Egypt. Water Management Strategies and Impacts on Livelihoods in. 5 th Regional Coordination Meeting Amman Jordan, 2013

Transcription

1 5 th Regional Coordination Meeting Amman Jordan, 2013 Water Management Strategies and Impacts on Livelihoods in Egypt INSERT COUNTRY MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF BENCHMARK SITE

2 WLI Goal and Intended Outputs Overall Goal: to improve the livelihoods of rural households and communities in areas where water scarcity, land degradation, and associated problems are prevalent. Intended Outputs: 1. Integrated water and land-use strategies for policy-making, tools for sustainable benchmark management and organizational mechanisms for community inclusion at the benchmark site. Please insert a picture that represents your work 2. Enhanced knowledge, skills and qualifications for key stakeholders in the benchmark sites. 3. Improved rural livelihoods of farmers in the benchmark sites through the adoption of sustainable land and water management practices and livelihood strategies. National Policy Objectives in (EGYPT): 1. Increase the productivity of both land and water units. 2. Maintain the sustainability of water and land use. 3. Improving the livelihood of rural inhabitants. 4. Reducing poverty rates in rural areas.

3 Benchmark sites Agroecosystem: Irrigated agricultural Salt-affected soil Area: 820 fed (344 ha) Household: 183 Old land Area: 375 fed (308 ha) Household: 480 Damnhour South El- Husiania New land Area: 470 fed (197 ha) Household: 94 El-Bustan El Zankalon Old land Area: 600 fed (252 ha) Household: 310

4 Irrigated agriculture system Farmers behavior & responses climate Other Crop pattern & requirements Water supply Soil Practice Policy Irrigation network & infrastructure

5 Q: Do we relay understand the irrigated agriculture system in Egypt? The system is strongly changed at the recent decades: - The design hypotheses of irrigation network - Crop patterns - Cultivation area - Reclamation - Agriculture policy & practices - Maintenance of the irrigation network Goal Re-understand the system in order to Develop good/ strong practices & strategies to improve water productivity & the gross margin To have better estimations of the potential size of water reuse (recycling) in agriculture at current and future conditions.

6 Irrigated agriculture system Farmers behavior & responses software Climate Other Crop pattern Water supply hardware Soil Practice Policy Irrigation network & infrastructure

7 Sustainability of irrigated agriculture in the Nile Delta The sustainability of the irrigated agriculture system? Balance between supply & demands Irrigation impact on natural resources The gap between on-farm irrigation management & general irrigation network management [knowledge, management, & planning strategies]? WLI- Biophysical activities Sustainability of the irrigated agriculture A. Assessing the sustainability of the irrigated agriculture system (old and new land, Field measurements, Modeling ) B. On-farm soil degradation analysis (soil compaction in old land) C. Water Constraints on Crop choice and farmers income in new lands (Thiba irrigation scheme)

8 A. Assessing the sustainability of the irrigation system (Modeling ) Monitoring and Evaluation Measure supply and demand through Water Balance On-demand spatial assessments Options for improvements Build scenarios for up-scaling model Linkage with Irrigated benchmark project Evaluation Indicators: - Water productivity - Water use index or Application adequacy [PA] - Distribution efficiency [PF] - Dependability [PD] - Others Performance classes Good Fair Poor P A < 0.80 P F < 0.70 P E > 0.25 P D > 0.20 Measure

9 At Behaira Governorate and very close to Damanhour city. Area is 241 ha(735 Feddans). The water source from El Nasery Canal then Sabya and Habib Canals. The location has only one main drain of Nasr Allah drain. Dominated soil types: Clay, Silty-Clay Damnhour Old land benchmark

10 National level km Reused drainage water [5 km3] Rain [1.4 km3] Aquifer [3.6 km3] Nile share [55.5 km3] Cultivated area: 7 million fed Agriculture demands: 8300 m 3 /fed Annual agriculture water share (supply): 55.7 km 3 Navigation [1.8 km3] Domestic and industry [7.7 km3] Agriculture [58 km3] Supply [65.5 km 3 ] Reused drainage water [5 km3] Rain [1.4 km3] Aquifer [3.6 km3] Nile share [55.5 km3] 0 Demands [67.5 km 3 ] Navigation [1.8 km3] Domestic and industry [7.7 km3] Agriculture [58 km3] Farm level

11 A. Assessing the sustainability of the irrigation system (Modeling )

12 Sum up Fine tuning the results of water balance analysis: The same exercise of [Activity A] is repeated at 2 locations in Egypt, based on governmental fund Middle of Egypt El-Menyia 700 fed Sugar cane governmental fund The northerneast of Delta Kafer El-sheikh 700 fed Rice JICA

13 3 selected pilot mesqas B. Soil degradation assessment in old land Community-based assessment to understand the relation between farmers practices, soil degradation, and water productivity Questionnaire form o the sources of soil compaction due to agriculture practice, o the perception of the farmers the effect of soil compaction Soil compaction, moisture and salinity, Crop pattern Mechanical and chemical properties of the soil before and after cultivation season, The quantity of the irrigation water at the mesqa level, The quantity of the irrigation water at the field level ( if possible), Crop yield at the field level. field measurements timing: Before land preparation and planting After land preparation and planting Mid of summer season End of summer season

14 B. Soil degradation assessment in old land Farmers behavior and perceptions. Agriculture mechanization management Irrigation water shortage Drainage problems Knowledge X X X X

15 Before planting After planting Middle of the season 20 cm Productivity: Water Yield 40 cm 60 cm

16 C. Water Constraints on Crop choice and farmers income in the Thiba irrigation scheme (New land) IWMI: François MOLLE & Wafaa GHAZOUANI Water distribution along canals (the situation of the end users ) In terms of: adequacy (quantity is enough to meet Thiba scheme branch canal 20 crop requirements), timeliness (water is available when needed), predictability (crop choice and management can be planned based on reasonable expectations), impacts crop choice and therefore farm income. Research Methodology: Community-based assessment Coupling field survey with GIS & remote sensing analysis techniques

17 C. Water Constraints on Crop choice and farmers income in the Thiba irrigation scheme (New land) IWMI: François MOLLE & Wafaa GHAZOUANI Preliminary results: - factors contributed to the heterogeneity of water supply: - Power availability for pumping. - Physical illegal intervention on the irrigation infrastructure to increase water supply, - Social influence of the control of infrastructure and application of the official rotation between the sub-branches of the BC. - Economic results showed a gap of production, which was mainly induced by both restriction on crop choices and decrease of crop yields as one moves to downstream the BC

18 Improving Land & Water Management: Pilot testing at Field-level Development and Use of Technologies (FTF Indicators) Technology Number of hectares under water management technologies or management assessment as a result of USG assistance Land Area (ha) Users (m) Users (f)

19 In 2012 The team completed a survey and developed a report entitled: Site Characterization Socio-economic Study: The results of the socioeconomic farm and household survey 2011/2012. Primary analysis included comparisons of the economic efficiency and WUE for the main crops.

20 Output 1 Output 2 In 2013 WLI/Egypt Planned Research: Refine and complete the analysis of data collected from the 2011/2012 survey Refined datasets Scientific Papers This includes more analysis of: livelihoods, technology adoption, WP and sufficiency, and gender analysis.

21 What we did so far Three datasets of the 2011/2012 survey are refined. Three descriptive analysis reports are developed.

22 Understanding and improving on-farm Income Gross Margin (USD) Winter: Wheat Sites: Old, Salt-affected & New Lands Gross Margin (USD) Summer: Maize Sites: Old & Salt-affected Lands El Zankalon S. El Husainia P. El Nubaria 900 El Zankalon S. El Husainia P.

23 Main Findings From economic and water use efficiency standpoints, farmers are encouraged to grow: - Wheat, clover, rice and maize in El Zankalon. - Wheat, cotton, rice and maize in S. El Husainia Plain. - Wheat, groundnut, beans and oranges in El Bustan. There's a need to make more analysis for the economic utilization of by-products to improve farm income. Farmers are encouraged to adopt sustainable watersaving technologies and land conservation practices (e.g. raised bed, laser leveling, composting, sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation). Farmers' schools and farmer-to-farmer training to exchange views about such technologies and practices.

24 Enhancing Knowledge, Skills and Qualifications Capacity building and training activities at regional and national levels The Regional Methodological Workshop on Livelihoods Analysis and Economics of Water Management organized by the WLI in close collaboration with the SEPRP of ICARDA during the period June 2013 in Amman, Jordan. The Regional Knowledge Exchange on Decision-support Tools and Models to Project Improved Strategies for Integrated Management of Land, Water and Livelihoods during the period September, 2013, in Djerba, Tunisia.

25 Enhancing Knowledge, Skills and Qualifications Socio- economic activities: Publications by Research Team A scientific paper was published in the Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Volume 23, Issue 3, September 2013, Cairo, Egypt. A poster was made. Four other scientific papers were developed (under reviewing). Bio-physical activities on-going publications are: Report: Literature review of soil compaction: reasons and impacts. Paper: the perception of framers towards soil compaction problems in old land. Report: Water Constraints on Crop choice and farmers income in the Thiba irrigation scheme (possibly in the IWMI RR series, to be co-published by ICARDA). Paper: from the previous report to be submitted to Irrigation and Drainage, Irrigation and Drainage Systems, or Agricultural water management.

26 Enhancing Knowledge, Skills and Qualifications Course title: General Agribusiness, Farm Management and Marketing Was designed last year, and conducted from 26 to 28 March 2013 In-country trainings: 3 days, Desert Development Centre (AUC) Course Objectives: Understand the basics of farm management and economics Learn more about marketing research and marketing strategies, e.g. valueadding Efficiently control the quality of farm produce Monitor financial accounts Assess the sustainability of farming operations Understand sustainable farming solutions including IPM, production and waste management Number of the trained persons: 21

27 Thank you Research Team Members Bio-physical Component Prof. Nahla Zaki Prof. Hany Ramadan Dr. Samar Attaher Dr. Abdrabbo Shehata Dr. Ibraheem Gafar Dr. Alaa Ghareeb Dr. Atef Swelam Socio-economic Component Dr. Enas Moh. Abbas Saleh Dr. Hassan Abd El Magid Dr. Gamal Moh. Fawzy Dr. Ali Ahmed Ibrahim Dr. Aden Aw-Hassan Dr. Boubaker Dhehibi Dr. Ahmed Mazid Institutions Water Management Research Institute- NWRC Soil, Water & Environment Research Institute- ARC Agriculture Engineering Research Institute- ARC Water Management Research Institute- NWRC Water Management Research Institute- NWRC Water Management Research Institute- NWRC ICARDA Agricultural Economics Research Institute- ARC Agricultural Economics Research Institute- ARC Water Management Research Institute- NWRC Zagazig University (ZU) ICARDA/SEPRP ICARDA/SEPRP ICARDA/SEPRP