NACREW Oral Presentations [presenting author underlined]

Transcription

1 NACREW Oral Presentations [presenting author underlined] Monday #1 session Lindsay Wells-Hansen, Sara Thomas-Sharma, and Patty McManus. Univ. WI and OSC. Overview of Tobacco streak virus and Blueberry shock virus. Kim Patten, David Bellamy, Chase Metzger. Washington State University, Ocean Spray. Cranberry field rot, storage rot, fresh fruit keeping quality, and yield in Washington as a function of variety, type of fungicide(s) applied, and the number and timing of applications. Jean-Pierre Deland, Reza Jalami, Léon-Étienne Parent and David Bellamy. Ocean Spray. Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on Fresh Fruit Keeping Quality Amaya Atucha and Beth Workmaster. University of Wisconsin. Root growth patterns in cranberries. Peter Jeranyama. UMass Cranberry Station. Spring frost prediction models in cranberry. Jenny L. Bolivar-Medina, Juan E. Zalapa, Sara E. Patterson, Camilo Villouta, Beth A. Workmaster and Amaya Atucha. University of Wisconsin. Cranberry bud formation and floral meristem development. Monday session #2 Martha M. Sylvia, Noel Hahn, Anne L. Averill. UMass. Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) foraging on Massachusetts cranberry. Shawn Steffan. ARS; University of Wisconsin. The USDA Cranberry Entomology Lab: Highlights from Cesar Rodriguez-Saona, Vera Kyryczenko-Roth, and Robert Holdcraft. Rutgers University, P.E. Marucci Center. Cranberry toad-bugs: What are they? Gavin Graham. New Brunswick Department of Agriculture, Aquaculture and Fisheries. New Brunswick Cranberry Industry Update. Nicholi Vorsa, Jennifer Johnson-Cicalese, Kim Patten, Cassie Bouska, and Robert Donaldson. Rutgers University. Performance of Welker, Haines, and other advanced selections in regional trials.

2 ABSTRACTS Session #1 Overview of Tobacco streak virus and Blueberry shock virus in cranberry L.D. Wells-Hansen 1,2, S. Thomas-Sharma 2, and P.S. McManus 2 1 Ocean Spray Cranberries Inc., Babcock, WI, USA; 2 University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. Tobacco streak virus (TSV) and Blueberry shock virus (BlShV) are associated with berry scarring symptoms in cranberries in several growing regions. The scarring symptoms associated with TSV and BlShV are identical, and the cause can only be distinguished when samples are tested for these viruses. Cranberry plants infected with TSV or BlShV recovered from symptoms the year after berry scarring occurred, but continued to test positive for the respective virus. Fruit set and berry weight were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in symptomatic, virus-positive cranberry plants, but recovered plants yielded comparably to healthy plants. Both viruses are systemic and can be detected in all plant parts. However, both viruses are unevenly distributed in plants, which can affect virus detection and transmission. BlShV is detected in cranberry pollen and seedlings, while TSV is detected only in pollen and not seedlings. Detection of these viruses in pollen suggests that pollen is a potential source of inoculum for the spread of these viruses. However, artificial inoculation of cranberry flowers by pollination did not result in disease transmission of either virus. Unlike BlShV, which is found only on one other host (i.e., blueberry), TSV has a wide host range. Phylogenetic analysis of the coat protein of isolates of TSV revealed variability among strains both within and between growing regions. BlShV on cranberry was relatively less variable, but did not indicate grouping by growing regions. Additionally, the coat protein of BlShV from cranberry shared only 90% identity compared to BlShV on blueberry, suggesting different strains on the two hosts. Although the immediate effect(s) of TSV and BlShV on cranberry seem to be minimal, the potential long-term effect(s) of these viruses, alone or in mixed infections with other viruses, remain unknown.

3 Cranberry field rot, storage rot, fresh fruit keeping quality and yield in Washington as a function of variety, type of fungicide(s) applied, and the number and timing of applications Kim Patten 1, Chase Metzger 1, and 2 David Bellamy. 1 Washington State University Long Beach Research and Extension Unit; 2 Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc., Washington. Replicated trials were conducted on cranberry beds with high levels of fruit rotting pathogens to assess fungicide effects on field rot, storage rot and yield. There was considerable variability between years, experiments and fungicide treatments. A few patterns emerged. Chlorothalonil applied early to mid-bloom consistently increased yield of marketable fruit (22 ± 9%) and reduced fruit rot (46 ± 8.6%). Similar patterns in fruit rot reduction were noted with combinations of azoxystrobin and prothioconazole and other combinations of groups 11 and 3 fungicides applied during bloom, but the effects on yield were less consistent. In multiple trials comparing the efficacy of single commercial fungicides applied during bloom, carboxamide + fluopyram, prothioconazole, and chlorothalonil all consistently increased yield and reduced fruit rot. Field and storage rot were assessed in decade-long variety trials in Oregon and Washington. Trials in Washington were fungicide-free. Crimson Queen, Scarlet Knight and BG s had consistently higher field and storage rot than other new releases and standard comparisons and 2016 packout data (% poor, 3 and 6 week keeping quality) from Washington s fresh fruit growers was analyzed as a function of growers fungicide programs. Pre-bloom applications appear to have had little impact on fruit rot. Beds with 5-6 in-bloom fungicides had better quality fruit than beds with fewer fungicide applications. Prothioconazole was the most effective in-bloom fungicide. Post-bloom chlorothalonil applications improved fruit quality.

4 Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on Cranberry Fresh Fruit Keeping Quality Jean-Pierre Deland 1, Reza Jalami 2, Léon-Étienne Parent 2 and David Bellamy 1 1 Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc.; 2 Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec. In this research project we compared the keeping quality of fruits harvested in plots fertilized during the last three years with 0, 13, 27, 40 and 54 lbs of nitrogen/acre. The nitrogen treatments were applied on small plots of 10 X 13 feet and split into four applications during bloom. The treatments were replicated two times per site in each of one organic and three conventional sites. The nitrogen fertilization had an effect on the keeping quality in both conventional and organic sites, with the best keeping quality obtained with a nitrogen fertilization of 0 or 13 lbs/acre (10% cumulative defects after 12 weeks). The worst keeping quality was obtained with a nitrogen fertilization of 54 lbs/acre (10% cumulative defects after 6 weeks). Most of the differences in keeping quality between treatments were related to fruit rot. As expected, the total percent weight of fruits smaller than 13/32 inches decreased and the number of white fruits increased as the amount of nitrogen fertilization increased. The highest average yield in the conventional sites was obtained in plots treated with 54 lbs of nitrogen/acre (43195 lbs/acre). It was closely followed by the plots treated with 27 and 40 lbs of nitrogen/acre ( lbs/acre lbs/acre respectively). Considering the keeping quality and the yield, the best nitrogen fertilization for fresh fruits in Quebec, based on this trial, seems to be between 27 and 40 lbs/acre, which confirms the standard recommendation in fresh fruit fertilization.

5 Root Growth Patterns in Cranberries Amaya Atucha and Beth Ann Workmaster Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison Understanding root growth dynamics in cranberry vines can help growers adjust and target production practices (e.g., irrigation, fertilization, agrochemical applications, disease control, etc.) to period of active root growth, thus increasing production efficiency and reducing environmental impacts. The main objective of this study was to characterize cranberry root growth dynamics and root morphological traits, and develop a root phenology model to increase production efficiency and sustainability. A total of sixteen minirhizotron root observation tubes were constructed and installed in an angled position (30 ) in the root zones of selected beds of Stevens and GH1 at a farm in the Tomah, Wisconsin area during the fall of Root images were recorded from April 2015 to January 2016, and from April 2016 to November Root image analysis was performed using WinRhizo Tron analysis software (Regent Instruments, Quebec, Canada) and JMP statistical analysis software. During 2015 and 2016, new root production began during bloom time, and continued until after harvest. The highest rate of root production happened during and after harvest, which corresponds to the cessation of vegetative growth on the above ground portion of the plants. Root activity and production extends past harvest into mid-late fall, which might suggest that more attention should be paid to soil moisture levels during fall given that roots are still up taking water and nutrients. Over 90% of new roots observed were located in the first 4 inches (10 cm) of soil, which could be related to irrigation management in the marsh where the study was located.

6 Spring Frost Prediction Models in Cranberry Peter Jeranyama UMass Amherst/Cranberry Station, 1 State Bog Rd, East Wareham, MA The cranberry industry in MA has long been served by predictive formulas for cranberry frost protection, diligently created by Dr. Franklin in the 1940s. Recently, climate patterns and grower winter management practices have changed, and in several of the last few years, a need for frost prediction as early as the last week of March has emerged. Likewise, in the fall, late harvesting has become a more regular practice, so that prediction for the first two weeks of November is also needed. Because the Franklin formulas were developed for specific seasonal periods, their use outside of these intervals yields unreliable results. To mitigate unreliable predictions outside the time periods used by Franklin, I. DeMoranville developed supplementary formulas that have not been adopted by the Cape Cod Cranberry Growers Association (CCCGA) for cranberry frost predictions. This project is developing new frost prediction models based upon the current body of agroclimatic research and information. Frost prediction models are being developed using logistic regression and decision tree techniques. Hit Rate (HR), Probability of Detection (POD), and False Alarm Rate (FAR) from both models were calculated and compared. Threshold values for the logistic regression models were selected to maximize HR and POD and minimize FAR, and the split for the decision tree models was stopped when change in entropy was relatively small. Although this approach is somewhat risky, it has the potential to unearth modern knowledge in this area and to develop new empirical formulas that bear no resemblance to the old. Models will be validated against historical data; however, emphasis will be placed on the period during which cranberry culture dramatically changed and where weather patterns seem to have shifted.

7 Cranberry bud formation and floral meristem development Jenny L. Bolivar-Medina, Juan E. Zalapa, Sara E. Patterson, Camilo Villouta, Beth A. Workmaster and Amaya Atucha Department of Horticulture. University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI. Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) is one of the few native fruit crops from North America, and Wisconsin is one of the main producers nationwide. Fruit production in cranberry fields rely on the ability of the uprights (vertical stems) to set buds with floral meristems for the following growing season. However, little is still known about bud formation and floral meristem development in cranberry cultivars. This study evaluates the presence and differentiation of floral initials within apical buds. Longitudinal and cross sections from both vegetative and fruiting uprights of two cultivars were analyzed. Periodical collections and histological analysis revealed differences in bud formation and floral meristems development between cultivars and upright types, across the growing season (June to August) and through dormancy (September to April).

8 Session #2 Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) foraging on Massachusetts cranberry. Martha M. Sylvia, Noel Hahn, Anne L. Averill UMass Cranberry Station and Department of Environmental Conservation, UMass Amherst Diversity and abundance of bees foraging on cranberry flowers in southeastern Massachusetts were studied during eight bloom periods between We documented six families, 20 genera, and 72 species of bees. However, no species of non-bombus (bumble bee) was abundant in any of the collection years. Ways in which the upland areas surrounding cultivated cranberry beds and cranberry itself may be inhospitable for many small-bodied bee populations with limited flight ranges are reviewed. The collection was dominated (>90%) by Bombus. Comparison with observations in the first half of the 20th century, together with collections made during a less intensive survey 25 years ago, suggest that two Bombus species are increasing in abundance, but that at least half of the Bombus species previously observed in this region have become very rare or locally extinct.

9 The USDA Cranberry Entomology Lab: Highlights from Shawn Steffan 1,2 1,2 USDA-ARS Vegetable Crops Research Unit, Madison WI; Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin at Madison Biological, chemical, and cultural control methods have been investigated as part of the cranberry crop protection program pursued in the USDA Cranberry Entomology Laboratory. Surveys of native entomopathogenic nematodes in Wisconsin have produced a new bioinsecticide agent (Oscheius onirici subsp. wisconsinensis), which shows high virulence against flea beetles, cranberry fruitworm, and sparganothis fruitworm. Other biological control studies have examined spider densities in flooded vs. sprayed cranberry beds, showing that flooding conserves hyper-abundant beneficial arthropod populations, such as spiders and springtails. Flooding also appears to directly reduce populations of black-headed fireworm and sparganothis fruitworm, while having no negative impact on the harvestable crop. Investigations of temperature-mediated development of sparganothis and cranberry fruitworm larvae have provided key spray windows, allowing for greater precision in insecticide use. Other chemical control work has involved the deployment of a multi-species mating disruption (MD) program for cranberries. Early evidence suggested that black-headed fireworm and cranberry fruitworm mating can be significantly reduced using a paraffin emulsion carrier, and importantly, berry infestation rates can be reduced below that of insecticides alone. The mechanization of MD deployment has involved the creation of novel extrusion devices, which have been successfully mounted on drones as well as boom-arm sprayers. Protection of the cranberry crop requires conservation of cranberry pollinators, and recent studies of native bee species have revealed that fungicides indirectly compromise larval bee health by suppressing certain fungi within fermenting pollen-provisions. Ongoing work will investigate the nature and magnitude of fungicide impacts on bee-microbe symbioses.

10 Cranberry Toad bugs: What are they? Cesar Rodriguez-Saona 1,2, Vera Kyryczenko-Roth 2, and Robert Holdcraft 2 1,2 Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Jersey; 2 Rutgers P.E. Marucci Center, New Jersey In recent years, there has been an increased concern among New Jersey cranberry growers for the potential increase in secondary pests, such as the cranberry toad bug Phylloscelis atra (Hemiptera: Dictyopharidae), because of changes in pest management strategies (e.g., adoption of new reduced-risk products and decreased applications of broad-spectrum insecticides). In 2013, we observed damage in cranberry bogs caused by the cranberry toad bug in New Jersey. Here we report results from studies being conducted to: 1) determine the life cycle of cranberry toad bugs in New Jersey cranberries; 2) determine the impact of toad bug feeding damage on cranberries, and 3) assess the efficacy of various insecticides against toad bugs. Our results from 2016 show that 1st instar nymphs start to appear by the end of June, and develop throughout July and August until early September. Adults are active from the end of July through October (harvest), and eggs are laid from end of August through October. To determine the impact of toad bugs on cranberry vine health and fruit quality, we conducted studies to characterize their feeding damage to cranberries at various densities. Treatments consisted of 0 (control), 10, 25, or 50 toad bug nymphs, replicated 5 times. Nymphs were used as they are the main target of insecticide applications and the cause of most of the early damage to the vines. Toad bug damage to uprights differed among treatments. Although there were no differences in number of damaged uprights between the control and 10 toad bugs, damage to uprights was three times higher at densities equal or greater than 25 toad bugs. No differences were found on number of damaged fruit or fruit weight. In 2016, we evaluated the efficacy of a late season application of nine insecticides (plus an untreated control) against toad bugs. A cranberry bog (var. Early Black ) located at the Rutgers P.E. Marucci Center was divided into 40 (4.5 m x 6 m) plots for a total of 10 treatments replicated four times. Plots were sprayed on 5 August using a customized 2.4 m boom sprayer, and insecticide treatments were applied in 20 gal water per ha. Vacuumed samples were taken on 3 August (pre-treatment) and on 12 August (post-treatment) from 1 m2 sections in each plot with a 2-cycle backpack aspirator. Lorsban, Sevin, Diazinon, Brigade, Agri-Mek, and Assail were effective at controlling toad bugs, whereas Beleaf, Exirel, and Closer were not effective. These studies are being repeated in 2017.

11 New Brunswick Cranberry Industry Update Gavin L. Graham New Brunswick Department of Agriculture, Aquaculture and Fisheries (NBDAAF), P.O. Box 6000; Fredericton, NB; E3B 5H1; New Brunswick growers produced cranberries on over 900 acres in 2016 and had a record harvest of 13,780 barrels last season. Growers are having difficulty navigating the low price concerns, and have begun to limit expenses and treatments as best they can. They are monitoring for pesticide application more than ever and have moved towards more effective use of irrigation in recent years. Weeds are beginning to be more problematic in fields, but this could also be from a mild winter. Other pest pressures have been low in One grower had extensive early leaf drop in the spring, but plants have recovered. Under a Growing Forward 2 program, the industry can access financial assistance as an incentive to plant higher yielding or earlier maturing varieties. The program will assist with the purchase of plants and associated movement costs. All other costs are not supported. Approximately 5 acres have been approved for planting. Another program helped support the purchase of the updated Identification Guide for Weeds in Cranberries, one for each farm in New Brunswick. Recent herbicide trial results have been inconsistent, mainly due to inadequate weed species and densities in trials from Crop tolerance has been adequate for most herbicides tested, with improved safety from applications made before bud break.

12 Performance of Welker, Haines and other advanced selections in regional trials Nicholi Vorsa 1,2, Jennifer Johnson-Cicalese 2, Kim Patten 3, Cassie Bouska 4, and Robert Donaldson 5 1 Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Rd, Foran Hall, New Brunswick, NJ; 2 Rutgers University, Marucci Center, 125A Lake Oswego Road, Chatsworth, NJ; 3 Washington State University Long Beach Research and Extension Unit, Long Beach, WA; 4 Coos/Curry County Extension, Oregon State University, 631 Alder Street, Myrtle Point, OR; 5 Donaldson Farm, Hwy 101, Langlois, OR The objective of this study was to assess advanced selections from Rutgers cranberry breeding program, along with recently released cultivars, for their performance in different cranberry growing regions. Results are presented from trials in New Jersey, Wisconsin, Oregon, and Washington. The trials were evaluated for plant vigor, yield, berry weight, fruit rot, other relevant diseases, and fruit chemistry (TAcy, Brix, titratable acidity and proanthocyanidin). Differences were found between locations in cranberry performance. Fruit in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) is smaller (a trial mean of 1.3g/berry) compared to NJ (2.3g). The Oregon trial had the highest mean TAcy (73mg/100g fruit) and Brix (10.1% soluble solids) of any growing region. Wisconsin trials typically exhibit the highest yields. Although highly variable, Wisconsin also had less fruit rot (a trial mean of 4.4% rotted fruit), especially compared to New Jersey (35%). Differences were apparent between locations in cultivar performance as well. Welker, for example, had exceptional establishment and high early yields, but was more susceptible to fruit rot and would not be as well suited to the Northeast. Our breeding program continues to address the changing needs of the cranberry industry, including increasing fruit rot resistance (FRR), climatic adaptation (heat stress), and varieties suited for current major products, e.g., sweetened dried cranberries (SDC). For example, the fruit color criteria has changed for some SDC s processes (i.e. very high Tacy is unacceptable), making later ripening selections such as NJS98-11 better suited for high TAcy growing regions, e.g., PNW. In Oregon, NJS98-11 had a mean TAcy of 28mg/100g fruit, compared to Stevens at 70mg/100g FW or Scarlet Knight, 191mg/100g FW. Increasing fungicide restrictions and fruit rot pressure has made the development of FRR cultivars a high priority. Promising first generation FRR breeding selections have been developed and are performing well in WA, WI, and NJ trials. Second and 3 rd breeding cycle populations derived from FRR selections have now been planted in three locations.