and 81%, respectively, a gap of 10 percent points), followed by the Middle East and North Africa in all indicators. Latin America comes next (86%, 52%, and a 34 percent points gap), followed by East Asia (73%, 35% and 38 percent points). In both regions, a marked urban bias is thus observed. Sub-Saharan Africa records low coverage rates in both areas but narrower disparities (73% and 43%, a 30 percent points gap) The lowest coverage and widest disparities are found in South Asia (67% and 22% of access in urban and rural areas, respectively, reflecting a gap of 45 percent points). * World Bank: Ravaillon, M. and Sh. Chen (2008), The developing world is poorer than we thought, but no less succesful in the fight against poverty. With 1993 data original estimates were 985 million people living under $1 USD a day in 2004, down from 1.5 billion in 1991.

32 MDG 8: DEVELOP PARTNERSHIP FOR DEV. GOAL AND TARGETS GOAL 8 Develop a global partnership for development RELATIVE PROGRESS BY REGIONS Sub-Saharan Africa South-Eastern Asia Southern Asia Latin-America and the Caribbean Internet users Very low usage Moderate usage Low usage High usage Progress insufficient to reach the target if prevailing trends persist Progress sufficient to reach the target if prevailing trends persist Already met the target or very close to meeting the target Source: United Nations MDG Report 2009 GO BACK 32

33 END OF APPENDICES