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1 Southern Forages: Yield Distribution and Quality N.S. Hill, Professor Dept. Crop and Soil Sci., UGA, Athens Overview of Presentation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ield Variation of Jesup MaxQ Tall Fescue Due to Climate MNNN( Yield Distribution of Tall Fescue in Athens and Blairsville, GA Year of Study Location Yield (lbs/a) Athens Blairsville YPNN( YNNN( ZPNN( ZNNN( G,1"+$( X*%-&$;-**"( Spring rainfall (inches) PNN( Athens Blairsville N( T%+(."6( U%&( G)&( U%'( T7+( T7*( G7( V")( W#,(!/;( 5"#( 3'-4$$

2 Yield Distribution of Bermudagrass in Athens and Blairsville, GA Yield Distribution of Tall Fescue Complemented with Bermudagrass in Athens and Blairsville, GA 25 K"""$ G,1"+$( X*%-&$;-**"(!E""$!"""$ #E""$ #"""$ J4&-?$ P1+*(?O*11&$ 5 E""$ Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 3'-4$$ "$ L+-$ ;&H$ 3+($ J8($ 3+5$ L9-$ L91$ J9)$.&8$ M/4$ N'O$ B&/$ 3'-4$$ Distribution of Winter Annual Forage Productivity in Blairsville Yield (lbs/a A'"&%$$( A'"( W%,$( Yield Distribution of Tall Fescue Complemented with Bermudagrass (blue line) or Bermudagrass overseeded with Cereal Rye (red line) 3 Blairsville, GA Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 3'-4$$ Q+4$3+R&?$S1+-4?$6'1&(+-4$4'$%(+,*-)T$ Q&(&$J(&$6&$%('U*-)$ S'*-4?T$:V''1$?&+?'-$)(+??&?<$! [&/:-+()/-+,$(! A"$-47%*(*"%9(%&"%(! D%&6/1'4&%,"(A"$"&;"$(! \-,1$,%+4$(9//,(,&%]#(K&"*%,"4(,/(:1"&"( &/:-+()/-+,$(%&"(*/#%,"4L(

3 Tall Fescue is Weakly Rhizomatous: What Does That Mean? So, What Happens When Your Tall Fescue Stand Thins? -! Competing Species Invade -! Common bermudagrass -! Crabgrass -! Weeds -! Opportunities for Clover White Clover is Stoloniferous White Clover

4 BEWARE OF ENDOPHYTE IN TALL FESCUE!!! The Endophyte Provides Advantages to the Plant that Increase Vigor, Drought, and Insect Tolerance BEWARE OF ENDOPHYTE IN TALL FESCUE!!! Solutions? Endophytes found which do not produce toxins (MaxQ). New clover varieties which persist in tall fescue pastures (dilute toxin). Alleviating Fescue Toxicosis Using MaxQ and White Clover The Test ( 3 yr. grazing trial) MaxQ vs. toxic tall fescue With and without clover Results Daily gain Gain/A lb MaxQ fescue MaxQ + clover Toxic fescue Toxic + clover Replace Fescue (Roundup) Control Spray/Millet/Spray (SSS) Roundup applications at plant; 2, 4, 6 wks prior + plant Growing Points of Bermudagrass Differ from Fescue Results Toxins (ppm) Control 156 SSS 65 At plant wks 15 4 wks 83 6 wks 67

5 Forage Quality! Terms!Digestibility! Products methane, CO 2, VFA s, ammonia, microbial protein (plant protein)!digestible Energy! VFA s, protein provide energy for animal!palatability! Flavor, texture!antiquality! toxins Focus Warm season grass Cool season grass Bundle Sheath Cells Mesophyll Cells Bundle Sheath Cells Mesophyll Cells V''1$?&+?'-$)(+??$ Bermudagrass leaf after incubation in rumen fluid for 48 hr V''1$?&+?'-$ H('+GW1&+=$ Tall fescue leaf after incubation in rumen fluid for 48 hr Tall fescue leaves digested in rumen fluid for 48 hr Tissue types in C 3 and C 4 Grasses Leaf grown at 68 o F Low digestibility Leaf grown at 86 o F No digestibility High digestibility 73% of bermudagrass leaf is low(no) in digestibility!!

6 Ranges of DMD in Various Forages A"*%8/+$1-)(X",:""+(^-"*4(%+4( _7%*-,'( As Fiber Increases, Energy Intake Decreases Because Dry Matter Intake Decreases.&+?'-W1'-)$C*&1G$B*?4(*H9A'-$+-G$B*)&?AH1&$X-&()5$ '=$;'(+)&?$Q*-4&($J--9+1?$+-G$P&(79G+)(+??$ Rye/Ryegrass mix Tifton-85 Month DM (lb/a) ME (kcal/lb) DM (lb/a) ME (kcal/lb) Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Pasture Dry Matter Intake by Cows at Different Pasture Energy Density (Holmes et al., 27. Massey Univ. Press) Animal Live wt Energy in diet (kcal/lb DM) (lbs) > Dry Mature cows Pregnant cows Lactating cows % of Tillers with Seedheads Abundance of Tall Fescue Seedheads Sep. 1 Oct. 1 Nov. 1 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Month of the Year Jun. Jul. 1 Aug. 1 1

7 Residual Leaf Area Defoliation can maintain vegetative productivity. ;+11$.4'/R8*1*-)$6+11$;&?/9&$='($Q*-4&($YA1*,+A'-$ Yield Distribution of Tall Fescue in Athens and Blairsville, GA The Time of the Year Affects the Toxins Present in Tall Fescue Leaf (Kallenbach, 23) MNNN( YPNN( YNNN( ZPNN( ZNNN( PNN( N( P1+*(?O*11&$ A"9&%-+(9&/3( B+-8%,"( T%+(."6( U%&( G)&( U%'( T7+( T7*( G7( V")( W#,(!/;( 5"#( 3'-4$$ Leaf Alkaloids (ppb) $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$3&+-$B+*15$6&78&(+49(&$: ' ;<$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$Z$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Cell Wall Protein Dec. 15 Dec. 3 Jan. 14 Feb. 3 Feb. 16 Feb. 29 Mar. 14 Fall Date Fall, 2 % CP or Cell Wall The Time of the Year Affects the Toxins Present in Tall Fescue Leaf (Rottinghaus, 1991) What Happens to the Toxins in E+ Tall Fesuce When Fall-Stockpiled? Leaf Alkaloids (ppb) Fall, 1998 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$3&+-$B+*15$6&78&(+49(&$: ' ;<$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$Z$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Sept. 7 Sept. 21 Oct. 4 Oct. 12 Oct. 19 Nov. 3 Fall Date

8 7 6 Cell Wall Alkaloids Protein Dec. 15 Dec. 3 Jan. 14 Feb. 3 Feb. 16 Feb. 29 Mar. 14 Fall, 2 Fall Date Leaf Alkaloids (ppb) The Time of the Year Affects the Toxins Present in Tall Fescue Leaf (Kallenbach, 23) $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$3&+-$B+*15$6&78&(+49(&$: ' ;<$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$Z$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ % CP or Cell Wall N'4&$6+4$JO&(+)&$B+*15$6&78&(+49(&$ P&1'U$K!$*?$B*[&(&-4$;('7$;*(?4$;('?4\\\$$ Blairsville, GA Fall 21 SUMMARY 1.! Recommended species/varieties have been tested for desirable traits 2. Plant species that complement one another 3.! Manage species for quality via grazing/harvest 4.! Minimize the impact of fescue toxicosis