AQUACULTURE IN CAMBODIA: TRENDS AND PATTERNS IN RECENT YEARS. Olivier JOFFRE SO Nam CHHENG Phen

Transcription

1 AQUACULTURE IN CAMBODIA: TRENDS AND PATTERNS IN RECENT YEARS Olivier JOFFRE SO Nam CHHENG Phen

2 Citation: Joffre, O, So N., Chheng P Aquaculture production in Cambodia: trends and patterns in recent years. Inland Fisheries Research and Development Institute (Fisheries Administration) and WorldFish. Phnom Penh, Cambodia. 14 pp. Key words: Aquaculture statistics Cambodia Mekong aquaculture cage culture ISBN-13: Copyright 2016, Inland Fisheries Research and Development Institute (Fisheries Administration) and WorldFish, Cambodia. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License You are able to: Share copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format Adapt remix, transform, and build upon the material as long as credit is duly noted For more information go to: Inland Fisheries Research and Development Institute (IFReDI) PO Box 582, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Website: ifredi-cambodia.org 2016 Printed in Cambodia The Inland Fisheries Research and Development Institute (IFReDI) is a national agency under the supervision of the Fisheries Administration of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in Cambodia. IFReDI aims at providing scientific information and technical support for the sustainable development and management of inland living aquatic resources in Cambodia, based on biological and socioeconomic research, for the country's food security and economic prosperity. WorldFish is an international, nonprofit research organization that harnesses the potential of fisheries and aquaculture to reduce hunger and poverty. WorldFish is a member of CGIAR ( a global research partnership for a food-secure future. Disclaimer: The authors views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the Inland Fisheries Research and Development Institute (IFReDI) or WorldFish.

3 AQUACULTURE IN CAMBODIA: TRENDS AND PATTERNS IN RECENT YEARS Olivier JOFFRE 1, SO Nam 2, CHHENG Phen 3 1 WorldFish, Phnom Penh, Cambodia 2 Mekong River Commission Fisheries Team, Phnom Penh, Cambodia 3 Inland Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia 2016

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5 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND PURPOSE OF THE STUDY AND APPROACH CONTENT OF THE REPORT METHODOLOGY RESULTS AQUACULTURE IN CAMBODIA A BRIEF OVERVIEW PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Smallholder low-input systems Smallholder high-input systems Small and Medium-sized Enterprises Freshwater cages Marine cages Rice-fish systems CONTRIBUTION TO TOTAL AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION VALUATION OF TOTAL AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION CONCLUSIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY iii

6 Acknowledgements Olivier Joffre conducted the study and wrote the report; So Nam contributed to the report; Chheng Phen also contributed to the report. Citation Joffre, O, So N., Chheng P Aquaculture production in Cambodia: trends and patterns in recent years. Inland Fisheries Research and Development Institute (Fisheries Administration) and WorldFish. Phnom Penh, Cambodia. 15 pp. iv

7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The average annual growth of the aquaculture sector in Cambodia has exceeded 10% over the last 20 years and has been consistently above 18% over the last 10 years. When both marine and freshwater production is taken into account, nationwide production exceeded tonnes in Aquaculture production is localized to specific provinces within the country. The Tonle Sap and the Mekong River have cage culture. In 2014, Siem Reap, Pursat and Phnom Penh were home to 61% of the volume of cage culture nationwide. The lower floodplains have pond culture (79% of the total pond area). A growing aquaculture sector is based around the outskirts of Phnom Penh. Recent aquaculture development projects have increased the number of ponds in targeted provinces, although the overall number of ponds decreased 9% from 2009 to around ponds nationwide in Six main production systems represent more than 99% of the total aquaculture production in Cambodia. Freshwater cage culture dominates the sector (more than 50% of total production), followed by small and medium-sized enterprises (22%) and smallholder high-input ponds (18%). Other systems such as smallholder low-input ponds, marine cage culture and rice-fish systems are of minor importance in terms of overall production. Marine low-value fish account for only 3% of the total feed used in aquaculture, while manufactured pellets represent less than 1%. The rest of the fish feed used in aquaculture is provided by Cambodia s inland capture fisheries. The total value of aquaculture production in 2011 is estimated at $114 million. The estimate is based on the characteristics of the systems and their contributions, as detailed by WorldFish (2011) and production estimates for 2011, when fresh-water cage farming reached tonnes. In terms of both production volume and gross revenue, the pangasius and snakehead fish species dominate, with more than $30 million generated for both species. Even if it is marginal, marine cage production is estimated at $7 million. v

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9 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND Research concerning the proper role of fisheries in economic development has continued in increasingly sophisticated fashion well into the modern era (e.g. WorldFish was founded in 1975 as the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management). Beliefs about the nature of small scale fisheries and their role in economic development have continued to evolve. In turn, the types of research questions considered relevant for fishery-related policy development have continued to change. WorldFish, supported by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, launched a project in 2012 to assess the economic and welfare value of fish in the Lower Mekong Basin. The overall objective of the project is to quantify the multiple values of fish resources and convey information to national decision-makers and development agencies for sustainable and improved rural livelihoods. The objectives of the project are to: i. assess the economic value of capture fisheries in Cambodia; ii. assess the welfare value of fish for rural populations in Cambodia and identify strategies that maximize this value; iii. establish coordinated monitoring of fish resources through a network of universities; iv. improve national statistics about fisheries resources; and v. inform a large range of stakeholders about the actual role of fisheries in national economy and livelihoods. 1

10 1.2 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY AND APPROACH The purpose of the study is to provide an updated estimate of total aquaculture production in Cambodia, based on national statistics and a literature review. This work is based on the research program Fish Supply and Demand in the Lower Mekong Basin with Special Reference to Cambodia developed by the WorldFish Center in 2010/2011. The objective of this review is to provide fish production statistics for each of Cambodia s six main aquaculture production systems. The information found in this report will be used, along with the rest of the data generated in the production component of the project, to estimate the market value of freshwater fish in Cambodia. In addition, it will be possible to estimate the quantity of wild fish used as fish feed in Cambodia s aquaculture sector. 1.3 CONTENT OF THE REPORT The report includes a brief review of Cambodia s aquaculture sector and a description of the six main production systems that generate the bulk of the country s aquaculture production. We then estimate total aquaculture production using updated 2011 and 2014 statistics and the fish production model of the WorldFish research program of 2010/

11 2 METHODOLOGY The approach combines updated statistics with a recent study of Cambodia s aquaculture sector to generate new production data for each of the six main aquaculture production systems in Cambodia. Cambodia s aquaculture production systems were studied by the WorldFish Center and are detailed by Brooks and Philips (2011) and WorldFish Center (2011). These publications include descriptions, productivity data and information on wild fish feed inputs for each production system. WorldFish also computed the relative contribution of each of these production systems to total aquaculture production. The results of this project were based on consultations with different stakeholders in the aquaculture sector and on-farm surveys in different provinces of Cambodia. Using updated statistical data on aquaculture production from 2011 and 2014, new production figures for each of the six main production systems were estimated, based on the hypothesis that the relative contribution of each system to total production did not change drastically since Updated market surveys of main aquaculture species were used to give an estimate of the value of aquaculture production for each production system for This estimate is based on straightforward calculation. It is indicative and does not take into account market price fluctuations or production costs. 3

12 3 RESULTS 3.1 AQUACULTURE IN CAMBODIA A BRIEF OVERVIEW Aquaculture production in Cambodia is one of the fastest growing food sectors in the country. It has been increasing since at least 1993 (Figure 1) but remains lower than capture fisheries, which generate around six times the volume of aquaculture sector ( tonnes vs tonnes in 2014, rising to tonnes when crustaceans, eels, frogs and mollusks are included) Aquaculture Produc on (tonnes) Figure 1: Volume of aquaculture production (freshwater and marine) in Cambodia from 1993 to Source: DoF/FiA data Cambodia s aquaculture sector sustained average annual growth of over 14% between 1993 and 2014 and more than 18% between 2002 and According to the Strategic Planning Framework (FiA, 2011) aquaculture production is projected to rise from tonnes in 2012 to tonnes in Considering the most recent statistics, the sector will reach the 2019 target if it maintains its growth rate. Aquaculture in Cambodia is dependent on capture fisheries. Much of the aquaculture sector s fast growth may be attributed to the capture fishery, which supplies the sector with feed and seed for most of the semi-intensive ponds and cage systems. Snakehead culture was considered a major driver of over harvesting of important commercial species at the fingerling stage and important food security species such as the small cyprinid known as trey riel (So et al., 2005). As a result, the government banned snakehead culture from August, 2004 (Edwards, 2008) to May, 2016, although the ban was not effectively enforced (So et al., 2009). The government plans to support farmers to adopt more sustainable snakehead culture based on manufactured feed pellets that are now available on the market. 4

13 Marine low-value fish account for only 3% of the total feed used in aquaculture, while manufactured pellets represent less than 1%. The rest of the fish feed used in aquaculture is provided by Cambodia s inland capture fisheries. More than 50% of aquaculture production comes from intensive cage systems that use small-sized fish as feed. It has been estimated that the demand for wild fish used as feed in the aquaculture sector was about tonnes in 2009 (WorldFish, 2011). In addition, 26% of the fingerlings used in aquaculture production are collected in the wild (So and Haing, 2007). Even if hatchery-reared fingerling production is increasing in Cambodia (more than 180 million in 2014) and assuming importing fingerlings is common, the sector remains dependent on wild capture for fingerlings. Aquaculture production in Cambodia is spatially clustered. Intensive, market-oriented pond culture surrounds Phnom Penh. In 2014, more than 39% of the total cage and intensive pond aquaculture production was found in Phnom Penh and Kandal Province (Figure 2). These systems benefit from their proximity to transport facilities for access to markets. Prey Veng, Kampot and Kandal are the locations of more than 79% of total aquaculture pond area, mostly small-scale farmers. For cage culture, the location changed in recent years which may have coincided with the enlarging of Phnom Penh to include parts of surrounding Kandal. In 2009, 73% of the cages where located in Kandal. In 2014, Siem Reap, Pursat and Phnom Penh were home to 61% of the volume of cage culture nationwide with Kandal representing only 5%. Aquaculture remains undeveloped in mountainous areas and the northeast part of the country. Figure 2: Aquaculture production (tonnes) per province in Source: FiA 5

14 More than 39% of the total cage and intensive pond aquaculture production was found in Phnom Penh and Kandal Province in 2014 (Figure 2). These production systems benefit from their proximity to transport facilities for access to markets. Aquaculture in the lowland floodplain is characterized by extensive low-input aquaculture systems, with the highest number of smallholder home aquaculture ponds in Takeo, Svay Rieng, Kampong Speu and Prey Veng provinces (Figure 3). In the northeast, Ratanakiri Province and Oddar Meanchey have benefited from recent development projects, which have resulted in increased numbers of aquaculture ponds and support for hatcheries although overall production remains low. Other provinces in the north have low numbers of ponds and limited production. Pursat and Battambang provinces have also benefited from development projects for aquaculture ponds and support for hatcheries, resulting in increased production. Figure 3: Number of aquaculture ponds per province in Source: FIA According to national statistics, the overall number of active aquaculture ponds in the country decreased 9% from ponds in 2009 to in 2014 (see Table 1). Since 2011, only functioning aquaculture ponds are recorded in the official statistics. While there is was a slight decrease at the national level, there were large differences between provinces with important increases in the number of ponds in provinces around the Tonle Sap Lake. This increase could be attributed to development activities such as the USAID-funded HARVEST program and the JICA-funded Freshwater Aquaculture Improvement and Extension (FAIEX) project. In coastal provinces, the number of ponds increased 155% in Kampot between 2009 and 2014 and 296% in Preah Sihanouk. 6

15 For cage culture, the overall number of cages countrywide declined from more than in 2009 to fewer than in 2011 before rising to almost cages in The main decline was in Kandal Province where the number of cages decreased from around in 2009 to around 700 in 2011 to fewer than 400 in Again, this may have being due to the expansion of Phnom Penh to parts of Kandal. Around the Tonle Sap Lake, the number of cages increased in most provinces. Marine cage culture has also been expanding in recent years with the number of cages reaching in Preah Sihanouk and 270 in Kampot in Table 1: Number of ponds and aquaculture cages in 2009, 2011 and 2014 No. of ponds No. of ponds No. of ponds Difference No. of cages No. of cages No. of cages Difference % % Phnom Penh % % Kandal % 12, % Prey Veng 3,200 9,082 10, % % Takeo 23,000 19,146 19,146-17% % Svay Rieng 14,140 9, % Kampong Speu 3,800 1, % Kampong Cham % % Kratie % % Stung Treng % % Kampong Thom % % Kampong Chhnang % % Pursat 320 1,660 1, % % Battambang 400 1,150 2, % % Banteay Meanchey % 0 Oddar Meanchey % 0 Siem Reap , % % Ratanakiri 1, % 0 Mondolkiri % 0 1 Preah Vihear % % Kampot 3,800 7,000 9, % ,600% Preah Sihanouk % 919 1,300 41% Koh Kong % % Tboung Khmom* Total 55,254 53,452 50,187 9% 16,547 3,883 5,933-64% * formerly part of Kampong Cham Province Source: FiA (2009, 2011 and 2014) 7

16 3.2 PRODUCTION SYSTEMS The following sections present the six main aquaculture production systems, based on Joffre et al. (2010), and contributions of each system to total production in The systems are: smallholder low-input pond culture; smallholder high-input pond culture; small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) intensive pond culture; freshwater cage culture; marine cage culture; and rice-fish systems Smallholder low-input systems This system consists of 1 to 2 small ponds (around 200 m 2 ) within a smallholder farm, where rice is the dominant activity and aquaculture is often secondary in terms of income. The management system uses on-farm inputs and occasional off-farm inputs (e.g. rice bran) when affordable. Carp polyculture dominates production, together with tilapia. Production is about 70 kg per pond and 75% of this is consumed by the household. This systems represents more than 50% of total aquaculture production systems in Cambodia and more than 90% of the farms in Banteay Menchey, Kampong Speu, Kratie, Stung Treng and Svay Rieng provinces Smallholder high-input systems Similar to low-input systems, this production system is family based, with 1 to 2 ponds ranging from 0.1 to 0.2 hectares in size. Yields range between 5.5 and 20 tonnes/ha/year depending upon the type of system used. Systems range from carp-dominated polyculture with tilapia and pangasius-dominated polyculture to intensive pangasius monoculture with a culture cycle of 7 to 9 months once a year. In this system, the uses of inputs are more important, with rice bran mixed with small-sized fish and in some cases commercial feed pellets. Production tends to be market-oriented, with less than 6% of consumed on farm. This system represents more than 18% of the total number of aquaculture systems in Cambodia; it is found mostly in the lowland floodplain provinces of Takeo, Phnom Penh, Prey Veng and Kandal as well as the province of Pursat on the Tonle Sap Lake Small and medium-sized enterprises These are found in the outskirts of Phnom Penh and Kandal Province where water supply is adequate. They represent 5% of total aquaculture systems in Cambodia. They include intensive monoculture of pangasius, giant snakehead and hybrid catfish, with yields ranging from 51 to 300 tonnes/ha/yr. Both pangasius and snakehead cultures cycle annually, while hybrid catfish culture is based on a short month cycle, with an average of 3 cycles per year. 8

17 Farms are operated by full-time workers, can be larger than one hectare and contain more than one pond. This system is input intensive; small-sized fish and rice bran account for 77% - 88% of the total operating cost. In addition to small sized-fish, wild capture provides fingerlings for snakehead production. Less than 2% of total production is consumed on farm Freshwater cages Freshwater cages are operated around the Tonle Sap and on the Mekong River. Three systems account for more than 90% of the cages: monoculture pangasius, polyculture pangasius (associated with catfish, leptobarbus, carp or tilapia) and snakehead monoculture. Productivity of snakehead cages averages around kg/m 3 /yr, much higher than smallholder low-input systems of pangasius production with kg/m 3 /yr. Snakehead cage production is mainly located on the Tonle Sap Lake in the provinces of Pursat, Battambang and Siem Reap. Some niche production systems such as wallago (Wallago micropogon) and red tail catfish (Hemibagrus wyckioides), exist mainly in Kampong Chhnang province along the Tonle Sap River. In these cage systems, the main feed input is mostly rice bran mixed with small-sized fish and in some cases additional commercial pellets. Feed costs account for 68-71% of the total operating costs. All production is destined for the market Marine cages Marine cage farms are composed of 20 to 50 cages, with two-thirds dedicated to seabass culture and one-third to grouper culture. Grouper culture is limited by the availability of fingerlings (caught from the wild) while hatchery-reared seabass fingerlings are imported from Thailand. In this system, the main input is small-sized fish used for feed. These farms are found in Preah Sihanouk, Kampot, and Koh Kong provinces. All production is marketed locally Rice-fish systems Concurrent rice-fish systems are operated by smallholders, with an average area of 0.4 ha and typically a low stocking density of carp and tilapia polyculture. The growth cycle lasts around four months. Inputs are limited to on-farm feeds (rice bran, duckweed) and the natural productivity of the rice field, enhanced by inorganic and organic fertilizers used for rice culture. The production, around 400 kg/ha/cycle, is partially consumed by the household (30%) during the fish harvest period (1 to 1.5 months) and the excess is sold locally. Rice-fish systems represent less than 2% of the total fish farms and are mainly located in Takeo Province. 3.3 CONTRIBUTION TO TOTAL AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION In 2010, WorldFish estimated the importance of each type of production system in Cambodia, based on a literature review and in consultation with the Fisheries Administration. The contributions of the different systems are presented in Figure 4. 9

18 Contributions of production systems to aquaculture Marine Cage 1.2% Rice-Fish 0.2% Small Holder Low Input 5% Fresh water Cages 53% SME 22% Small Holder High Input 18% Figure 4: Aquaculture production systems in Cambodia in 2010 Freshwater cages dominated the aquaculture sector with more than 50% of total production followed by SME systems (22%) and smallholder high-input systems (18%). The other systems represent less than 12% of production, even if the smallholder low-input pond system accounts for 50% of the aquaculture farmers in Cambodia. According to the Fisheries Administration and the Inland Fisheries Research and Development Institute, the recent increase in aquaculture production is mainly due to freshwater cage culture, SME systems and smallholder high-input production systems. The contribution of cage culture might have been higher in 2011 (between 55% and 65% of total production). But without a larger consultation or survey, it is difficult to generate a new estimate of the contribution of each system. According to national statistics from 2011 and 2014, marine cages represented 1.2% of total aquaculture production although an expert panel estimated a contribution of 6% in This difference might be due to an overestimate of the contribution of marine cages in 2009 and/or the relative increase of freshwater aquaculture between 2009 and To reflect recent changes in production estimates for the six systems in 2011, national statistics on marine fishes were used for production of marine cages and the representation of smallholder highinput systems, SME systems and freshwater cages were equally increased. The estimated contribution of each sector in 2009 is assumed to be the same in 2011 and Considering the total aquaculture production in 2011 ( tonnes) and 2014 ( tonnes) and the contribution of each system, the production of each is estimated for 2011 and 2014 (Table 2). These estimates need to be considered with caution since the official number of freshwater cages significantly decreased between 2009 and The following extrapolation of the contribution of each production system will require additional research to provide a more precise estimate. 10

19 Table 2: Production estimates for six aquaculture systems in 2011 and 2014 Contribution to total production* Production in 2011 (tonnes) Production in 2014 (tonnes) Smallholder Low Input Smallholder High Input SME Systems Freshwater Cages Marine Cages Rice-Fish Systems 5.5% 18.3% 21.5% 53.3% 1.2% 0.2% * total production estimated at tonnes in 2011 and tonnes in 2014 Freshwater cages with pangasius, snakehead and catfish have the highest production volumes. Similar species are raised in ponds within SME and smallholder high-input production systems. Carp and tilapia farming, which are less dependent on small-sized fish because they use less feed, comprise less than 10% of total aquaculture production. According to WorldFish (2011), the wild fish required for aquaculture fish feed for the entire sector was estimated to be around tonnes (based on 2009 production figures). If the contribution of the different production systems was similar in 2011, and farming practices and feed conversion ratios did not change significantly compared to 2009, the wild fish requirement for total aquaculture production is estimated to have risen to tonnes in This represents almost 20% of the total volume of Cambodia s inland capture fishery. 3.4 VALUATION OF TOTAL AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION Based on the results of WorldFish (2011) relative to the production and sale prices of the different species produced, gross revenue of the different production systems for is estimated in Table 3. This does not take into account operating or investment costs. Compared to 2009, the proportion of each system to total production has changed, based on 2011 statistics. Marine cages are less prominent. Freshwater cage culture, SME systems and smallholder high-input systems are more important. Within each system, the increase in representation is equally spread within the different sub-systems. Pangasius and snakehead dominated the aquaculture sector in terms of gross revenue with more than $30 million generated for both species. While their contribution to total production was about 1.2%, marine cages represented more than $7 million due to high market prices for the species (seabass and grouper). The value of total aquaculture production in 2011 is estimated at more than $114 million with a weighted average price of $1.65/kg integrating value and proportion in sales of each species (Table 3). A WorldFish economic analysis of aquaculture systems (2011) shows that intensive systems, both in freshwater and marine environments, offer the highest net return for producers. In terms of welfare, it will be interesting to investigate who benefits from which production systems and if aquaculture that uses large amounts of low-value fish as feed is accessible to the poorest. In addition, it will be interesting to investigate if poor people benefit from aquaculture development directly by consuming production and/or being involved as labor within the production system of the value chain. 1 The gross revenue of different production systems in 2014 is not estimated due to lack of market price data for this specific year. 11

20 Table 3: Estimated gross revenue generated by different aquaculture production systems in 2011 Smallholder Low Input Tilapia, carps Smallholder High Input Polyculture Pangasius polyculture Pangasius monoculture Hybrid catfish Small and Medium-sized Enterprises Pangasius Monoculture Snakehead Pangasius polyculture Freshwater Cages Pangasius Marine Cages Rice- Fish Snakehead Seabass Grouper Tilapia, carps System Contribution a 5.5% 3.81% 5.47% 8.81% 4.54% 14.52% 2.44% 27.53% 5.31% 20.53% 0.3% 0.9% 0.23% 99.8% Production (tonnes) Average sale price b ($/kg) c Value ($ mln) All Systems a based on 2010 data (WorldFish Center, 2011) b based on 2010 data collection c weighted average price (integrating value and proportion in sales of each species) 12

21 4 CONCLUSIONS Aquaculture in Cambodia is a fast-growing food sector. Results of previous studies show that it is highly dependent on capture fisheries for seed and feed. The latest production statistics show a rapid increase from to tonnes in 2009 to tonnes in 2011 and more than tonnes in Freshwater cage culture is the main contributor to total production. Dominant species are pangasius and snakehead, while carp polyculture and tilapia represent a smaller share of total production and market value. Smallholder low-input systems and rice-fish systems represent less than tonnes (less than 6% of total production) while smallholder high-input sysytems along with small and mediumsized enterprises represent more than 35% of production. Based on consultations with national experts, it is hypothesized that the contributions of different production systems are similar to those estimated for 2009 and that the sector generated more than $100 million in It is also estimated that the amount of wild fish required as fish feed reached more than tonnes in 2011 and was probably higher in 2014, illustrating how dependant the aquaculture sector is on capture fisheries. Cambodian aquaculture is growing fast despite the lack of infrastructure and a limited support system. The sector still depends on natural resources for feed and seed as well as imported imported inputs from neighboring countries. To continue to grow and reach the government's production and economic targets, investment will be needed in infrastructure, training, education, inputs and services. Further growth will require farmers to access quality manufactured feed pellets and adopt more sustainable fish culture practices. Seed production in the country is increasing but the quality and diversity of hatchery-reared species available on the market is still limited. Fish farmers still depend on capture fisheries an imported fingerlings of questionable quality. For both inputs and production, quality standards are not in place. The regulatory framework and its enforcement needs to be updated to support the growth of the sector, limit the environmental impact and provide a more equitable distribution of economic benefits. Cambodian aquaculture can play a significant role in supplying fish for growing urban areas and contributing to food security in rural areas in a country where fish consumption per capita is one of the highest in the world. Diverse production systems, from extensive small-scale to intensive medium-sized enterprises, have specific future growth opportunities. But this will require significant investment, not only to increase production or the productivity of the system, but also to organize and regulate growth for sustainable and equitable development. 13

22 5 BIBLIOGRAPHY Brooks A., Philips M Fish supply and demand in the Lower Mekong Basin with special reference to Cambodia. SRA Final Report. ACIAR. Canberra, Australia, 34 pp. FIA Strategic Planning Framework for Fisheries: Fisheries Administration. Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Edwards P Cambodian Government ban on snakehead farming enforced. Aquaculture Asia, January - March 2008 Joffre O., Kura Y., Pant J., So N Aquaculture for the poor in Cambodia - lessons learned. WorldFish Center, Cambodia. 16 pp. So N., Eng T., Souen N., Hortle K.G Use of freshwater low value fish for aquaculture development in Cambodia's Mekong basin. Department of Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 37 pp So N, Vann L.S., Somany P., Sinh L.X., Pomeroy R Assessment of diversity and bioecological characteristics of low value/small-sized fish. AquaFish CRSP Project. Final technical report. So N., Haing L A review of freshwater fish seed resources in Cambodia. In Bondad-Reantaso, M.B. (ed.) Assessment of freshwater fish seed resources for sustainable aquaculture. FAO Fisheries Technical Report Series 501. FAO, Rome. 628 pp. WorldFish Center Aquaculture Futures Fish supply and demand scenarios in Cambodia and perspectives on future role of aquaculture. Project Brief WorldFish Center 8 pp. 14

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26 The project Assessing economic and welfare values of fish in the Lower Mekong Basin was funded by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR). It was implemented by WorldFish between 2012 and 2016, in collaboration with the Inland Fisheries Research and Development Institute of the Fisheries Administration (IFReDI), the Cambodian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (CARDI), the Royal University of Phnom Penh (RUPP) in Cambodia, Ubon Ratchathani University (UBU) in Thailand, and Can Tho University (CTU) in Vietnam. CARDI RUPP UBU Inland Fisheries Research and Development Institute (IFReDI) # 186, Norodom Blvd., P.O. Box 582, Phnom Penh, Cambodia info@ifredi-cambodia.org Website : CTU