1. Introduction FADN basic information The subject scope of FADN The material scope of FADN

Transcription

1

2 1. Introduction FADN basic information The subject scope of FADN The material scope of FADN Presentation of results calculated on the basis of FADN accountancy data Detailed description of system variables included in Standard Results Definitions of variables in Standard Results Patterns of calculating economic categories Remarks on Standard Results Information on gathering accountancy data in Poland Pool of agricultural holdings which carry out accountancy in cooperation with IAFE Standard Results from a sample of agricultural holdings which carry out accountancy in 2003 in cooperation with IAFE Grouping of agricultural holdings according to types of farming Grouping of agricultural holdings according to economic size Grouping of agricultural holdings according to agricultural area size Literature... 48

3 List of abbreviations AWU Annual Work Unit; CAP Common Agricultural Policy; DG-AGRI Directorate-General Agriculture; EC European Commission; ESU European Size Unit; EU European Union; EUR system abbreviation of the currency euro ; euro the currency of most of Member States of the European Union; EUROSTAT Statistical Office of the European Union; FADN Farm Accountancy Data Network; FWU - Family Work Unit; CSO (Polish: GUS) Central Statistical Office; IAFE (Polish: IERiGŻ) Institute of Agriculture and Food Economics; LU Livestock Unit; Polish FADN Polish Farm Accountancy Data Network (Polish: Sieć Danych Rachunkowych Gospodarstw Rolnych); SGM Standard Gross Margin; UAA Utilized Agricultural Area. 2

4 1. Introduction Under the National Programme of Preparation for Membership (known as NPPM), the Agricultural Accountancy Department IAFE has modified the organization and methodology of the agricultural accountancy used for collecting accountancy data from individual agricultural holdings. The aim of those activities was to make agricultural accountancy oriented on the conditions of free market economy and to ensure full compatibility of the collected accountancy data with the system working in the Member States of the European Union. The present publication presents the results obtained on the basis of the accountancy data gathered from Polish agricultural farms conducting accountancy in cooperation with the Institute of Agriculture and Food Economics in Warsaw. The results remain in full accordance with economic terms and classes, applied in publication of Directorate-General Agriculture of the European Union (DG AGRI). The study consists of three basic parts: Introductory part which characterizes Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) Methodological part which includes methodological explanations of the income statement, Statistical part which includes statistical data, called Standard Results, for a group of agricultural farms, established on the basis of three grouping criteria: economic size, type of farming and land resources. Standard Results include approx. 120 variables which characterize the economic and financial situation of agricultural farms in the accounting year FADN basic information The system of collecting accountancy data from agricultural farms (FADN) has been established in 1965 (Decision of the Commission EEC/79/65 (OJ No. 109 of 23 June 1965 item 1859). It is a necessary and irreplaceable tool used for creating Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union. Data collected within this structure is used first of all for: Annual specification of the income of agricultural holdings operating on the territory of the Community, Analysis of the activity of agricultural holdings, Evaluation of the effects of planned changes concerning agriculture in the Community. In the field of FADN s observation there are commercial farms which have the essential share in creating the value-added in agriculture. Commercial farms are farms which belong to the group of farms generating, in a given region of FADN or a country, at least 90% 3

5 of the value of standard gross margin (SGM). Lower threshold for an agricultural farm reckoned to be within FADN s field of observation is established on the basis of summing up the values of SGM from the farms entered in the national agricultural farm register, starting from the biggest one to the moment when the size of the last farm, which exhausts 90% of SGM value in a relevant administrative unit, is established. Thresholds of economic size which establish the minimum size of agricultural holdings to be included into FADN s field of observation differ in particular Member States. It is a result of the existing differences in the agricultural structure of particular Member States. It should be emphasized that FADN is the only database consisting of data collected according to uniform rules from a representative sample of commercial agricultural holdings functioning on the territory of the European Union. Community Typology of Agricultural Holdings Classification rules were precisely defined and formally established for the first time by the Decision of the Commission (EEC) 78/463/EEC of 7 April According to the rules, agricultural holdings which function on the territory of the Community are most often classified according to two criteria: Economic size, Type of farming. Economic parameters are applied in the basic classification of agricultural holdings. They are as follows: Standard Gross Margin (SGM), European Size Unit (ESU). With their use, agricultural holdings can be characterized by means of two features: Economic size, Type of farming. 1. Standard Gross Margin (SGM) is the surplus of the value of output of given activity over the value of direct costs in conditions of production, which are average for a given region. In order to eliminate the influence of changes in output (e.g. caused by bad weather) or the prices of products and means of production, the calculations cover average amounts taken from three years of the relevant period, on the basis of average annual data from a given region. For the very reason, the concept of gross margin was completed with the term standard. 4

6 SGMs are calculated for each statistical region and for each conducted activity in relation to 1 ha of crops of a given plant or 1 animal. In the European Union there are regions in which SGMs are calculated for 124 activities. Such a great number of entrances in Standard Gross Margin sets reflects not only the diversification of agriculture in the European Union but also shows the level of precision applied, which in turn ensures the comparability of the provided results and therefore actually reflects the situation in agriculture. 2. European Size Unit (ESU) is a parameter used for defining economic size of an agricultural holding. The unit equals the value of 1200 EUR of the standard gross margin. 3. Economic size of an agricultural holding constitutes one of the criteria used to characterize an agricultural farm in the Community Typology of Agricultural Holdings. It is defined on the basis of the sum of values of standard gross margins (SGMs) of all the activities occurring in agriculture. 4. Type of farming is another criterion used in the classification of agricultural farms. It is defined on the basis of the share of particular activities in the creation of the general value of standard gross margin (SGM) in an agricultural holding. Depending on the desired degree of accuracy, agricultural types of farms are divided into: 8 general types and a group of non-classified farms (one digit categories), 17 principal types (two digit categories), 50 particular types (three digit categories), subdivision of 50 particular types (four digit categories). SGMs are calculated periodically on the basis of average data from three subsequent years in separate regions of the Member States. The EU Commission establishes the list of agricultural activities, for which SGM is to be calculated, at present the list covers 109 activities The subject scope of FADN The minimum threshold which defines a farm as commercial (which means the inclusion of the farm into the research) is expressed in ESU. The amount is established for each Member State separately and changes in time, according to the evolution of structure and economic force of agricultural holdings (see: Table 1.2-1). 5

7 Table Thresholds of the minimum economic size for FADN s field of observation in 2002 Member State Threshold in ESU Belgium 16 Denmark 8 Germany 8 Greece 2 Spain 2 France 8 Ireland 2 Italy 4 Luxembourg 8 The Netherlands 16 Austria 8 Portugal 2 Finland 8 Sweden 8 United Kingdom (Northern Ireland) 8 United Kingdom 16 Source: The ESU value, defined by the EU Commission, constitutes a threshold, above which agricultural holdings can be recognized as commercial and fall within the so-called FADN s field of observation. Selection of a sample of agricultural holdings from the FADN s field of observation Liaison Agencies from particular countries establish plans of selection of agricultural holdings for the research within FADN annually. After their completing and obtaining approval form the FADN National Committees, the plans are forwarded for approval to the Community Committee which supervises FADN. Within FADN s field of observation there is a great heterogeneity of agricultural holdings, taking into account the economic size or type of farming criterion. In order to ensure accurate reflection of this heterogeneity in the research sample, the Liaison Agency divides the field of observation into strata. Skipping this operation in the process of the sample selection could cause lack of adequate representation of some types of agricultural holdings (e.g. large milk farms in one region or small farms producing fruit in another region). In the procedure of farm selection three criteria apply to stratification of the pool of farms: Region, Economic size, Type of farming. 6

8 1.3. The material scope of FADN For the needs of FADN there are about 1000 accountancy data gathered concerning exclusively agricultural holdings. They reflect the condition and structure of elements of property, as well as the condition and structure of the sources of liabilities. Other data reflect the structure of revenue and costs on the level of an agricultural holding. Particular attention is paid to the elements connected with the Common Agricultural Policy (subsidies). The scope and form of the collected accountancy data in agricultural holdings for the needs of FADN is determined by the content of the so-called FADN farm return, defined in the Regulation of the Commission 2237/77/EEC of 23 September 1977 with later amendments. The regulations reflect, next to a detailed list of variables, also the instructions concerning the method of filling the farm return and the definitions of the applied terms. The FADN farm return consists of 14 groups of accountancy data, grouped thematically into respective tables (from A to N). General information on the holding (Table A), Type of occupation: breakdown of agricultural area (Table B), Labour (Table C), Number and value of (Table D), Livestock purchases and sales (Table E), Costs (Table F), Land and buildings, deadstock and circulating capital (Table G), Debts (Table H), Value Added Tax (Table I), Grants and subsidies (Table J), Production (crops and animal products, animals excluded) (Table K), Quotas and other rights (Table L), Direct payments for arable crops and beef (Table M), Details of purchases and sales of (Table N) Presentation of results calculated on the basis of FADN accountancy data The results calculated on the basis of FADN accountancy data gathered in the computer database are presented in a statistical set called Standard Results 1. They include average values for groups of agricultural holdings established according to types of farming and 1 The structure of Standard Results defined in the document of the Committee on FADN; RI/CC 882 rev. 7.0: Definitions of Variables used in FADN standard results, put on the website: 7

9 economic size. Additionally, the present publication includes grouping agricultural holdings according to agricultural area size. Table Grouping agricultural holdings according to types of farming (TF8) TF8 Grouping Principal type of farming Symbol AB Name 1. Field crops Symbol Name 13 Specialist cereals, oilseed and protein crops 14 General field cropping 60 Mixed cropping C 2. Horticulture 20 Specialist horticulture D 3. Wine 31 Specialist vineyards 32 Specialist fruit and citrus fruit E 4. Other permanent crops 33 Specialist olives 34 Various permanent crops combined F G 5. Milk 6. Grazing 41 Specialist dairying 42 Specialist cattle-rearing and fattening 43 Cattle-dairying, rearing and fattening combined 44 Sheep, goats and other grazing H I 7. Granivores 8. Mixed (crops and ) 50 Specialist granivores 71 Mixed, mainly grazing 72 Mixed, mainly granivores 81 Field crops-grazing combined 82 Various crops and combined The Community Typology of Agricultural Holdings differentiates between 8 general types and 17 principal types (Regulation 2003/369 (EC)). The presentation often uses a set of types of farming TF-8 (Table 1.4-1) or a set of general types of farming GTF (Table 1.4-2). The types of farming set TF-8 is a combination of principal types coming from different general types which as a result creates eight groups of agricultural holdings. Table General TF Grouping agricultural holdings according to general types of farming (GTF) Principal type of farming Symbol Name Symbol Name 1 Specialist field crops 13 Specialist cereals, oilseed and protein crops 14 General field cropping 2 Specialist horticulture 20 Specialist horticulture 3 Specialist permanent crops 31 Specialist vineyards 8

10 4 Specialist grazing 32 Specialist fruit and citrus fruit 33 Specialist olives 34 Various permanent crops combined 41 Specialist dairying 42 Specialist cattle-rearing and fattening 43 Cattle-dairying, rearing and fattening combined 44 Sheep, goats and other grazing 5 Specialist granivores 50 Specialist granivores 6 Mixed cropping 60 Mixed cropping 71 Mixed, mainly grazing 7 Mixed 72 Mixed, mainly granivores 81 Field crops-grazing combined 8 Mixed crops- 82 Various crops and combined Table shows six categories of economic size of agricultural holdings (ES6) binding in the Community Typology of Agricultural Holdings on the basis of the Regulation 2003/369 (EU). Table ES6 Grouping agricultural holdings according to economic size, classification ES6 Size in ESU very small (XS) < 4 small (S) 4 8 medium - small (MS) 8 16 medium - large (ML) large (L) very large (XL) > 100 9

11 2. Detailed description of system variables included in Standard Results 2.1. Definitions of variables in Standard Results Definitions of particular economic categories were established on the basis of definitions of variables applied in Standard Results 2. The content of the parameters in particular tables does not always fully correspond to their titles. The Symbol column includes alphanumeric, five-signs marking of particular variables in the IT system of FADN. Standard Results include 10 groups of data by topic: 1. Sample and population, 2. Structure and yields, 3. Output, 4. Costs, 5. Subsidies, 6. Balances of subsidies and taxes, 7. Income per agricultural holding, 8. Income per full-time working person, 9. Balance sheet, 10. Financial indicators. In order to facilitate understanding of particular parameters included in Standard Results level I, there have been given explanations for particular variables in the order identical to the presented results. Additionally, detailed schemes of calculation of selected parameters are presented in the Standard Results in the form of diagrams. Table Sample and population Symbol SYS02 SYS03 SYS04 Variable name Farms represented Sample farms Exchange rate Description Sum of weighting coefficients of individual holdings in the sample (how these coefficients are calculated is briefly explained above). Number of holdings in the sample considered. Average exchange rate for calculating the national currency into ecus/euros in the country's accounting year. It is calculated as the average of monthly rates weighted by the number of days in the month. Table Structure and yields Variable Symbol name Description Economic Economic size of holding expressed in European size units (on the basis of the SE005 size Community typology, as briefly described above). Total labour Total labour input of holding expressed in annual work units = full-time person SE010 input equivalents. SE011 Labour input Time worked in hours by total labour input on holding. 2 Ibidem 10

12 SE015 SE016 SE020 SE021 SE025 SE030 SE035 SE041 Unpaid Refers generally to family labour expressed in FWU = Family work unit = Family labour input AWU. Unpaid labour input Time worked in hours by unpaid labour input (generally family) on holding. Paid labour input Remuneration may be in cash or in kind. Paid labour input Time worked in hours by paid labour input on holding. Total Total utilised agricultural area of holding. Does not include areas used for Utilised mushrooms, land rented for less than one year, woodland and the other farm Agricultural areas (roads, ponds, non-farmed areas, etc.). It is made up of land in owner Area occupation, rented land, land in share-cropping. Rented U.A.A. Cereals Other field crops Utilised agricultural areas rented by the holder under a tenancy agreement for a period of at least one year (remuneration in cash or in kind). It is expressed in hectares ( m2). Common wheat and spelt, durum wheat, rye, barley, oats, summer cereal mixes, grain maize, other cereals. Dry pulses, potatoes, sugar beet, herbaceous oil seed and fibre crops including seed (excluding cotton), hops, tobacco, other industrial crops (including cotton and sugar cane). Fresh vegetables, melons, strawberries, flowers and ornamental plants (grown in the open or under shelter). Basic area is considered (and not cropped area) even if it is used successively during one and the same farm year. Vegetables SE046 and flowers SE050 Vineyards Including young plantations. Fruit and berry orchards (including tropical fruit), citrus fruit orchards, olive groves, SE054 Permanent crops nurseries and other permanent crops (osier, rushes, bamboos). Including young plantations and permanent crops grown under shelter. Vines are not included. SE055 Orchards Fruit trees and berries (including tropical and subtropical fruit) and citrus fruit. SE060 Olive groves Olive groves. SE065 SE071 Other permanent crops Forage crops Agricultural fallows Permanent crops grown under shelter, nurseries (including vine nurseries), other permanent crops (such as osier, rushes and bamboo) and growth of young plantations (valued on the basis of the costs of input used). Fodder roots and brassicas (mangolds, etc.), other fodder plants, temporary grass, meadows and permanent pastures, rough grazing. SE072 Agricultural land not cultivated for agricultural reasons. Land withdrawn from production under compulsory agricultural policy measures and not cultivated. Included, however, is cultivated land under the voluntary setaside arrangements (Council Reg. (EEC) 797/85). Land subject to compulsory set-aside but which may be cultivated is to be included in the area given over to SE073 Set aside the crop in question. Woodland Woodland area, forests, poplar plantations, including nurseries. Not included in SE075 area UAA (SE025). Number of equine, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and poultry present on holding in Total annual average terms, converted into units (coefficients provided in detailed formulas, see Annex). Not included are beehives, rabbits and other SE080 units animals. Female bovine animals (including female buffaloes) which have calved and are held principally for milk production for human consumption. Not included are cull SE085 Dairy cows dairy cows. SE090 Other cattle All other cattle. Sheep and SE095 goats Goats, other goats, ewes and other sheep. SE100 Pigs Piglets, breeding sows, pigs for fattening, other pigs. SE105 Poultry Table chickens, laying hens and other poultry. Yield of SE110 wheat Production of common wheat and spelt in quintals (100 kilogrammes) per hectare. 11

13 SE115 SE120 SE125 Yield of maize Stocking density/ha Milk yieldkg/cow Production of grain maize in quintals/ha. Density of ruminant grazing : average number of bovine LU (except calves for fattening) and sheep/goats per hectare of forage UAA. The latter area includes fodder crops, agricultural fallows and land (not cultivated, except in the exceptional cases of crops under set-aside schemes). Stocking density is calculated only for holdings with corresponding animals and with forage area. Cowshed yield: average production of milk and milk products (in milk equivalents) per dairy cow. Production includes farmhouse consumption and farm use (distributed to animals). Holdings without dairy cows are excluded. 12

14 Table Output Symbol SE131 Variable name Total output Total output crops & crop production Description Total of output of crops and crop products, and products and of other output. Sales and use of (crop and ) products and + change in stocks of (Crop and ) products + change in valuation of - purchases of + various non-exceptional products. = Sales + farm use + farmhouse consumption + (closing valuation - opening SE135 valuation). Values are recorded after deduction of the co-responsibility levy (if any) on SE140 Cereals cereals. Protein Grown for seed: not if harvested green (fodder) or in the case of vegetables or SE145 crops soya. SE150 Potatoes Including early potatoes and seed. Not including the value of tops but including that of pulp returned to the holder SE155 or sold by him to the sugar beet factory. Sugar beet Oil-seed SE160 crops Oil seed and fibre crops (excluding cotton). Industrial Hops, tobacco, other industrial crops (including medecinal plants, condiments, SE165 crops aromatics and spices, cotton and sugar cane, fibre flax and hemp). Fresh vegetables, melons, strawberries, flowers and ornamental plants (grown Vegetables in the open or under shelter). Included is the output from mushrooms (but the SE170 & flowers area under mushrooms is not included in SE046). SE175 Fruit Fruit trees and berries grown in the open (including tropical fruit). SE180 Citrus fruit Oranges, tangerines and mandarins, clementines, lemons and other citrus fruit. Wine and Table grapes, grapes for quality/table wine, miscellaneous products of vines SE185 grapes (grape must, etc.), wine, vine by-products (marc, lee, etc.) and raisins. Olives & SE190 olive oil Table olives, olives for oil production, olive oil and by-products of olive groves. SE195 SE200 SE206 SE211 SE216 SE220 SE225 SE230 SE235 Forage area Other crop output Total output & prod. Change in value of Cows' milk & milk products Beef and veal Pigmeat Sheep and goats Poultrymeat Fodder roots and brassicas (mangolds), other fodder plants, temporary grass, meadows and permanent pastures, rough grazing, fallows and set-aside land. Seeds and seedlings (of grasses, arable and horticultural crops, excluding cereals, pulses, potatoes and oil seed plants), other arable crops (not covered by specific headings), permanent crops grown under shelter. = production + change in value + animal products. Livestock production = Sales + Household consumption - Purchases It is calculated for equines, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, poultry and other animals. Net change in or estimation of the value corresponding to the increase in volume of the animals present on the holding for more than one year. The estimation makes it possible not to include in the value of annual output shortterm price changes affecting animals which will be sold only in the medium or long term. The values are recorded after deduction of the amount of the co-responsibility levy (if any) but before deduction of the amount of the super levy (if any). The latter is entered as a negative subsidy specific to the milk sector. Production + change in valuation. Net change in valuation in respect of calves for fattening, other cattle less than one year old and cull dairy cows; change in valuation adjusted in respect of all other categories of cattle. Production + change in valuation. Net change in valuation in respect of piglets, pigs for fattening and other pigs; change in valuation adjusted in respect of breeding sows. Production + change in valuation. Net change in valuation in respect of other sheep and other goats; change in valuation adjusted in respect of breeding ewes and goats. Production + change in valuation. Net change in valuation in respect of all categories of poultry. 13

15 SE240 SE245 SE251 SE256 SE260 SE265 Eggs Ewes' and goats' milk Other & products Other output Farmhouse consumption Farm use Meat of equines and other animals (including change in valuation), wool, other animal products (manure, stud fees, etc.), receipts for animals held under contract, and milk. Net change in valuation in respect of beehives, rabbits and other animals; change in valuation adjusted in respect of equines. Leased land ready for sowing, receipts from occasional letting of fodder areas, forestry products, contract work for others, hiring out of equipment, interest on liquid assets necessary for running the holding, receipts of tourism, receipts relating to previous accounting years, other products and receipts. Value of agricultural (crop and animal) products consumed by the holder's family. It is taken into account in the amount of agricultural output. Value of crop products produced and used on the holding to obtain another final agricultural product. The products concerned are mainly crop products serving as feed for animals held on the holding, and seeds and seedlings produced and used on the holding. Table Costs Variable Symbol name Description Feed for grazing SE315 home-grown Marketable farm products (including milk other than suckled) used as feedingstuffs for grazing stock. SE325 Feed for pigs & poultry home-grown Marketable farm products (including milk other than suckled) used as feedingstuffs for granivores. SE270 Total Inputs Specific costs + Overheads + Depreciation + External factors. Costs linked to the agricultural activity of the holder and relating to the output of the accounting year. SE281 Total specific costs Crop-specific inputs (seeds and seedlings, fertilizers, crop protection products, other specific crop costs), -specific inputs (feed for grazing stock and granivores, other specific costs) and specific forestry costs. Total intermediate Specific supply costs (including inputs produced on the holding) and overheads SE275 consumption arising from production in the accounting year. = Specific costs + Overheads. SE285 Seeds and plants Relates to agricultural and horticultural crops. New plantations of permanent crops and wood stands are considered as investments. SE295 Fertilisers Purchased fertilizers and soil improvers (excluding those used for forests). SE300 Crop protection Plant protection products, traps and baits, bird scarers, anti-hail shells, frost protection, etc. (excluding those used for forests). SE305 Other crop specific costs Including soil analysis, purchase of standing crops, renting crop land for a period of less than one year, purchase of crop products (grapes, etc.), costs incurred in the market preparation, storage, marketing of crops, etc. SE310 SE320 SE330 Feed for grazing Feed for pigs & poultry Other specific costs Concentrated feedingstuffs (including mineral licks and preservatives), coarse fodder, expenditure on the use of common grazing land, expenditure on cost of renting forage land not included in the UAA for equines, cattle, sheep and goats. Feed for pigs and poultry. Veterinary fees and reproduction costs, milk tests, occasional purchases of animal products (milk, etc.) costs incurred in the market preparation, storage, marketing of products, etc. 14

16 SE331 Forestry specific costs Total farming Fertilizers, protective materials, miscellaneous specific costs. Labour costs, contract work and mechanisation are not included; these are shown under the appropriate cost headings. Supply costs linked to productive activity but not linked to specific lines of production. SE336 overheads Machinery & building Costs of current upkeep of equipment (and purchase of minor equipment), car current expenses, current upkeep of buildings and land improvements, insurance of SE340 costs buildings. Major repairs are considered as investments. SE345 Energy Motor fuels and lubricants, electricity, heating fuels. Contract SE350 work Costs linked to work carried out by contractors and to the hire of machinery. Other direct Water, insurance (except for buildings and accidents at work) and other farming SE356 inputs overheads (accountants' fees, telephone charges, etc.). Depreciation of capital assets estimated at replacement value. Entry in the accounts of depreciation of capital assets over the accounting year. It is determined on the basis of the replacement value. Concerns plantations of permanent crops, farm buildings and fixed equipment, land improvements, machinery and equipment and forest plantations. There is no depreciation of land and circulating capital. SE360 Depreciation Total external Remuneration of inputs (work, land and capital) which are not the property of SE365 factors the holder. = wages, rent and interest paid. Wages and social security charges (and insurance) of wage earners. Amounts received by workers considered as unpaid workers (wages lower than a normal SE370 Wages paid wage) are excluded. SE375 Rent paid Rent paid for farm land and buildings and rental charges. Interest and financial charges paid on loans obtained for the purchase of land, buildings, machinery and equipment,, circulating capital, and interest and financial charges on debts. Interest subsidies are to be deducted.se380 is SE380 Interest paid part of SE365. Table Subsidies Symbo l SE605 SE610 SE611 SE612 SE613 SE615 SE616 SE617 Variable name Total subsidies - excluding on investment Total subsidies on crops Compensator y payments Set aside premiums Other crops subsidies Total subsidies on Subsidies dairying Subsidies other cattle Description Subsidies on current operations linked to production (not investments). Interest subsidies and payments for cessation of farming activities are therefore not included. Entry in the accounts is generally on the basis of entitlement and not receipt of payment. All farm subsidies on crops, including compensatory payments and set-aside premiums.se610 is part of SE605. Amounts paid to producers of cereals, oilseeds and protein crops (COP crops) as a result of the fall in prices as part of the 1992 reform of the CAP.SE611 is part of SE610. Amount of premiums received by COP producers obliged to set aside part of their land under the 1992 reform of the CAP. Such land may, however, be used for certain non-food crops.se612 is part of SE610. All other farm subsidies on field, horticultural and permanent crops.se613 is part of SE610. All farm subsidies on and products.se615 is part of SE605. The amount of any super levy on milk is to be deducted.se616 is part of SE615. All farm subsidies received for cattle other than dairy cows, e.g. premiums for male calves, premiums for young male cattle, premiums for suckler cows, etc.se617 is part of SE

17 SE618 SE619 Subsidies sheep & goats Other subsidies Other SE620 subsidies Environment SE621 al subsidies LFA SE622 subsidies Subsidies on intermediate SE625 consumption Table In addition to the ewe (and goat) premiums, includes any subsidies on sheep/goat milk products.se618 is part of SE615. All other farm subsidies on other or products. (Includes, exceptionally, the amounts for any one of the preceding categories - milk, beef/veal, sheep/goats - where such amounts cannot be entered under these categories for lack of detailed information). Other subsidies received, in particular for activities relating to forestry and tourism, environmental and afforestation programmes, structural aid. Include also grants and subsidies for disasters or extraordinary (BSE, agrimonetary compensation payments). All farm subsidies on inputs.se625 is part of SE605. Balances of subsidies and taxes Symbol SE600 SE605 SE395 SE390 SE405 SE406 SE407 SE408 Variable name Description Balance current subsidies & taxes Total subsidies - excluding on investment receipt of payment. VAT balance excluding on investments agricultural VAT systems can be taken into account. Taxes Balance subsidies & taxes on investments Subsidies on investments Payments to dairy outgoers VAT on investments Subsidies and taxes arising from current productive activity in the accounting year. Balance of subsidies and taxes on current operations = farm subsidies + VAT balance on current operations - farm taxes. Subsidies on current operations linked to production (not investments). Interest subsidies and payments for cessation of farming activities are therefore not included. Entry in the accounts is generally on the basis of entitlement and not The general rule is for all entries to be made exclusive of VAT; this poses no problems when the holder is subject to the normal VAT system. When the special agricultural system applies, the different VAT amounts should be recorded so that when the results are calculated any advantages of national Farm taxes and other dues (not including VAT and the personal taxes of the holder) and taxes and other charges on land and buildings. Subsidies and taxes nor arising from current productive activity in the accounting year. = Subsidies on investments + premiums for the cessation of dairy farming - VAT paid on investments. This premium may be received in the form of a lump sum or be spread over several years. It was considered preferable, for the purposes of calculating income, to treat this amount separately from the overall VAT balance. It is generally a large amount and has no connection with the year's production. If it were taken into account in the VAT balance, it would distort the balance of subsidies and taxes on current operations. 16

18 Table Income per agricultural holding Symbol SE131 SE275 SE600 SE410 SE360 SE415 SE365 SE405 SE420 Variable name Total output Total intermediate consumption Balance current subsidies & taxes Gross Farm Income Depreciation Farm Net Value Added Total external factors Balance subsidies & taxes on investments Family Farm Income Description Total of output of crops and crop products, and products and of other output. Sales and use of (crop and ) products and + change in stocks of (Crop and ) products + change in valuation of - purchases of + various non-exceptional products Specific supply costs (including inputs produced on the holding) and overheads arising from production in the accounting year. = Specific costs + Overheads. Subsidies and taxes arising from current productive activity in the accounting year. Balance of subsidies and taxes on current operations = farm subsidies + VAT balance on current operations - farm taxes. Output - Intermediate consumption + balance farm subsidies & taxes. Depreciation of capital assets estimated at replacement value. Entry in the accounts of depreciation of capital assets over the accounting year. It is determined on the basis of the replacement value. Concerns plantations of permanent crops, farm buildings and fixed equipment, land improvements, machinery and equipment and forest plantations. There is no depreciation of land and circulating capital. Corresponds to the payment for fixed factors of production (work, land and capital), whether they be external or family factors. As a result, holdings can be compared irrespective of the family/non-family nature of the factors of production employed. Remuneration of inputs (work, land and capital) which are not the property of the holder. = wages, rent and interest paid. Subsidies and taxes nor arising from current productive activity in the accounting year. = Subsidies on investments + premiums for the cessation of dairy farming - VAT paid on investments. Corresponds to the payment for family fixed factors of production (work, land and capital) and the payment for the entrepeneur's risks (loss/profit) in the accounting year. 17

19 Table Financial balance of an agricultural holding Symbol SE425 SE430 Variable name Farm Net Value Added / AWU Family Farm Income / FWU Description Farm Net Value Added expressed per agricultural work unit. Takes into account any differences in the labour force to be remunerated per holding. Family Farm Income expressed per family labour unit. Takes into account any differences in the family labour force to be remunerated per holding. 18

20 Table Financial indicators Variable Symbol name Description SE436 Total assets Only assets in ownership are taken into account. Capital indicators are based on the value of the various assets at closing valuation.= Fixed assets + current assets. SE441 Total fixed assets = agricultural land and farm buildings and forest capital + buildings + Machinery and equipment + Breeding. SE446 Land, permanent crops & quotas Land and buildings: agricultural land, permanent crops, improvements to land, quotas and other prescribed rights (including acquisition costs) and forest land. Quotas (and other prescribed rights) acquired free of charge are not valued as assets. SE450 Buildings Buildings and fixed equipment belonging to the holder.se450 is part of SE441. SE455 Machinery Machines, tractors, cars and lorries, irrigation equipment (except when of little value or used only during one year).se455 is part of SE441. SE460 Breeding = value at closing valuation of breeding heifers, dairy cows, other cows, breeding goats, ewes, breeding sows.se460 is part of SE441. SE465 Total current assets = Non-breeding + Circulating capital (Stocks of agricultural products + Other circulating capital). SE470 Nonbreeding value at closing valuation of all except breeding (see RI/CC 882 rev. 6).SE470 is part of SE465. SE475 SE480 SE485 SE490 SE495 Stock of agricultural products Other circulating capital Total liabilities long & medium-term loans Short-term loans = value at closing valuation of all crop and products (except young plantations).se475 is part of SE465. value of crops, holdings of agricultural shares, amounts receivable in the shortterm, cash balances in hand or at the bank. SE480 is part of SE465. Value at closing valuation of total of (long-, medium- or short-term) loans still to be repaid. Loans contracted for a period of more than one year.se490 is part of SE485. Loans contracted for less than one year and outstanding payments.se495 is part of SE

21 Table Financial indicators Variable Symbol name Description SE501 Net worth = Total assets - Liabilities. SE506 Change in net worth =[ (Total assets - Liabilities) at closing valuation] - [ (Total assets - Liabilities) at opening valuation]. Average Average value ( = [opening + closing] / 2 ) of Working capital =Livestock + Permanent crops + Land improvements + Buildings + Machinery and equipment + Circulating capital. Not included is the value of quotas and other prescribed SE510 farm capital rights. Gross SE516 Investment = purchases - Sales of Fixed assets. Net SE521 Investment = Gross Investment - Depreciation. The holding's capacity for saving and self-financing.= Receipts - Expenditure for the accounting year, not taking into account operations on capital and on debts SE526 Cash Flow (1) and loans. This indicator is close to that used by EUROSTAT on the basis of Macro-economic accounts. SE530 Cash Flow (2) The holding's capacity for saving and self-financing= Receipts - Expenditure for the accounting year= Net receipts of agricultural activity and other receipts + Balance farm subsidies & taxes + Balance subsidies & taxes on investments + Balance of operations on capital + Balance of operations on debts and loans = Sales of products + other receipts + sales of all costs paid purchases of animals + Farm subsidies farm taxes + VAT balance + Subsidies on investments taxes on investments + Sales of capital Investments + Closing valuation of debts opening valuation of debts. 20

22

23 Pattern 1 illustrates the method of calculating the output value in general obtained within operational activity of an agricultural farm. The output value consists of the value of plant output, animal output and the value of the remaining output. The output calculation takes into account the sale of output, change of the condition of stock, internal use and transfers into the household. Thanks to such an approach it is possible to obtain full reflection of ready product circulation market transactions, transfers free of charge, and product transfers within the operational activity of an agricultural farm. The value of the internal use of the potentially commercial products is neutral for the level of given standard gross margins because it is on both sides of the account (the output and cost side). Pattern 2. Method of calculating estimate changes in value of from the basic herd The account of the value of the animal output takes into account the estimate change in value of from the basic herd which is caused by the change in prices in the accounting year. The value of re-estimate of the animals from the basic herd was singled out as a system variable SE211. It makes it possible to skip this element by recognition in the account of the animal output and then to skip particular economic surpluses. What is more, the value of the purchased is deducted in the account of the animal output, thanks to which the account of the results illustrates the realized own production. Also for that very reason, the value of the purchased is not located in the structure of costs of an agricultural farm. 22

24

25

26

27 Pattern 7. Method of presenting the financial balance of an agricultural holding The financial balance is presented in a synthetic form. On the assets side there were two groups of assets singled out: fixed assets, consisting of four material groups, and current assets consisting of three material groups. Own capital is calculated as a difference between 26

28 the value of assets in general and liabilities in general. Pattern 8. Method of calculating selected balance and financial indicators The pattern presents the method of calculating four indicators: two balance ones change of own capital and the average value of the capital of an agricultural holding and two financial ones: gross investments and net investments. 27

29

30 3. Remarks on Standard Results 3.1. Information on gathering accountancy data in Poland According to the data of the Common Farm Census 2002 (FSS 2002), agricultural activity is carried out by agricultural holdings. Out of this number only farms are of the economic size exceeding 2 ESU, which is the minimum economic size threshold for farms included into FADN s field of observation in Poland. Agricultural holdings have been classified according to the rules fully adjusted to the EU regulations which set out the so-called Community Typology of Agricultural Holdings. The classification of agricultural holdings applied parameters of standard gross margins (SGM 2000 ). The parameters were calculated at IAFE, with the participation of experts from IUNG and SGGW. Sets of SGM parameters were calculated for four agricultural regions in Poland. Pattern 1. Division of Poland into FADN regions Study on the basis of: Regulation of the Commission (EC) No 730/2004 of 19 April 2004 which amends Regulation (EEC) No 1859/82 concerning the selection of returning holdings for the purpose of determining incomes of agricultural holdings, as a result of the Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia s accession to the European Union. 29

31 The algorithm to carry out classification of agricultural holdings according to the principles of the Community Typology of Agricultural Holdings was established at IAFE on the basis of respective regulations of the European Union Decision of the Commission EEC/85/377 (OJ L 220, 17 August 1985) Pool of agricultural holdings which carry out accountancy in cooperation with IAFE The subject of research carried out by IAFE were agricultural holdings with the land area of more than 1 ha. The farms selected for the research in a purposeful way, with the use of expertise on the diversification of agricultural holdings in Poland. FADN Standard Results include data from agricultural holdings whose economic size was at least 2 ESU. It equals PLN of the value of standard gross margin generated in a farm, calculated on the basis of SGM 2000 parameters. Each agricultural holding carrying out accountancy in cooperation with IAFE, including also the year 2003 (see: Table 3.2-2), represents a certain number of similar farms from its stratum 3 (see: Table 3.2-1). In 2003, data from 876 farms were introduced in the computer database which constitutes an empirical basis for carrying out analyses and studies. Taking into account the above explanations, it should be stated that the sample is not statistically representative for commercial farms functioning in Poland. For the very reason, the presented data is not representative and it does not illustrate the whole sector of agricultural commercial farms, but is representative only for those farms which provided accountancy data. Agricultural holdings whose economic size is below the assumed threshold (2 ESU) were located in DPP columns and lines 9. The results of the group of agricultural holdings are not presented in the Standard Results. The positions of value concerning the output, costs and investments are expressed according to gross values (including VAT). In 2003 Polish farmers had the right to VAT subject exemption, and therefore farmers carried out the register of economic events in a standard which makes it impossible to establish net value and the amount of VAT. In the presented edition of the Standard Results concerning the year 2003, the amounts are given in the Polish currency PLN. 3 The procedure of drawing lots within the representative research requires dividing the population (and, of course, the sample) into strata according to three criteria: type of farming, economic size and region. 30

32 Table Agricultural holdings in Poland 4 Types of farming (TF8) Field crops [AB] Horticulture [C] Vineyards [D] Other permanent crops [E] Dairy cows [F] Grazing [G] Granivores [H] DPP Very small [XS] Small [S] Economic size classes (ES6) small [MS] large [ML] Large [L] Very large [XL] TOTAL Mixed crops - [I] TOTAL Source: CSO, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Statistics (on the basis of the population of farms examined in the Common Farm Census in 2002; classification with the use of SGM 2000 ; exchange rate of 1 EUR = 3,96822 PLN). 4 Symbols TF8 and ES6 are explained in Table and Table

33 Table Agricultural holdings in the sample of IAFE Types of farming TF8 DPP Very small [XS] Economic size class ES6 small [MS] large [ML] Very large [XL] TOTAL Small [S] Large [L] Field crops [AB] Horticulture [C] Vineyards [D] Other permanent crops [E] Dairy cows [F] Grazing [G] Granivores [H] Mixed crops [I] 9 TOTAL Table The weight of agricultural holdings in particular strata of the sample of IAFE Types of farming TF8 Field crops [AB] Horticulture [C] Vineyards [D] Other permanent crops [E] Dairy cows [F] Grazing [G] Granivores [H] Mixed crops - [I] Very small [XS] Small [S] Economic size classes ES6 Mediumsmall [MS] large [ML] Large [L] Very large [XL] 2 366, ,19 438,37 148,67 138,25 262, , ,33 787,73 635,50 247,60 218, ,00 817,38 369,03 149,35 86,00 11, ,90 746,38 377,90 126,35 29, , , ,00 349,74 329,91 295, , ,38 564,04 294,69 159,00 259,00 32

34 The present version of Standard Results uses modified categories of economic size for grouping agricultural holdings. The classification according to ES-6 was modified because of the specific structure of the pool of agricultural holdings carrying out accountancy for IAFE. The structure of agricultural holdings is dominated by small holdings and that is why their basic number falls within the first three size categories ES-6. The classification of agricultural holdings according to agricultural area size in hectares is a less frequently used one (see: Table 3.2-4) in the EU typology (Regulation 99/725/EEC). This type of grouping is also not applied in Standard Results. In the publications of the EU Commission, the method was replaced by grouping according to economic parameters, established within the Community Typology of Agricultural Holdings. We were encouraged to present the results of the farms grouped according to the land resources criterion by a considerable interest of the national users, who are accustomed to this type of statistics commonly applied in Poland (among others, by CSO). Table Grouping agricultural holdings according to agricultural area size Description Agricultural area in hectares very small (AXS) 5 small (AS) 5 10 medium - small (AMS) medium - large (AML) large (AL) very large (AXL) > 50 33