Grant Objectives. USDA-ARS, Appalachian Fruit Research Station Insect Behavior and Ecology Laboratory

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1 Behaviorally Based Evaluation of Insecticides for Brown Marmorated Stink Bug: Translating Laboratory Results to Field Effectiveness Starker E. Wright and Tracy C. Leskey USDA-ARS, Appalachian Fruit Research Station Insect Behavior and Ecology Laboratory Doo-Hyung Lee Starker Wright Torri Hancock Sean Wiles Cameron Scorza Brent Short John Cullum Rebecca Posa Tracy Leskey USDA-ARS Appalachian Fruit Research Station Kearneysville, West Virginia USDA-NIFA Specialty Crop Research Initiative USDA-NIFA Critical Issues USDA-APHIS USDA-ARS Fourteen Cooperating Institutions From 10 States USDA-ARS Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Kearneysville, WV Beneficial Insects Introduction Research Unit, Newark, DE Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, Beltsville, MD Horticultural Crops Research Unit, Corvallis, OR The Pennsylvania State University Washington State University North Carolina State University Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Rutgers University Northeastern IPM Center Oregon State University University of Maryland University of Delaware Cornell University Photo Courtesy of Chris Bergh Biology, Ecology, and Management of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in Orchard Crops, Small Fruit, Grapes, Vegetables, and Ornamentals USDA-NIFA SCRI Coordinated Agricultural Project Grant Objectives 1. Establish biology and phenology of BMSB in specialty crops. 2. Develop monitoring and management tools for BMSB. 3. Establish effective management programs for BMSB in specialty crops. 4. Integrate stakeholder input and research findings to form and deliver practical outcomes. Biology, Ecology, and Management of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in Orchard Crops, Small Fruit, Grapes, Vegetables, and Ornamentals USDA-NIFA SCRI Coordinated Agricultural Project Brown Marmorated Stink Bug is an Invasive Species Native to China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. History of BMSB in the United States Introduced into USA? First suspected specimens collected in Allentown, PA First properly identified specimen in the USA. Collected in Allentown, PA First confirmed MD specimen Hagerstown, MD First confirmed NJ specimen First confirmed WV specimen Falling Waters, WV Severe crop injury in WV, MD, NJ, DE, VA and PA in tree fruit, small fruit, vegetables, row crops, and vineyards. Serious late season injury in tree fruit observed in WV First reports of late season injury in tree fruit in WV Season-long pressure throughout the region. Aggressive chemicallybased management programs undertaken. Localized reports of injury in Allentown area

2 Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Life History Two generations per year in the mid- Atlantic region. Developmental period lasts ~50d from egg to adult. Current Distribution of BMSB in the United States Egg Mass 1 st Broad Host Range host plants including tree fruit, small fruit, grapes, vegetables, legumes, and ornamentals. Native natural enemies unlikely to control populations. 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th Adult Male Adult Female Severe Agricultural and Nuisance Problems Reported Nuisance Problems Only Detected BMSB IPM Working Group, November 30 th 2011 BMSB Early Season Activity April June BMSB spotted in our experimental orchards by late April. Began photographing BMSB during the early season to document the presence of adult activity. Montmorency Cherry May 5 Loring Peach (20 mm Fruit) May 10 Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Feeding Injury Surface and Internal Injury Loring Peach at ~15 mm Appalachian Fruit Research Station Kearneysville, WV May 2011 Granny Smith Apple June 10 Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 2

3 Adult and Nymphal Feeding on Peach July 21 Seckel Pear June 10 Appearance of BMSB Injury in Stone Fruit Late June Mid-July Adult and Nymphal Feeding on Corn August 3 Adult and Nymphal Feeding on Tomato Early to Mid-August Adult and Nymphal Feeding on Pepper Early to Mid-August Photos courtesy of Clarissa Mathews, Shepherd Univ. and Ames Herbert, VA Tech. Photos courtesy of Ames Herbert, VA Tech. 3

4 Adult and Nymphal Feeding on Soybean Mid-August Ornamentals and Nursery Crops Mid-August Photos courtesy of Stan Fultz and Galen Dively Photo courtesy of Kim Hoelmer Late-Season Feeding in Grape Early September Feeding Injury on Nut Crops (Hazelnuts) September 5 Photos courtesy of Doug Pfeiffer Photo courtesy of Dean Polk Late-Season Feeding on Stone Fruit September 5 Intense Late-Season Feeding on Apple Late August-September 4

5 BMSB Injury to Apple Late August-Early September Overwintering Survivorship Survivorship of the overwintered population was high with bulk of the population moving from wood lots and other natural areas. Injury severe and deep in flesh rendering fruit unacceptable for fresh market. 37 million dollars lost in mid-atlantic apples in 2010 to BMSB feeding injury. Questions of premature drop? New Hosts Identified Impact of Asian-Origin Invasive Host Plants Early-season invasion by overwintered bugs into wheat. Cultivated hosts such as eggplant. Ornamentals such as crepe myrtle. Tree of heaven, Ailanthus altissima; Empress tree, Paulownia tomentosa; kudzu; and wineberries, Rubus phoenicolasius Native Host Plants Box elder and other maple species, white ash, and hackberry 5

6 BMSB is a Landscape-Level Threat Invasive Tree-of-Heaven Native Woody Hosts Corn Apple Photo Courtesy of Chris Bergh BMSB Objectives Short-Term: Define a rational chemically based management strategy first as an immediate emergency stop-gap rescue strategy, and second as part of a sustainable pest management plan. Medium-Term: (1) Define the basic biology, phenology, and behavior of BMSB in agroecosystems, urban landscapes, and in native, unmanaged habitats; (2) Establish the host range and preference of BMSB for both cultivated and wild hosts as well as susceptibility of cultivated hosts; (3) Assess and survey BMSB populations to establish geographic distribution, population density and potential spread; (4) Develop an effective stimulus-based monitoring tool for BMSB and effective attract-and-kill management strategy for BMSB. Long-Term: Establish biological control efforts. Defining the Targeted Population BMSB capable of reproduction within orchard plots. Control of this population targets all life stages. Constant (season-long) pressure from outside orchards continuously re-infests plots. Immigrating/emigrating adults are unlikely to encounter direct contact with finished (wet) spray material. Control of this population depends on sustained effectiveness of residue. Testing Protocol BMSB adults (15 male/15 female) placed individually in treated glass dishes. Mobility parameters recorded after 0.0, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 hours of residence in arenas. Total distance moved Total time spent moving % of time walking/moving Mean and maximum velocity 6

7 Testing Protocol Bugs removed to clean dishes after 4.5-hour exposure, and subjected to vertical mobility (cylinder climbing) trial. Individual bugs placed on food, and bug condition (alive, moribund, dead) recorded for 7 consecutive days post-exposure. After 7 days, each bug re-tested in vertical climbing cylinders. Testing Protocol Individual bugs placed on food, and bug condition (alive, affected, moribund, dead) recorded for 7 consecutive days post-exposure. Two-pronged examination: How quickly do toxicant effects take hold? How profound are the effects of exposure? No assessment of persistent/sublethal effects. Pyrethroids Bifenthrin Fenpropathrin Permethrin Gamma-Cyhalothrin Beta-Cyfluthrin Lambda-Cyhalothrin Zeta Cypermethrin Cyfluthrin Esfenvalterate Organophosphates Dimethoate Malathion Methidathion Chlorpyrifos Acephate Azinphosmethyl Diazinon Phosmet Material Selections, 2011 Neonicotinoids Dinotefuran Thiamethoxam Clothianidin Imidacloprid Acetamiprid Thiacloprid Other Classes Endosulfan Tolfenpyrad (SC and EC) Pyrifluquinazon Kaolin Clay Abamectin Indoxacarb Spirotetramat Flonicamid Cyantraniliprole Carbamates Methomyl Formetanate HCl Oxamyl Carbaryl Biopesticides MBI-203 MBI-205 MBI-206 Combination Materials Chlorpyrifos+ Gamma-Cyhalothrin Kaolin Clay+ Thiamethoxam Concentrations of insecticide per unit carrier (water alone) determined based on application of 100 gallons per acre, applied at field volume. Methods of Interpretation Time-phased, graphical interpretation of permanence/finality of insecticide effects. Dichotomous interpretation of increasing or decreasing insecticide effects over the duration of the study. Lethality Index for interpretation and direct comparison of effects over time. Bifenthrin (Brigade 32 oz/100 gal Fenpropathrin (Danitol oz/100 gal Methomyl Combined (Lannate 1 lb/100 gal Formetanate Hydrochloride (Carzol 1.25 lbs/100 gal % % % Bifenthrin Fenpropathrin Methomyl Formetanate HCl Cyfluthrin (Tombstone oz/100 gal Esfenvalerate (Asana XL EC 14.5 oz/100 gal Oxamyl (Vydate 3.0 pts/100 gal Carbaryl (Sevin 2.0 qts/100 gal % % % Cyfluthrin Esfenvalerate Oxamyl Carbaryl 7

8 % ( + ) at Day 7 % ( + ) at Day 7 % ( + ) at Day 7 Malathion (Malathion 6 pts/100 gal Chlorpyrifos(Lorsban 4.0 pts/100 gal Dinotefuran (Safari oz/100 gal Thiamethoxam (Actara 4.5 oz/100 gal Malathion Chlorpyrifos Dinotefuran Thiamethoxam Azinphosmethyl (Guthion 3 lbs/100 gal Phosmet (Imidan 4.0 lbs/100 gal Clothianidin (Clutch oz/100 gal Acetamiprid (Assail oz/100 gal Azinphosmethyl Phosmet Clothianidin Acetamiprid Endosulfan (Thiodan 1.67 qts/100 gal Indoxacarb (Avaunt 6.0 oz/100 gal Tolfenpyrad (Tolfenpyrad SC 21 oz/100 gal Endosulfan Kaolin (Surround lbs/100 gal Indoxacarb Oxamyl Tolfenpyrad Kaolin Clay % ( + ) at Day 0 Chlorpyrifos Malathion Thiacloprid Acetamiprid % ( + ) at Day 0 % ( + ) at Day 0 8

9 % ( + ) at Day 7 % ( + ) at Day 7 % ( + ) at Day 7 INCREASED DECREASED % ( + ) at Day 0 % ( + ) at Day 0 Tolfenpyrad (SC) Pyrifluquinazon Kaolin Clay Diazinon Abamectin Phosmet Chlorpyrifos INCREASED Dimethoate Kaolin + Thiamethoxam Bifenthrin Malathion Methidathion Methomyl Acephate Endosulfan Fenpropathrin Permethrin Dinotefuran Clothianidin Formetanate HCl Lambda-cyhalothrin Thiamethoxam Gamma-cyhalothrin Beta-cyfluthrin Imidacloprid Esfenvalerate Zeta-Cypermethrin Oxamyl Cyfluthrin Tofenpyrad (EC) Lethality Index = Lethality Index Day [(BMSB x 0.0) + (BMSB x 0.5) + (BMSB x 1.0)] The maximum value of the Lethality Index for each material is 100.0; the minimum value is 0.0, and compounds are ranked in descending order of value. 240 x 100 Indoxacarb Flonicamid Spirotetramat Water Carbaryl Thiacloprid DECREASED Acetamiprid * After testing ~45 materials, the Lethality Index was modified to accommodate four conditional categories: (0.0); (0.25); (0.75); and (1.0). This change in conditional interpretation does not change the comparability of Lethality Index across tested materials. Cyantraniliprole % ( + ) at Day 0 Lethality Index Dinotefuran Retest (Scorpion 35 0 oz/100 gal Dinotefuran Retest (Scorpion oz/100 gal Active Trade Lethality Active Trade Lethality Ingredient Name Index Ingredient Name Index Chlorpyrifos/Gamma-Cyhalothrin Cobalt 95.4 Oxamyl Vydate 46.8 Dimethoate Cygon 93.3 MBI-203 MBI Malathion Malathion 92.5 Esfenvalerate Asana 43.3 Bifenthrin Brigade 91.5 Imidacloprid Provado 40.0 Endosulfan Thionex 90.4 Tolfenpyrad SC Tolfenpyrad SC 36.5 Methidathion Supracide 90.4 MBI-205 MBI Methomyl Lannate 90.1 Tolfenpyrad EC Tolfenpyrad EC 33.3 Chlorpyrifos Lorsban 89.0 Pyrifluquinazon Pyrifluquinazon 28.3 Acephate Orthene 87.5 Kaolin Clay Surround 23.1 Fenpropathrin Danitol 78.3 Diazinon Diazinon 20.4 Permethrin Permethrin 77.1 Phosmet Imidan 20.0 Azinphosmethyl Guthion 71.3 Acetamiprid Assail 18.8 Dinotefuran Safari 67.3 Thiacloprid Calypso 18.3 Kaolin Clay/Thiamethoxam Particle Delivery 66.7 Abamectin Agri-Mek 16.3 Formetanate HCl Carzol 63.5 Indoxacarb Avaunt 11.3 Gamma-Cyhalothrin Proaxis 59.0 Spirotetramat Movento 9.8 Zinc Dimethyldithiocarbamate Ziram 57.5 Carbaryl Sevin 9.2 Thiamethoxam Actara 56.3 Water Control Clothianidin Clutch 55.6 Flonicamid Beleaf 7.7 Beta-Cyfluthrin Baythroid 54.8 Water Control Lambda-Cyhalothrin Warrior 52.9 Water Control Zeta-Cypermethrin Mustang Max 52.1 Water Control Cyfluthrin Tombstone 49.0 Water Control MBI-206 MBI Cyantraniliprole Cyazypyr 1.7 Water (Control) 7.7 oz/100 gal Dinotefuran Retest (Scorpion oz/100 gal Dinotefuran Retest (Scorpion oz/100 gal oz/100 gal. 6 7 Dinotefuran 3.4 oz/100 gal. Dinotefuran Dinotefuran 9

10 % Fruit Injury % Fruit Injury % Fruit Injury % Fruit Injury Monitored Orchards (All) Non-Destructive/Destructive Fruit Sampling (Peach) Presence of Feeding Injury Monitored Orchard 1 Non-Destructive/Destructive Fruit Sampling (Peach) Presence of Corking Injury Fruit Size (Diameter) 70.0 Leverage Thionex 70.0 LeverageLamcap Lamcap Lamcap 60.0 Thionex Thionex Lamcap Lamcap Thionex Lamcap Thionex Thionex Lamcap Lamcap Leverage Endigo Lannate Endigo Lannate Endigo Sample Date Sample Date Historical Economic Injury Level Regional Average (Perimeter) Injury in Peripheral Zone Monitored Orchard 5 Non-Destructive/Destructive Fruit Sampling (Peach) Presence of Corking Injury Monitored Orchard 4 Non-Destructive/Destructive Fruit Sampling (Peach) Presence of Corking Injury Provado 70.0Lamcap 60.0 Diazinon Actara Diazinon Lannate Danitol Assail Baythroid Imidan Danitol Thionex Thionex Lannate Danitol Thionex Venom Venom Venom Sample Date Sample Date Injury in Peripheral Zone Injury in Peripheral Zone Impact of Aggressive Insecticide Programs Costs are up tremendously, including materials (insecticides, fuel, spray equipment) and labor. Growers are relying on materials that are slated for cancellation. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs have been devastated because of need for broad spectrum insecticides. Secondary pest problems are requiring treatment. This approach is not sustainable. Conclusions, Chemical Management There is a huge range of insecticide effects within chemical classes. No chemical class uniformly outperformed all others, but representatives of each major class demonstrated potential value for field use. Even at highest doses of the most effective insecticides, BMSB are very hard to kill. Potential for recovery from moribund state was demonstrated for some pyrethroids and neonicotinoids. Success in laboratory evaluations does not always translate to field but failure does. 10

11 % % % Field Residual Efficacy Trials Field Residual Efficacy Trials BMSB emigration, immigration and avoidance behavior. BMSB may not get sprayed. Test Interval : Sprayer (100 gpa) Test Interval: & 24 h A, F, M, D 7 d Comparison with laboratory testing. 24 h How often to spray and with what chemical? A, F, M, D 7 d Four trials 1: June 22* 2: August 8 3: September 12 4: October 4 Lab versus Field Evaluations at Lab versus Field Evaluations at Lab Methomyl (Lannate 1.0 lb/100 gal Lannate Lab Thiamethoxam (Actara 4.5 oz/100 gal Actara Lab Endosulfan (Thiodan 1.67 qts/100 gal Thionex Lab Bifenthrin (Brigade 32 oz/100 gal Brigade Field Methomyl (Lannate 1 lb/100 gal Lannate Field Actara Field Endosulfan (Thionex 1 1 / 3qts/100 gal Thionex Field Bifenthrin 32.0 oz/100 gal Brigade Lannate SP Exposure Time Actara Lannate SP versus Overwintered Bugs Field Methomyl (Lannate 1.0 lb/100 gal 24 h Field 24 h Methomyl (Lannate 1.0 lb/100 gal Methomyl (Lannate 1.0 lb/100 gal Field 4.5-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots Methomyl (Lannate 1.0 lb/100 gal 4.5 h Field 4.5 h 4.5-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots Methomyl (Lannate 1.0 lb/100 gal 11

12 Lannate SP versus New-Generation Bugs Actara versus Overwintered Bugs Methomyl (Lannate 1 lb/100 gal Methomyl (Lannate 1 lb/100 gal Methomyl (Lannate 1 lb/100 gal Actara versus New-Generation Bugs Thionex EC Chemical Only Endosulfan (Thionex 1 1 / 3qts/100 gal Endosulfan (Thionex 1 1 / 3qts/100 gal Endosulfan (Thionex 1 1 / 3qts/100 gal Thionex EC + Induce (Adjuvant) Endosulfan (Thionex 1 1 / 3qts/100 gal + 2 pts/100 gal Endosulfan (Thionex 1 1 / 3qts/100 gal + 2 pts/100 gal Endosulfan (Thionex 1 1 / 3qts/100 gal + 2 pts/100 gal Lethality Index Lab Results versus Field Residual Lethality Index Active Ingredient Lab Assays 0-Day Field 3-Day Field 7-Day Field Malathion Bifenthrin Endosulfan Methomyl Fenpropathrin Dinotefuran Thiamethoxam Clothianidin Lambda-Cyhalothrin Cyfluthrin Water

13 Mean No. Per Trap Belay (Clothianidin) Effects of Rainfall Belay (Clothianidin) Effects of Rainfall Clothianidin 6 oz/100 gal Clothianidin 6 oz/100 gal Clothianidin 6oz/100 gal Clothianidin 6oz/100 gal Clothianidin 6 oz/100 gal Date Rainfall (in.) October 4 0 Clothianidin 6oz/100 gal Date Rainfall (in.) September October 5 0 September 13 0 October 6 0 October 7 0 October 8 0 September September September 16 0 October 9 0 October 10 0 September September 18 0 October September 19 0 Challenges Emerging Large Farms If it already takes 7 days to cover the farm, then options are severely limited. Diversified Farms Essentially all PYO and farm-market crops are at risk. Residual Effectiveness Few materials demonstrating greater than 5 days of kill of immigrating bugs. Label Restrictions Seasonal maximum applications/seasonal maximum amounts will come into play very quickly for materials that prove effective. Development of Effective Monitoring Tools Tools that provide accurate measurements of presence, abundance, and seasonal activity of BMSB. Growers can make informed management decisions. Visual Stimulus Large black pyramid Olfactory Stimulus 66 mg methyl (2E,4E,6Z)- decatrienoate lure (replaced every 4 weeks) Capture Mechanism Tapered pyramid to inverted funnel jar with DDVP toxicant strip (replaced every 4 weeks) Deployment Strategy Traps placed in peripheral row of orchard, monitored weekly for the full season (April 1- November 18) Captures in Traps Baited With #10 Significantly Greater 9-30 September b b #2 #6 #9 #10 Unbaited Treatment Traps baited with #10 captured ~15x more than control and ~3-4x more than other treatments. b a b 13

14 Mean No. Per Trap What s Next for Experimental Odor Lures? Documenting earlyseason attraction to #10. Formulation, utility, and commercialization. Behavior, biology, and ecology. A Total of 21 Traps Baited With Light-Based Stimuli a ab ab bc Treatments #1, #2, and #3 Captured 200x-400x More Adult BMSB Than Unbaited Traps #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Unbaited Treatment Captured 13,457 Adult BMSB in ~6 Weeks During Late Summer c c c What s Next for Experimental Visual Traps? Behaviorally Based Management Strategies Documenting early-season attraction to light-based stimuli. Surround as a tactile deterrent or part of a pushpull strategy Baited attract and kill trap trees using olfactory and visual cues Engineering, utility, and commercialization. Behavior, biology, and ecology. Thermal Imaging (Thermography): Searching for Natural Overwintering Sites 14

15 1. Inside the tree tissue 2. Under the tree bark Conclusions, 2011 BMSB has demonstrated an uncanny ability to capitalize on available native and non-native resources for feeding, oviposition, and overwintering. BMSB poses an unprecedented threat to both agroecological and agro-urban landscapes. This is a very expensive problem economically, ecologically, and emotionally. Two channels hold promise: classical biological control (release of a parasite from native range) and behavioral control (using the power of aggregation against the bug). If it bleeds, we can kill it. Accurate Websites with Information on BMSB