Long-term Cover Cropping & Soil Health
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1 Long-term Cover Cropping & Soil Health Laura L. Van Eerd School of Environmental Sciences University of Guelph Ridgetown
2 Long-term Cover Crop Experiment Two sites, separate years Site A B Main crop followed by cover crop Publication/Mtg processing pea cover crop sweet corn cover crop O Reilly et al Weed Techn, 2012 CJSS spring wheat cover crop processing tomato cover crop Belfry et al. 20xx PlosOne submitted field corn 4-yr yield + $ VanEerd + Vyn 2014 SSSA Mtg 1) No cover crop 0 2) Oat (Avena sativa) 80 kg ha -1 3) Cereal rye (Secale cereale) 67 4) Oilseed radish (OSR) 12 (Raphanus sativus var. oleiferus) 5) mix OSR and rye (OSR+Rye) 9+34
3 4 yr Crop Yield and Profit Margins Sweet corn, spring wheat, tomatoes, field corn 4 yr total yield 4 yr ave profit Treatment (tonne ha -1 ) margins ($ ha -1 ) Cover crop Oilseed radish OSR 156a 5380a OSR+Rye 149ab 5110ab Rye 145bc 4990b Oats 145bc 4860b None 141c 4830b N fertilizer full N rate to main crop 155z 5250z zero N rate 140y 4810y Effects (P values) cover crop N rate <.0001 <.0001 interaction Contrasts all cc vs none -7.31* -259* OSR vs none -11** -420** grass vs none *,** p values significant at 0.05, 0.01 negative numbers means no-cc was lower than with cc.
4 Nitrogen Dynamics In fall, cover crops immobilize N (50 to 150 kg ha -1 ) Next growing season, higher plant available N (PAN) with cover crop than without. PAN = soil mineral in 2-ft depth + aboveground plant N content Table 1. At harvest, impact of cover crop type on plant available nitrogen (PAN) at tomato harvest in Cover crop PAN (kg N ha -1 ) Oilseed radish 216 a Oat 204 ab Rye 187 bc OSR+Rye 186 bc No cover 165 c Belfry et al. 20xx PlosOne submitted No cover crop by N rate interactions (p ) -Tomato yield -Soil mineral N (0-30, 60, 90 cm) -Fruit +shoot N % or content Cover crop p= N fertilizer rate p=<.0001 No interaction p=0.4067
5 Long-term Cover Crop Experiment Two sites, separate years Site A B Main crop followed by cover crop Publication/Mtg processing pea cover crop sweet corn cover crop O Reilly et al Weed Techn, 2012 CJSS spring wheat cover crop processing tomato cover crop Belfry +Van Eerd PlosOne submitted field corn retain/remove stover VanEerd + Vyn 2014 SSSA Mtg squash cover Soil c Carbon dynamics rop Ouellette et al SSSAJ Soil texture 75:18:7 Sandy loam % OM 3.5 ph 6.3 CEC (cmol kg -1 ) 9.4 Nutrients (mg kg -1 ): P 52 K 248 Ca 927 Mg 79
6 Soil Health Ouellette +Van Eerd, unpublished Table 4. Impact of 4 years of annual cover crops on soil organic C and total N. Cover crop Total C Organic C C-inorg Total N Organic N OC:TN Radish + rye 22.7 a 21.5 a a 1.88 a 8.88 Radish 20.8 ab 19.4 ab ab 1.70 ab 8.98 Cereal rye 20.7 ab 19.3 ab ab 1.69 ab 9.04 Oats 19.0 b 17.7 b b 1.54 b 8.74 No cover 18.8 b 17.4 b b 1.53 b 8.60 se P value For all parameters, there was no statistical effect of corn stover (P>0.4513) or cover crop by stover interaction (P>0.5706) Higher soil organic C and total N corresponded with cc trt with higher C inputs and over wintering also higher 4-yr total crop yields and profit margins
7 Polysaccharide-C decomposition rate Ouellette et al SSSJ DRIFT Incubation: soil + cover crop biomass from long-term trial to study C dynamics d osr s d osr ns cd orye s cd rye s orye ns bc bc oat s bc oat ns ab rye ns a nc ns Cover crop with or w/out corn stover Aliphatic-C bands ( cm -1 ) a nc s Aromatic-C bands ( cm -1 ) Internal CaCO 3 standard (2523 cm -1 ) Polysaccharide-C bands ( cm -1 )
8 Long-term Cover Crop Experiment Two sites, separate years Site A B Main crop followed by cover crop Publication/Mtg processing pea cover crop sweet corn cover crop O Reilly et al Weed Techn, 2012 CJSS spring wheat cover crop processing tomato cover crop Belfry et al. 20xx PlosOne submitted field corn retain/remove stover VanEerd + Vyn 2014 SSSA Mtg squash cover crop Ouellette et al SSSAJ soybeans winter wheat retain/remove straw cover crop processing tomato cover yield crop + soil Chahal + VanEerd 2016 CSSSmtg processing pea cover crop 1) No cover crop 0 2) Oat (Avena sativa) 80 kg ha -1 3) Cereal rye (Secale cereale) 67 4) Oilseed radish (OSR) 12 (Raphanus sativus var. oleiferus) 5) mix OSR and rye (OSR+Rye) 9+34
9 Haney Soil Health Test Chahal and Van Eerd CSSS mtg. Cover crop Overall Score Water Extractable Organic C (ppm) Water Extractable Organic C N (ppm) Solvita (ppm) No cover 28.1 a b a 15.3 Oat 19.7 b c b 15.3 Oilseed Radish 16.8 b d b 15.4 Radish+Rye 29.2 a a a 15.4 Rye 14.9 b e b 15.3 SE P value < < <.0001 NS
10 Cover crop Cornell Soil Health Assessment Overall Score Available Water Content (g g -1 ) Organic Matter % Chahal and Van Eerd CSSS mtg. Active Carbon (mg kg -1 ) Protein (mg g -1 soil) Respiration (mg g -1 ) No cover 65b ab 495.4b 7.90ab 0.343b 47.5b Oat 64b b 528.3ab 7.42b 0.347b 46.2c Water Stable Aggregates (%) Oilseed Radish 68.5ab ab 585.7a 8.36ab 0.388ab 54.5ab Radish+Rye 70.3a a 577.7a 8.85a 0.400a 55.4a Rye 66.7ab ab 528.5ab 8.14ab 0.376ab 45.3d SE P value NS
11 Cornell soil health test score Processing Tomato Yield (Mg ha -1 ) No Correlations Chahal and Van Eerd CSSS mtg r = ns Haney soil health test score r = ns r= ns Haney soil health test score Cornell soil health test score
12 Preliminary Conclusions Leads to more research questions. Higher soil health long-term mix oilseed radish + cereal rye Highest C input and over wintering Commercially available tests detected differences among long-term cover crop treatments CSHA, HSHT, Solvita Lack of correlation to crop yield and among tests raises questions as to usefulness Concurrent Research Other soil parameters Timing of soil sampling over growing season Multi-variate analysis of soil parameters with crop yield What is the mechanism? Soil fingerprinting (AAFC - N. Feisthauer) Other sites? Other soils? Microbial abundance and richness (Drs. Dunfield + Hanner)
13 Current Soil Projects By Dr. Laura L. Van Eerd Term Title Role Funding source Long-term cover crop research: Maintaining and monitoring soil health Principal Investigator OMAFRA-UoG, GFO OTRI & OPVG Usefulness of Haney soil health test in Ontario Principal Investigator Grain Farmers of Ontario (GFO) Assessing soil organic matter quality as an attribute of soil health in long-term tillage and crop rotation experiments Interseeding cover crops options for grain corn and their effects on soil health in Southern Ontario Soil-BOL: Exploring the link between soil biodiversity and soil health PI: A. Diochon Lakehead U Co-PI: LVE PI: M. Sharifi, Trent U Collaborator: LVE Co-PI: K.E. Dunfield + R. Hanner UoG Collaborator: LVE GFO GFO GFO & OMAFRA-UoG Improved metrics of carbon storage and greenhouse gas emission reduction: Lysimeters PI: C Wagner-Riddle UoG Collaborator: LVE OMAFRA New Directions + many matching
14 Soil Health Publications Long-term tillage systems + field crop rotation trials Cornell Soil Health Assessment (CSHA) at 4 sites: Congreves et al Soil & Tillage Research 152:17-25 Funding: WAMQI Farm and Food Care, Grain Farmers of Ontario in 2009 Ontario Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) meta-analysis: Congreves et al Can. J. Soil Sci. 94: SOC, total N, CSHA at Ridgetown: Van Eerd et al Can. J. Soil Sci. 94: Funding: Grain Farmers of Ontario in 2006 SOC, total N influenced by N fertilizer at Ridgetown: Congreves et al Plant and Soil In press Funding: Grain Farmers of Ontario in 2006 Long-term cover crop trial By Dr. Laura L. Van Eerd Active carbon (polysaccharides) at Ridgetown: Ouellette et al Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 80: Funding: OMAFRA-UoG, ON Processing Vegetable Growers, Grain Farmers of ON
15 References Belfry, K.D., C. Trueman, R.J. Vyn, S.A. Loewen and L.L. Van Eerd. 20xx. Winter cover crops on processing tomato yield, quality, pest pressure, nitrogen availability, and profit margins. PLOSone submitted Chahal, I. and Van Eerd, L.L Evaluating Haney and Cornell soil health assessments using a long-term cover crop experiment. CSSS/PRSSS: Canadian Society of Soil Science Annual Meeting. Kamloops BC. Oral Presentation May Chahal, I. and L.L. Van Eerd Soil health and yield and quality of processing tomatoes as influenced by wheat straw management and cover crops in a long-term cover crop experiment. CSSS/PRSSS: Canadian Society of Soil Science Annual Meeting. Kamloops BC. Poster Presentation May Drummelsmith*, J, Van Eerd, L.L., and Dunfield, K The impact of cover crops and crop residue removal on soil microbial community abundance and soil health in a long-term cover crop field trial in Southwest Ontario. CSSS/PRSSS: Canadian Society of Soil Science Annual Meeting. Kamloops BC. Poster Presentation May 2016 Haney, R. L., A. J. Franzluebbers, F. M. Hons A rapid procedure for prediction of N mineralization. Biol. Fertil. Soils 33: Haney, R. L., A. J. Franzluebbers, F. M. Hons, and D. A. Zuberer Soil carbon and nitrogen mineralization: Influence of drying temperature. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 68: Haney, R.L.., A. J. Franzluebbers, L.V. Jin, J. Mary-Vaughan, E.B. Haney, M.J. White, and R.D. Harmel Soil Organic C:N vs. Water extractable C:N. Journal of Soil Sci. 2: Idowu, O. J., Van Es, H. M., Abawi, G. S., Wolfe, D. W., Schindelbeck, R. R., Moebius-Clune, B. N. and Gugino, B. K Use of an integrative soil health test for evaluation of soil management impacts. Renew. Agric. Food Syst. 24: Idowu, O. J., van Es, H. M., Abawi, G. S., Wolfe, D. W., Ball, J. I., Gugino, B. K., Moebius, B. N., Schindelbeck, R. R. and Bilgili, A. V Farmer-oriented assessment of soil quality using field, laboratory, and VNIR spectroscopy methods. Plant Soil 307: O Reilly, K.A., J.D. Lauzon, R.J. Vyn and L.L. Van Eerd Nitrogen cycling, profit margins and sweet corn yield under fall cover crop systems. Canadian Journal of Soil Science. 92: O Reilly, K.A., D.E. Robinson, R.J. Vyn, and L.L. Van Eerd Weed populations, sweet corn yield and economics following fall cover crops. Weed Technology. 25: Ouellette, L., Voroney, R. P., and Van Eerd, L. L DRIFT spectroscopy to assess cover crop and corn stover decomposition in lab-incubated soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 80: Van Eerd, L. L. and Vyn, R. J Impact of four years of autumn cover crops on profit margins and crop yield. ASA-CSSA- SSSA International Annual Meetings. Long Beach, CA. November Oral Presentation
16 Acknowledgements Inderjot Chahal Lance Ouellette Kelsey O Reilly Kim Belfry Mike Zink Grower/Farm Associations Grain Farmers of Ontario Processing Vegetable, Fruit and Vegetable, Sugarbeet, Seed Corn, Ontario Soil and Crop Improvement Association Farm and Food Care Provincial - OMAFRA New Directions UoGuelph Environmental Sustainability, Knowledge Translation and Transfer Federal Agricultural Adaptation Council Pest Management Centre Soil Conservation Council of Canada
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