Stem Rust in Wheat. Steve Van Vleet, PhD
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1 Stem Rust in Wheat Steve Van Vleet, PhD
2 Leaf Rust Stem Rust Stripe Rust 1. Leaf rust - Puccinia triticina, P. hordei 2. Stem rust - Puccinia graminis 3. Stripe rust Puccinia striiformis
3 The Wheat Rusts Leaf rust (brown rust) - moderate: F Stem rust (black rust) - warm season: F Stripe rust (yellow rust) - cool season: F All require dew for spore germination & infection
4 Black Stem Rust of Wheat
5 Stem Rust Historically one of the most important wheat & barley diseases worldwide In the U.S., upper Great Plains suffered greatest damage - major epidemics in ND, SD & MN from s resulted in 250 million bushel loss ($3.7B) Effectively controlled since 1956 as a result of barberry eradication, effective disease-resistant varieties, and earlier maturity Sporadic problem on limited acreage in PNW
6 Crop Losses due to Stem Rust
7 Why Barberry Eradication? Barberries provide an overwintering site and allow disease to begin earlier in the season Sexual reproduction of the stem rust fungus on barberry results in many new races of the pathogen Berberis vulgaris
8 Sexual aeciospores on common barberry Red-brown urediniospores Black teliospores on barley stems and heads
9 What are Pathogenic Races? Strains of a pathogen able to infect different varieties or individuals of the host species similar to H1N1 flu virus In plants, ability of a pathogen to infect a variety depends on which resistance genes that variety contains virulence genes in the pathogen
10 Barberry Eradication Program Courtesy P. Hebbar Eradication Program Maintain durability of resistance in small grains by reducing development of new rust races on barberry Federal Quarantine prevent interstate movement of rustsusceptible barberry Ultimately, 17 States are listed as Protected States
11 Barberry Eradication
12 Effect of Barberry Eradication on Stem Rust Races in the U.S. Great Plains Eradication program ended Roelfs, 1982
13 Why Worry? Why Now? Wheat stem rust is a shifty enemy that never sleeps E.C. Stakman Ug99 after 50 years of stability a new threat
14 Ug99 What is It, Why Should We Care? Race TTKSK of stem rust - 1 st discovered in Uganda, able to overcome widely used disease resistance gene Sr31, and since then, Sr24 & Sr36 80% of world wheat varieties are susceptible Ug99 has formed several new races with different virulence genes = lineage
15 Spread of the Ug99 Lineage
16 Black Stem Rust and Barberry in the PNW Spokane Co Whitman Co. 1944
17 Stem Rust (in Barley), Puccinia graminis
18 WA Barberry Eradication Program WA program initiated in 1944 Only eastern Washington, wheat-producing counties (21) Stimulated via rust epidemics ( ) Program ended in 1978
19 WA BE Program ,000 properties ~200K bushes
20 Reevaluation of WA BE Program Foster, 2003 Surveyed 100 properties in Whitman County (5,255 shrubs) Rural and urban Discovered 9 shrubs on 6 properties surveys 20 locations in Whitman, Stevens, & Latah counties with barberry
21 Undercover Barberries
22 Current Status of BSR in WA BSR collected from late-sown spring barley fields in 2007 & 2008 Oakesdale, Whitman Co. Arden, Stevens Co. Samples sent to CDL for race-typing
23 Stem Rust Races from WA Fields, 2007 No. Race Virulence formula on Sr genes Other vir. No. isol Location 1 BBBB - 1 Arden 2 BCBB 9g 1 Arden 3 BLBB 11 1 Arden 4 GCBN 7g, 9a, 10, 21 1 Oakesdale 5 GFCJ 8a, 9d, 9g, 10, 17, 21 1 Oakesdale 6 GKBG 6, 8a, 9d, 9g, 21 1 Oakesdale 7 JMBB 9e, 9g, 11, 21 1 Arden 8 QCCD 5, 9g, 10, 17, 21 1 Oakesdale 9 QCCL 5, 9a, 9g, 17, 21 Sr24 1 Arden 10 QCCN 5, 9a, 10, 9g, 17, 21 1 Oakesdale 11 QCML 5, 9a, 9g, 17, 21, 36 1 Arden 12 QFBS 5, 8a, 9a, 9d, 9g, 10, 21 1 Arden 13 QFCD 5, 8a, 9g, 10, 17, 21 2 Oakesdale 14 QFCJ 5, 8a, 9d, 9g, 10, 17, 21 1 Arden 15 RCCN 5, 7b, 9a, 9g, 10, 17, 21 4 Arden, Oakesdale 16 RFCJ 5, 21, 7b, 8a, 9g, 17, 9d, 10 1 Oakesdale 17 TTTT 5, 6, 7b, 8a, 9a, 9b, 9d, 9e, 9g, 10, 1 Arden TTKS (Ug99) 11, 17, 21, 30, 36, TMP 5, 6, 7b, 8a, 9a, 9b, 9d, 9e, 9g, 10, 11,17, 21, 30 Sr31 (Sr24) Africa
24 BSR Epidemiological Zones 2009: >16 races in a single field 2009: 2 races from the entire region
25 Current Status of BSR in WA Concern for homegrown Ug99 that will move from PNW to Great Plains Precedent with race QCCJ in 1980s
26 How to Recognize Common Barberry
27 Common barberry bush in flower (May) Common barberry flowers, spines, & leaves infected by stem rust Common barberry (Berberis vulgaris) Common barberry flowers Common barberry fruit
28 What s Being Done? Large international research & extension effort working on the problem - develop new varieties with effective resistance - identify new sources of disease resistance - expand & improve surveillance for new races - identify effective fungicides - extend information to stakeholders worldwide
29 Photo 10 August Control Fungicide at flag
30 Fungicides for control - Triazoles: Alto, Folicur, Proline, Prosaro, Tilt - Strobilurin: Headline, Gem, Quadris - Dual MOA: Quilt, Stratego, Stratego Pro, Twinline Triazoles are most effective, tolerance is a concern for strobilurin fungicides
31 Control of Common Barberry
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36 Control of Common Barberry Cut stump method: - Triclopyr product: Garlon, Crossbow - Picloram Tordon - Imazapyr Arsenal Foliar: - Imazapyr Arsenal
37 What Next? Conduct surveys for stem rust and barberry in eastern WA & monitor race situation - follow-up on reports from stakeholders Encourage destruction of barberry when found You can help by reporting suspected stem rust & barberry to us
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