Sustainable Aquaculture and Food Security

Transcription

1 Participate during the seminar: #AgEvents Sustainable Aquaculture and Food Security Follow us on Twitter twitter.com/agrilinks Like us on Facebook facebook.com/agrilinks Speakers Harry Rea, USAID Bureau for Food Security Richard Grainger, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Randall Brummett, World Bank September 26, 2012 Facilitator Zachary Baquet, USAID Bureau for Food Security

2 Event resources are available from June s Special Event on Agrilinks! bit.ly/abspii

3 Agrilinks Blog Latest Developments in Food Security

4 Upcoming Events Upcoming Ag Sector Council October 31 MEAS Project: Impact of Climate Change on Extension and Advisory Services

5 Definitions so we are all on the same page Fish: Usually refers to fish but it is often used to refer collectively to all types of aquatic animals (i.e. fish, crustaceans, molluscs, etc.) and sometimes plants as well. Fisheries: A general term which includes both capture fisheries and aquaculture, as well as associated handling, preservation, processing, marketing and trade industries (the value chain). Capture Fisheries: The collective enterprise of harvesting fish. A fishery is usually defined by the species caught, the gear and/or fishing methods used, and the area of operation; includes both inland and marine zones. Aquaculture: The cultivation of aquatic animals and plants in natural or controlled marine or freshwater environments; aquatic agriculture. Not all aquaculture is the same.

6 USAID Agriculture Sector Council Seminar Sustainable Aquaculture and Food Security Richard Grainger FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Statistics and Information Wednesday 26 September 2012

7 Fisheries & Aquaculture Vital to food security & poverty alleviation

8 CHALLENGES World population to reach 9.3 billion in 2050 Urbanization rising Food production must increase by 70%

9 FISHERIES & AQUACULTURE FOR FOOD Primary source of essential protein: 17% worldwide 24% for LIFDCs

10 FISHERIES & AQUACULTURE FOR HEALTH Essential omega-3 oils, micronutrients Key to human brain and health development

11 FISHERIES & AQUACULTURE FOR WEALTH Global trade worth US$ 109 billion % exported Developing countries = over 50% world fish exports China leading exporter valued over US$ 13.3 billion

12 FISHERIES & AQUACULTURE FOR LIVELIHOODS Jobs for 55 million - many women Mostly small-scale communities Almost 12% world s population depend on fisheries & aquaculture

13 AQUACULTURE FOR FUTURE Fastest-growing food sector 2010 = 59.9 million metric tons Value US$119 billion China produces >60% total

14 AQUACULTURE FOR FOOD SECURITY 2021 = total 172 million metric tons projected Aquaculture main driver: 33% increase production 79 million metric tons Accounting for 46% of global fish production

15 AQUACULTURE FOR FOOD SECURITY

16 AQUACULTURE CHALLENGES & RISKS Water scarcity Limited sites Fish diseases Biosecurity risks Conflicting use of resources Availability of inputs, including fish seeds

17 AQUACULTURE SOLUTIONS

18 AQUACULTURE SOLUTIONS

19 AQUACULTURE SOLUTIONS Responsible governance Apply Ecosystem Approach to Aquaculture Increase biosecurity measures Improve health management Increase production of nonfed species Reduce dependence on fishmeal

20 Thank you!

21 Aquaculture: An Adaptable, Flexible and Sustainable Food Security Alternative Agriculture Sector Council, September 26, 2012 Harry Rea Aquaculture & Fisheries Advisor USAID, Bureau for Food Security

22 Definitions so we are all on the same page Fish: Usually refers to fish but it is often used to refer collectively to all types of aquatic animals (i.e. fish, crustaceans, molluscs, etc.) and sometimes plants as well. Fisheries: A general term which includes both capture fisheries and aquaculture, as well as associated handling, preservation, processing, marketing and trade industries (the value chain). Capture Fisheries: The collective enterprise of harvesting fish. A fishery is usually defined by the species caught, the gear and/or fishing methods used, and the area of operation; includes both inland and marine zones. Aquaculture: The cultivation of aquatic animals and plants in natural or controlled marine or freshwater environments; aquatic agriculture. Not all aquaculture is the same.

23 How is aquaculture adaptable and flexible? 1. Location: It can basically be done wherever there is water fresh, brackish, marine. Can be less than year-round. 1. Scale: Indoor aquarium to industrial scale farms. 2. Purpose: Variety of uses (food, aquariums, stock enhancement, put-and-take sport fisheries, and industrial uses (seaweed). 3. Product: There are more than 500 species cultured now and that number is increasing. Mainly fish but also crustaceans, bivalves, molluscs, reptiles, amphibians, aquatic plants and algae (sea weed), cultured pearls. 1. Method: There are a wide variety of production systems each with its pros and cons.

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29 Aquaculture Production Systems Physical Facilities Ponds, tanks, raceways, aquaria. Cages, pens, trays, etc. Closed recirculating systems. Management Approaches Monoculture or polyculture. Integrated agriculture-aquaculture, including livestockfish, rice-fish, horticulture-fish systems. Aquaponics.

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40 Way back when, someone said, Give a man a fish and he will eat for a day. Teach a man to fish and he will eat for a lifetime. Today that person might say, Give a man a fish and he will eat for a day. Teach a man to sustainably raise fish and he will eat for a lifetime.

41 Aquaculture Sustainability. Tautology or Oxymoron?

42 Feeding Fish to Fish a red herring! Source: IFFO (2012)

43 Trends in Fishmeal use in Aquaculture

44 Percent of Total by Sub-Sector 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% Culture Capture 5% 0% Trophic Level

45 Mangroves (actually salt-flats) and Shrimp

46 Evolution of Mangrove Loss in Vietnam > 1 million ha of brackishwater forests 1899 most large trees already gone 1911 efforts to regulate deforestation begin ,000 ha of mangroves left War agent orange Post-War massive conversion to rice and urban infrastructure (salinization) 2000 conversion of rice to shrimp facilitated ,250 ha of shrimp farms in Vietnam Sources: GTZ, Soc Trang Provincial People s Committee (2010); UNEP 1998, De Silva (2012) Biodiversity Conservation

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48 and Tamil Nadu Source: Jayanthi et al

49 Getting the Facts Straight Myth: 198 kg of CO 2 eq per 100 g shrimp cocktail due largely to mangrove destruction Laugh Test: 3.3 billion tons of CO 2 = 6 X emissions of the world s motor vehicle fleet Reality: 3-12 kg CO 2 eq/kg*; <10% of shrimp farms converted mangroves; little direct conversion; almost none since * Compared to 3-32 for land animals Sources: Boyd & Clay (1998) Scientific American; Cao et al (2011) Environ. Sci. Tech. Sonesson et al. (2009) Swedish Institute for Food & Biotechnology, US EPA (2012).

50 Sustainability Environmental: does not mine/erode the natural resource base. Social: makes a positive contribution to development; does not disenfranchise others. Economic: runs without subsidies.

51 Symptoms of Unsustainability Massive disease outbreaks Declines in water quality Loss of biodiversity Loss of ecosystem services (e.g., recreation, capture fisheries) Reduced efficiency due to stress, inbreeding Increasing operation costs (medicines) Lowered market appeal INCREASED RISK

52 Resource Use Efficiency Conversion Efficiency Emissions Source: World Fish Center & Conservation International (2011)

53 Getting Better all the Time Source: University of Victoria & Lenfest (2010)

54 16 million jobs, mostly in developing countries; 50% women

55 However Responsible aquaculture certification needs to move to a new level to ensure sustainability of an industry twice the size of the one we have now. Need for zoning Need for indicators of the collective impact on local ecosystems Need for new institutional arrangements between public and private sectors

56 Thankou!

57 Thank you Thank you for joining us! Share Feedback Please take our 3 minute survey! You can also visit the event page to post comments & questions. Stay In Touch Contact Us: agrilinks@agrilinks.org Zachary Baquet, USAID/BFS: zbaquet@usaid.gov Upcoming Events Find upcoming events & past presentations: agrilinks.org/events Agrilinks and the Agriculture Sector Council Seminar Series are products of the USAID Bureau for Food Security under the Knowledge-Driven Microenterprise Development (KDMD) project.