Midsouth Entomologist 10: 1-13 ISSN:

Transcription

1 Midsouth Entomologist : -3 ISSN: Report 26 Soybean Insect Losses in the Southern US Musser, F. R.*, A. L. Catchot, Jr., J. A. Davis 2, G. M. Lorenz 3, T. Reed 4, D. D. Reisig 5, S. D. Stewart 6 and S. Taylor 7 Mississippi State University, Department of Biochem., Mol. Biol., Entomol. and Plant Pathol., Box 9775, Mississippi State, MS Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Department of Entomology, 44 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, LA University of Arkansas CES, Lonoke Extension Center, 2 Highway 7 East, Lonoke, AR Alabama CES, Tennessee Valley REC, 9494 Experimental Loop, Madison, AL North Carolina State University, The Vernon James REC, 27 Research Station Rd., Plymouth, NC The University of Tennessee, WTREC, 65 Airways Blvd., Jackson, TN Virginia Tech, Tidewater Agricultural REC, 632 Holland Rd., Suffolk, VA *corresponding author fm6@msstate.edu Received: 7-II-27 Accepted: 7-II-27 Abstract Estimated soybean insect costs and losses experienced during 26 were collected and compiled following the 26 growing season to provide a record of insect pressure and management practices for the year. This survey has been done annually in all participating states since at least 2, with Mississippi having data back to 24. The 26 survey represents.8 million soybean across the southern United States. Overall, corn earworm was the most expensive pest in soybean followed closely by soybean looper and stink bugs. Total insect management costs rose slightly to $26.3 per acre during 26. Estimated crop losses to insects also increased to $2.83, making the total cost + losses for 26 reach $46.86, more than $6 greater than the record low estimated costs + losses in 25. The average number of insecticide applications per crop ranged from.6 in Virginia to 3.2 in Louisiana, while estimated crop loss ranged from.7% in Virginia to 6.9% in North Carolina. Key Words: soybean, yield loss, pest management Introduction Soybean losses have been compiled annually since 24 in Mississippi (MS) (Musser and Catchot 28), 28 in Tennessee (TN) (Musser et al. 29), 29 in Arkansas (AR) (Musser et al. 2), and 2 in Alabama (AL), Louisiana (LA), North Carolina (NC) and Virginia (VA) (Musser et al. 22). These surveybased losses provide an annual record of insect pressure and management decisions. While the costs and losses estimated for a pest in any given year are somewhat subjective, these losses provide an historical record of pest pressure and management practices and provide an estimate of the economic

2 Midsouth Entomologist 2 impact of the various soybean pests. Over time, the changes in estimated losses and insecticide applications provide a reliable record of shifts in pest spectrums and grower management. Materials and Methods An informal telephone or written survey was conducted with numerous crop consultants and extension personnel in the fall of the year. Surveyed people were those who actively scouted soybean fields and those who assisted growers in making soybean pest management decisions. These surveys were compiled and then combined with the author s own experience to estimate the various fields in the table. Acreage, yield and price data were drawn from Agricultural Statistics Service publications (USDA NASS) before final estimates were published, so values in the tables may differ from final NASS values. The estimates were placed in a spreadsheet to make the various calculations. Actual formulas used in the spreadsheet were published by Musser and Catchot (28). Additional columns were added for the 23 losses and these are defined in Musser et al (24). Results and Discussion Planted acreage was.8 million, which represents 3% of the U.S. soybean acreage. Estimated yield lost to insects returned from a low of 3.5% during 25 to a more typical 4.54% in 26. Similarly, the number of foliar applications rose from.34 to.62 per crop, making the 26 the most sprayed soybean crop since 2 and halting a four-year trend of annually reducing the number of foliar applications in soybean. While overall data suggests 26 had more insect pressure than previous years, this was not experienced uniformly throughout the surveyed states. Alabama and Tennessee had the lowest losses in their states since the survey was begun, while Louisiana had the highest losses recorded in their state. Mississippi and North Carolina had near record high losses while Virginia was near its record low. As in previous years, adoption of seed treatments and scouting as insect management strategies varied widely across the region, Virginia had scouts in few of their soybean (2%) and rarely used an insecticide seed treatment (%), while Louisiana has 9% of its scouted and seed treatments were widely used (95%). This difference in behavior is logical based on higher insect pressure in the more southern states. Louisiana growers sprayed frequently (3.22 times per crop) and still experienced >4% yield loss while Virginia growers only made.6 insecticide applications per crop and had yield losses from insects of <%. (Table ). Corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), was the most expensive insect pest of soybean overall during 26 in terms of lost yield and control costs. Stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), the most expensive pest during 25, slipped to the third most costly pest behind corn earworm and soybean looper, Chrysodeixis includens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). These three pests are generally the three most costly pests in the southern U.S. As has been true every year, the primary stink bug species overall was green stink bug (Acrosternum hilare). However, the redbanded stink bug, Piezodorus guildinii, comprised more than 5% of the overall complex for the first time during 26, and it made up more than 25% of the stink bug complex in Mississippi and Louisiana. State Highlights Alabama. Insect pressure was light. Soybean looper was the primary pest, costing growers $3. per acre, and was the only pest costing more than $.5. Arkansas. Corn earworm was the most costly insect, responsible for 4% of all insect costs + losses. Stink bugs, bean leaf beetle, soybean looper and armyworms all caused similar levels of loss, together responsible for an additional 56% of the total losses + costs. Louisiana. Insect pressure was high with both stink bugs and soybean looper sprayed on >7% of acreage, and stink bugs often requiring multiple applications. Redbanded stink bug made up 6% of the stink bug complex, which are more damaging and difficult to control than other stink bug species. Mississippi. Similar to Louisiana, insect pressure from soybean looper and redbanded stink bug was high. In addition, corn earworm and green cloverworm were costly pests during 26.

3 Midsouth Entomologist 3 North Carolina. This state had the highest estimated yield loss from insects among those states surveyed. As in previous years, corn earworm was the primary pest, accounting for 58% of insect costs + losses. Tennessee. The primary use of insecticides (68%) was an automatic application made during reproductive growth with no appreciable quantity of any insects in the field (reported as Other ). Stink bugs were responsible for most of the yield losses. Virginia. A very light insect year with 6% of sprayed with an insecticide, mostly targeting stink bugs and corn earworm. Total insect costs plus losses were estimated at $4.25/acre. The complete data for each state and all states combined are in the appendices following this report. Table. Soybean management and losses in surveyed states, Year % soybeans scouted % soybeans with insect. seed treatment No. foliar insecticide applications % yield loss to insects $ loss + cost/acre Combined States Alabama Arkansas Louisiana Mississippi North Carolina Tennessee Virginia acre =.45 ha

4 Midsouth Entomologist 4 Acknowledgements The authors thank numerous crop consultants and extension service personnel in each state who provided input into these estimates. Without their input, these estimates would not have as much credibility. References Musser, F. R., and A. Catchot. 28. Mississippi soybean insect losses. Midsouth Entomol. : Musser, F. R., S. D. Stewart, and A. L. Catchot, Jr soybean insect losses for Mississippi and Tennessee. Midsouth Entomol. 2: Musser, F. R., G. M. Lorenz, S. D. Stewart, and A. L. Catchot, Jr soybean insect losses for Mississippi, Tennessee, and Arkansas. Midsouth Entomol. 3: Musser, F. R., A. L. Catchot, Jr., J. A. Davis, D. A. Herbert, Jr., B. R. Leonard, G. M. Lorenz, T. Reed, D. D. Reisig, and S. D. Stewart soybean insect losses in the southern US. Midsouth Entomol. 5: -22. Musser, F. R., A. L. Catchot, Jr., J. A. Davis, D. A. Herbert, Jr., G. M. Lorenz, T. Reed, D. D. Reisig, and S. D. Stewart soybean insect losses in the southern US. Midsouth Entomol. 7: USDA NASS. National Agricultural Statistics Service Data and Statistics,

5 Midsouth Entomologist 5 List of Appendices Appendix. Overall soybean insect losses from seven surveyed southern states, 26. Appendix 2. Alabama soybean insect losses, 26. Appendix 3. Arkansas soybean insect losses, 26. Appendix 4. Louisiana soybean insect losses, 26. Appendix 5. Mississippi soybean insect losses, 26. Appendix 6. North Carolina soybean insect losses, 26. Appendix 7. Tennessee soybean insect losses, 26. Appendix 8. Virginia soybean insect losses, 26.

6 Midsouth Entomologist 6 Appendix. Overall soybean insect losses from seven surveyed southern states, 26. above ET Cost of apps per Loss + % Total Cost/acre Loss + Cost Armyw orm complex 4,3, % 879,85 8.% 895,56 8.3%. $ $.6.29%,476,794 $2,9,894 $ % Banded Cucumber Beetle,75, 6.2%.%.%. $..2. $..%,867 $8,33 $..% Bean Leaf Beetle 7,649,74 7.8%,56, 4.4%,758,22 6.3%.7 $ $.57.4% 2,9,7 $36,684,425 $ % Blister Beetle,42,444.6%,5.9%,.9%. $ $.3.% 2 $35,5 $.3.% Corn Earw orm 4,493, %,952,8 8.% 2,258, %.9 $ $2.8.58% 7,969,25 $8,42,543 $ % Cutw orms 456, %,.9% 35,.3%. $ $.2.% 9,336 $286,649 $.3.% Dectes Stem Borer 6,49,74 6.%.% 59,.5%. $ $.2.7% 334,885 $3,54,98 $.32.9% Garden Webw orms 2,63 2.%.% 36,222.3%. $ $.3.% 7,2 $358,53 $.3.% Grape Colaspis 5,555,74 5.4%.%.%. $..7. $..% 8,672 $83,298 $.2.% Grasshopper 5,22, % 4,556.4% 38,5.4%. $ $.2.4% 23,828 $2,344,6 $.22.6% Green Cloverw orm 8,8, 8.6%,355, 2.5%,34,56.5%. $ $.92.22%,23,69 $2,925,824 $ % Kudzu Bug 2,878, % 94,3.8% 37,2 2.8%. $ $.25.3% 32,26 $4,5,49 $.37.% Lesser Cornstalk Borer 5,926.5%.%.%. $ $..% 58,35 $572,86 $.5.% Mexican Bean Beetle 66,667.6%.%.%. $... $..% $ $..% Potato Leafhopper 5,353, %,.9% 29,.3%. $8...3 $.2.% $232,888 $.2.% Saltmarsh Caterpillar 3,397,47 3.5% 23,.% 76,7.7%. $ $.9.3% 32,57 $2,289,59 $.2.6% Soybean Aphid,.% 5.% 5.%. $4... $..% $2, $..% Soybean Looper 6,92, % 2,854,5 26.4% 3,95, %. $ $ % 3,89,56 $86,236,358 $ % Spider Mites 63,63.5% 25.%.%. $..93. $..% 7,2 $69,722 $..% Spotted Cucumber Beetle 7,33, %.%.%. $..38. $..3% 28,542 $,26,87 $.2.3% Stink Bugs (see box below ) 8,94, 82.8% 3,8, 28.5% 3,263, %.38 $ $ % 3,926,94 $77,56,544 $ % Threecornered Alfalfa Hopper 9,85, % 575, 5.3% 47, 3.9%. $ $.28.% 544,97 $8,44,567 $.78 2.% Thrips 9,69, 89.7%.% 4,.%. $5..9. $..% 38,744 $45,343 $.4.% Trochanter Mealybug.%.%.%. $... $..% $ $..% Velvetbean Caterpillar 3,784, %,462, 3.5%,26,.7%.6 $ $.76.8% 887,695 $6,93,786 $ % Other.%.% 79, 7.3%. $ $.22.% $2,37, $.22.6%.62 $ % 22,92,28 $394,64,64 $36.5.% State Combined Total Bushels Harvested 48,23, Total Per Acre Species Year 26 Total Bushels Lost to Insects 22,92,28 Foliar s Costs $69,24,438 $5.67 Brow n 3.5 Total,8, Percent Yield Loss 4.54% Seed Treatment Costs $68,242,662 $6.32 Brow n Marmorated.9 Yield/acre Yield w /o Insects Scouting costs $43,687,5 $4.5 Green 4.9 Price/Bushel $9.82 Ave. # Spray Applications.62 Total Costs $28,7,5 $26.3 Redbanded 6.9 Scouted 6 Seed 6,946,8 Yield Lost to insects $224,923,626 $2.83 Redshouldered.8 Scouting Fee/scouted acre $6.66 Scouted 6,558,7 Total Losses + Costs $56,93,74 $46.86 Southern Green 8. Insect Seed Trt. 64 Total Seed Trt Cost/ ac $9.82

7 Midsouth Entomologist 7 Appendix 2. Alabama soybean insect losses, 26. Cost of apps per Loss + Cost/acre % Total Loss + Cost Armyw orm complex, 2.7% 3, 6.5% 2, 4.3% $ $.37.22% 3,37 $483,66 $.5 6.3% Banded Cucumber Beetle.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Bean Leaf Beetle, 2.7%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Blister Beetle 5,.9%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Corn Earw orm 25, 5.4%,5.3%,.2% $ $.2.% $8,5 $.2.3% Cutw orms 25, 5.4%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Dectes Stem Borer, 2.7%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Garden Webw orms.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Grape Colaspis.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Grasshopper, 2.7% 2,.4%,.2% $ $..4% 6,263 $68,33 $.5 2.3% Green Cloverw orm, 2.7% 5,.% 5,.% $5.5.. $.6.2% 3,32 $58,87 $.3 2.% Kudzu Bug, 2.7% 2,5.5% 2,.4% $ $.4.2% 3,32 $48,37 $..6% Lesser Cornstalk Borer 2, 4.3%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Mexican Bean Beetle.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Potato Leafhopper.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Saltmarsh Caterpillar.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Soybean Aphid.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Soybean Looper 25, 54.3%, 2.7% 9, 9.6% $ $2.5.27% 39,46 $,38,457 $ % Spider Mites.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Spotted Cucumber Beetle 5, 32.6%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Stink Bugs (see box below ) 3, 65.2% 5,.9% 25, 5.4% $ $.46.33% 46,975 $682,249 $ % Threecornered Alfalfa Hopper 2, 43.5% 5,.% 2,.4% $ $..9% 2,527 $25,266 $ % Thrips.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Trochanter Mealybug.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Velvetbean Caterpillar, 2.7% 2, 2.6%, 2.2% $ $.8.2% 3,32 $6,37 $ % Other.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..%.335 $3.3.% 45,622 $2,972,22 $6.46.% State AL Total Bushels Harvested 4,26, Total Per Acre Species Year 26 Total Bushels Lost to Insects 45,622 Foliar s Costs $,56, $3.3 Brow n 5 Total 46, Percent Yield Loss.% Seed Treatment Costs $,6, $3.5 Brow n Marmorated Yield/acre 3 Yield w /o Insects 3.32 Scouting costs $,932, $4.2 Green 9 Price/Bushel $. Ave. # Spray Applications.335 Total Costs $5,58, $. Redbanded 5 Scouted 7 Seed 6, Yield Lost to insects $,456,22 $3.7 Redshouldered Scouting Fee/scouted acre $6. Scouted 322, Total Losses + Costs $6,54,22 $4.6 Southern Green 6 Insect Seed Trt. 35 Total Seed Trt Cost/ ac $.

8 Midsouth Entomologist 8 Appendix 3. Arkansas soybean insect losses, 26. Cost of apps per Loss + % Total Cost/acre Loss + Cost Armyw orm complex 2,75, 87.3% 35,.% 35,.% $5... $.5.87%,375,534 $4,972,73 $ % Banded Cucumber Beetle, 3.2%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Bean Leaf Beetle 3,5,.% 5, 5.9% 65, 2.6%.2 $ $.24.%,575,62 $9,246,46 $6. 5.5% Blister Beetle 3, 9.5%, 3.2%, 3.2% $ $..% $35, $..3% Corn Earw orm 2,2, 69.8% 9, 28.6%,, 3.7%. $ $ % 3,85,496 $49,63,57 $ % Cutw orms, 3.2%.% 2,.6% $3...6 $.2.% $6, $.2.% Dectes Stem Borer,75, 55.6%.% 5,.6% $3...6 $.5.% $5, $.5.% Garden Webw orms, 3.2%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Grape Colaspis 3,5,.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Grasshopper 3,5,.% 2,.6% 2,.6% $5...6 $.3.% 57,56 $,634,646 $.52.3% Green Cloverw orm 3,5,.% 2,.6%.% $3... $..% $ $..% Kudzu Bug,, 3.7% 5.% 2,.% $3... $..% $6, $..% Lesser Cornstalk Borer,.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Mexican Bean Beetle.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Potato Leafhopper 3,5,.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Saltmarsh Caterpillar 2,5, 79.4% 5,.6%.% $... $..% $ $..% Soybean Aphid.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Soybean Looper,75, 55.6% 63, 2.% 7, 22.2% $ $ % 875,34 $5,875,8 $ % Spider Mites.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Spotted Cucumber Beetle 3,5,.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Stink Bugs (see box below ) 3,5,.% 63, 2.% 8, 25.4% $ $.27.%,575,62 $9,346,46 $ % Threecornered Alfalfa Hopper 3,5,.%.% 5,.6% $3...6 $.5.% $5, $.5.% Thrips 3,5,.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Trochanter Mealybug.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Velvetbean Caterpillar 2,, 63.5% 7, 22.2% 7, 22.2%. $ $.73.6%,39 $3,284,378 $.4 2.6% Other.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..%.494 $. 6.4% 9,5,94 $24,4,29 $39.4.% State AR Total Bushels Harvested 48,5, Total Per Acre Species Year 26 Total Bushels Lost to Insects 9,5,94 Foliar s Costs $3,5, $. Brow n 4 Total 3,5, Percent Yield Loss 6.4% Seed Treatment Costs $8,742,5 $5.95 Brow n Marmorated Yield/acre 47 Yield w /o Insects 5.2 Scouting costs $5,435, $4.9 Green 44 Price/Bushel $9.74 Ave. # Spray Applications.494 Total Costs $65,678,5 $2.85 Redbanded Scouted 7 Seed 2,25, Yield Lost to insects $92,639,29 $29.4 Redshouldered Scouting Fee/scouted acre $7. Scouted 2,25, Total Losses + Costs $58,37,529 $5.26 Southern Green 5 Insect Seed Trt. 7 Total Seed Trt Cost/ ac $8.5

9 Midsouth Entomologist 9 Appendix 4. Louisiana soybean insect losses, 26. Cost of apps per Loss + Cost/acre % Total Loss + Cost Armyw orm complex 5, 4.% 2, 6.% 2, 6.% $8...6 $.28.% $,6, $ % Banded Cucumber Beetle,25,.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Bean Leaf Beetle 5,.2%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Blister Beetle 5,.4%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Corn Earw orm 2, 6.%, 8.%, 8.% $ $.2.8% 52,54 $,895,463 $ % Cutw orms 8,.6%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Dectes Stem Borer,, 8.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Garden Webw orms 6,.5%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Grape Colaspis,25,.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Grasshopper 7, 56.% 3,.2%.% $... $..% $ $..% Green Cloverw orm,25,.% 5, 4.% 25, 2.% $ $.6.5% 325,962 $5,96,64 $ % Kudzu Bug, 8.%,.8%,.8% $8...8 $.6.% $8, $.6.% Lesser Cornstalk Borer 5,.4%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Mexican Bean Beetle.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Potato Leafhopper,25,.%, 8.%,.8% $8...8 $.6.% $8, $.6.% Saltmarsh Caterpillar 25, 2.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Soybean Aphid.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Soybean Looper,25,.%,, 8.% 9, 72.% $ $ % 84,96 $23,94,63 $ % Spider Mites,.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Spotted Cucumber Beetle,25,.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Stink Bugs (see box below ),25,.%,25,.%,, 8.% 2 $ $7.6.75%,4,868 $32,838,244 $ % Threecornered Alfalfa Hopper,25,.% 5, 4.% 3, 24.% $ $.92.25% 62,98 $3,948,32 $ % Thrips,25,.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Trochanter Mealybug.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Velvetbean Caterpillar 75, 6.% 5, 4.% 25, 2.% $ $.6.3% 95,577 $3,857,985 $ % Other.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% 3.26 $ % 2,692,448 $73,338,257 $58.67.% State LA Total Bushels Harvested 62,5, Total Per Acre Species Year 26 Total Bushels Lost to Insects 2,692,448 Foliar s Costs $47,76, $38.2 Brow n 29 Total,25, Percent Yield Loss 4.3% Seed Treatment Costs $4,25, $.4 Brow n Marmorated Yield/acre 5 Yield w /o Insects 52.5 Scouting costs $,25, $9. Green Price/Bushel $9.5 Ave. # Spray Applications 3.26 Total Costs $73,26, $58.6 Redbanded 6 Scouted 9 Seed,87,5 Yield Lost to insects $25,578,257 $2.46 Redshouldered Scouting Fee/scouted acre $. Scouted,25, Total Losses + Costs $98,838,257 $79.7 Southern Green Insect Seed Trt. 95 Total Seed Trt Cost/ ac $2.

10 Midsouth Entomologist Appendix 5. Mississippi soybean insect losses, 26. Cost of apps per Loss + % Total Cost/acre Loss + Cost Armyw orm complex 5, 24.4% 3, 4.6% 35, 7.% $ $.54.% 5,98 $4,82,63 $ % Banded Cucumber Beetle 4, 9.5%.%.% $9... $..% 2,2 $2,64 $..% Bean Leaf Beetle,8, 87.8% 65, 3.7% 75, 36.6%.2 $ $4.83.8% 89,76 $,757,73 $5.74.% Blister Beetle 25,.2%.%.% $... $..% 3 $29 $..% Corn Earw orm 6, 29.3% 35, 7.% 4, 9.5%. $ $3.54.2%,3,529 $8,96,659 $ % Cutw orms 2, 9.8%, 4.9% 5,.7% $9...7 $.7.%,5 $238,26 $.2.2% Dectes Stem Borer,6, 78.%.%.% $..2. $..6% 68,57 $,65,3 $.8.4% Garden Webw orms, 4.9%.%.% $..5. $..% 7,882 $77,45 $.4.% Grape Colaspis 4, 9.5%.%.% $9... $..2% 2,2 $26,43 $..2% Grasshopper,, 48.8%,.5% 2,5.6% $8...6 $.5.5% 52,549 $66,3 $.3.5% Green Cloverw orm,75, 85.4% 8, 39.% 85, 4.5% $ $3.73.6% 643,725 $3,97,384 $ % Kudzu Bug,2, 58.5% 5, 7.3% 25, 2.2% $ $..% $2,25, $..9% Lesser Cornstalk Borer 25,.2%.%.% $. 5.. $..6% 65,686 $645,39 $.3.6% Mexican Bean Beetle.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Potato Leafhopper 5, 24.4%.%,.% $8... $..% $8, $..% Saltmarsh Caterpillar 55, 26.8% 7, 3.4% 75, 3.7% $ $.48.3% 44,5 $2,394,86 $.7 2.% Soybean Aphid.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Soybean Looper,7, 82.9% 9, 43.9%,2, 58.5% $ $ %,34, $32,358,8 $ % Spider Mites 25, 6.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Spotted Cucumber Beetle,9, 92.7%.%.% $9... $..9% 99,843 $98,46 $.48.8% Stink Bugs (see box below ),5, 73.2% 75, 36.6% 85, 4.5%.3 $ $5.2.55% 59,76 $6,32,853 $ % Threecornered Alfalfa Hopper 2,, 97.6%,.5% 25,.2% $ $..%,5 $35,76 $.5.3% Thrips 2,, 97.6%.%.% $8.5.. $..% $ $..% Trochanter Mealybug.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Velvetbean Caterpillar 85, 4.5% 25, 2.2% 3, 4.6% $ $.76.62% 67, $,79,4 $ % Other.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% $ % 5,225,488 $6,252,287 $56.7.% State MS Total Bushels Harvested 2,5, Total Per Acre Species Year 26 Total Bushels Lost to Insects 5,225,488 Foliar s Costs $64,938, $3.68 Brow n 3 Total 2,5, Percent Yield Loss 4.85% Seed Treatment Costs $9,68, $9.6 Brow n Marmorated Yield/acre 5 Yield w /o Insects Scouting costs $,98,7 $5.8 Green 3 Price/Bushel $9.82 Ave. # Spray Applications Total Costs $96,536,7 $47.9 Redbanded 29 Scouted 9 Seed,64, Yield Lost to insects $5,34,287 $25.3 Redshouldered Scouting Fee/scouted acre $6.46 Scouted,845, Total Losses + Costs $47,85,987 $72.2 Southern Green Insect Seed Trt. 8 Total Seed Trt Cost/ ac $2.

11 Midsouth Entomologist Appendix 6. North Carolina soybean insect losses, 26. Cost of apps per Loss + Cost/acre % Total Loss + Cost Armyw orm complex 83,333 5.% 25,85.5% 9,56.6% $..5.6 $.6.3% 6,8 $25,642 $.5.4% Banded Cucumber Beetle.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Bean Leaf Beetle 924, % 3, 8.4% 248,22 5.2% $ $.22.28% 78,622 $3,77,2 $ % Blister Beetle 744, %,5.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Corn Earw orm,48, % 6, 36.8% 744, %. $ $ % 2,722,292 $37,48,56 $ % Cutw orms 83,333 5.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Dectes Stem Borer 74, %.%.% $... $..% 2,864 $28,637 $.2.% Garden Webw orms 4,63.3%.% 36, % $ $.8.% $289,776 $.8.5% Grape Colaspis 74, %.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Grasshopper 9,74.7% 5,556.3% 5,.3% $8...3 $.2.% 7,374 $3,74 $.7.2% Green Cloverw orm,, 68.2%,.6% 9,56.6% $8...6 $.4.7% 42,955 $52, $.3.8% Kudzu Bug 28,333.7% 3.% 2.% $8... $..%,95 $2,553 $..% Lesser Cornstalk Borer 926.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Mexican Bean Beetle 66,667 4.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Potato Leafhopper 453, %.% 8,.% $8... $.9.% $44,888 $.9.2% Saltmarsh Caterpillar 7,47.5%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Soybean Aphid.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Soybean Looper,5, % 2, 2.3% 287,6 7.6% $ $2.47.4% 89,67 $2,924,92 $ % Spider Mites 29,63.8%.%.% $..5. $..% 5,727 $57,274 $.4.% Spotted Cucumber Beetle 853, %.%.% $... $..5% 33,4 $33,4 $.2.5% Stink Bugs (see box below ),24, 76.% 3, 8.4% 463, % $ $ % 239,69 $6,6,58 $ % Threecornered Alfalfa Hopper 925, %.%.% $..5. $..28% 78,98 $,789,84 $. 2.8% Thrips,63,.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Trochanter Mealybug.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Velvetbean Caterpillar 83,333 5.%.%.% $..5. $..3% 6,8 $6,82 $..3% Other.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..%.63 $ % 4,335,428 $63,532,78 $38.98.% State NC Total Bushels Harvested 58,68, Total Per Acre Species Year 26 Total Bushels Lost to Insects 4,335,428 Foliar s Costs $2,77,898 $2.38 Brow n 36 Total,63, Percent Yield Loss 6.88% Seed Treatment Costs $8,965, $5.5 Brow n Marmorated Yield/acre 36 Yield w /o Insects Scouting costs $,589,25 $.98 Green 55 Price/Bushel $. Ave. # Spray Applications.63 Total Costs $3,732,48 $8.85 Redbanded Scouted 5 Seed 896,5 Yield Lost to insects $43,354,279 $26.6 Redshouldered Scouting Fee/scouted acre $6.5 Scouted 244,5 Total Losses + Costs $74,86,428 $45.45 Southern Green 7 Insect Seed Trt. 55 Total Seed Trt Cost/ ac $.

12 Midsouth Entomologist 2 Appendix 7. Tennessee soybean insect losses, 26. Cost of apps per Loss + Cost/acre % Total Loss + Cost Armyw orm complex 8,.8% 9,.5%,.% $9..4. $..4% 32,235 $328,25 $.2.8% Banded Cucumber Beetle.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Bean Leaf Beetle,66,.%, 6.6%, 6.6%.2 $ $.72.2% 48,639 $2,659,522 $.6 4.6% Blister Beetle 8,.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Corn Earw orm 35, 2.%,3.% 7.% $. 3.. $..6% 47,9 $473,9 $ % Cutw orms 4, 2.4%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Dectes Stem Borer,3, 78.3%.% 9,.5% $ $.4.23% 74,66 $,796,95 $.8 9.8% Garden Webw orms.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Grape Colaspis 5,.9%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Grasshopper 8, 4.8%.%.% $..5. $..%,79 $7,729 $..% Green Cloverw orm,45, 87.3% 2,.2% 2,.2% $ $.9.26% 94,752 $2,78,48 $.25.4% Kudzu Bug 45, 27.% 3,.9% 43, 2.6% $ $.2.6% 2,88 $,55,469 $ % Lesser Cornstalk Borer.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Mexican Bean Beetle.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Potato Leafhopper.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Saltmarsh Caterpillar 9, 5.4% 3,.2%,7.% $ $..% 4,29 $53,66 $.3.3% Soybean Aphid.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Soybean Looper 9, 5.4% 24,.4% 8,.% $5..5. $.6.3% 2,47 $469,453 $ % Spider Mites 8,.5% 25.%.% $..5. $..% 79 $,773 $..% Spotted Cucumber Beetle.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Stink Bugs (see box below ),3, 78.3% 75, 4.5%, 6.% $ $.47.47% 349,2 $4,232,89 $ % Threecornered Alfalfa Hopper,66,.% 6, 3.6% 4, 2.4% $ $.8.2% 48,639 $,77,522 $.7 9.7% Thrips,66,.%.% 4,.8% $ $.4.5% 37,6 $437,88 $ % Trochanter Mealybug.%.%.% $..3. $..% $ $..% Velvetbean Caterpillar 9.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Other.%.% 79, 47.6% $ $.43.% $2,37, $.43 3.%.74 $ %,279,277 $8,239,962 $.99.% State TN Total Bushels Harvested 73,4, Total Per Acre Species Year 26 Total Bushels Lost to Insects,279,277 Foliar s Costs $5,575,25 $3.36 Brow n 8 Total,66, Percent Yield Loss.72% Seed Treatment Costs $5,577,6 $3.36 Brow n Marmorated 5 Yield/acre 44 Yield w /o Insects Scouting costs $4,53,8 $2.73 Green 76 Price/Bushel $9.9 Ave. # Spray Applications.74 Total Costs $5,684,525 $9.45 Redbanded Scouted 42 Seed 796,8 Yield Lost to insects $2,664,837 $7.63 Redshouldered Scouting Fee/scouted acre $6.5 Scouted 697,2 Total Losses + Costs $28,349,362 $7.8 Southern Green Insect Seed Trt. 48 Total Seed Trt Cost/ ac $7.

13 Midsouth Entomologist 3 Appendix 8. Virginia soybean insect losses, 26. Cost of apps per Loss + Cost/acre % Total Loss + Cost Armyw orm complex.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Banded Cucumber Beetle.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Bean Leaf Beetle.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Blister Beetle.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Corn Earw orm 25, 4.2%.% 2,5 2.% $...2 $.2.4% 9,36 $28,6 $.36.9% Cutw orms.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Dectes Stem Borer.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Garden Webw orms.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Grape Colaspis.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Grasshopper.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Green Cloverw orm.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Kudzu Bug.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Lesser Cornstalk Borer.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Mexican Bean Beetle.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Potato Leafhopper.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Saltmarsh Caterpillar.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Soybean Aphid,.2% 5.% 5.% $4... $..% $2, $..% Soybean Looper 5.% 5.% 5.% $... $..% 86 $6,863 $..4% Spider Mites.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Spotted Cucumber Beetle.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Stink Bugs (see box below ) 2, 33.3% 25, 4.2% 25, 4.2% $ $.9.67% 49,57 $,63,7 $ % Threecornered Alfalfa Hopper.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Thrips.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Trochanter Mealybug.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Velvetbean Caterpillar.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..% Other.%.%.% $... $..% $ $..%.64 $.4.7% 58,559 $,83,95 $3.5.% State VA Total Bushels Harvested 22,2, Total Per Acre Species Year 26 Total Bushels Lost to Insects 58,559 Foliar s Costs $244,5 $.4 Brow n 9 Total 6, Percent Yield Loss.7% Seed Treatment Costs $72, $.2 Brow n Marmorated Yield/acre 37 Yield w /o Insects Scouting costs $ $. Green 9 Price/Bushel $. Ave. # Spray Applications.64 Total Costs $964,5 $.6 Redbanded Scouted 2 Seed 6, Yield Lost to insects $,585,595 $2.64 Redshouldered Scouting Fee/scouted acre $. Scouted 2, Total Losses + Costs $2,55,95 $4.25 Southern Green Insect Seed Trt. Total Seed Trt Cost/ ac $2.