October 2014 Crop growth 15 October 2014 Pergamino
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1 October Crop growth October Pergamino Dr Derrick Moot Professor of Plant Science
2 ENVIRONMENT Nutrient availability Temperature Daylength Solar radiation Soil moisture/ Rain Mineral nutrition MANAGEMENT Cultivar Sowing date Population Fertilizer Irrigation Phenological development Canopy development Biomass accumulation Yield Partitioning PROCESSES Quality Relationship between environment and management factors and the physiological processes that regulate crop yield and quality. (Source: Hay & Porter ).
3 The canopy: the energy capture device
4 Basic model for yield analysis Yield= PAR o x (PAR i /PAR o ) x RUE shoot (adapt. Monteith, 977) MJ/m PAR i x = RUE shoot g shoot DM/m MJ/m g DM/MJ
5 Irrigated C (g m - ) 9 Dryland Q (MJ m - ) Total DM production (C) from successive harvests and intercepted PAR (Q) for field peas in experiments in seasons with different cultivars, sowing times and irrigation treatments. The form of the regression is:.±. g DM/MJ PAR (R =.97). Wilson 987
6 Total DM (t/ha) Sugar beet Potatoes Barley Apples..... Intercepted solar radiation (GJ/m ) Monteith, 977
7 Light - Photosynthesis to produce CHO s for growth. - Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is in the visible range (-7nm). - Conversion of PAR to DM ~. g DM /MJ/m for C plants ~.8 g DM /MJ/m for C plants
8 Basic model for yield analysis Yield= PAR o x (PAR i /PAR o ) x RUE x HI - grain crops Yield= PAR o x (PAR i /PAR o ) x RUE shoot - vegetative crops PAR o : Incident PAR (MJ/m ) PAR i : Intercepted PAR (MJ/m ) PAR i /PAR o : Fractional PAR interception (-) RUE: Radiation use efficiency (g DM/MJ PAR) HI: Harvest index (-) Challenges for the use of the model for lucerne: Perennial crop RUE shoot differs seasonally (C and N reserves in roots) Effect of perennial reserves on shoot yield
9 Proposed model for yield analysis Yield= PAR o x (PAR i /PAR o ) x RUE total x (-p root ) RUE shoot MJ/m PAR i RUE total x x (- p root ) = Shoot biomass MJ/m g DM/MJ g DM/MJ Experiments to develop the model..
10 Experiment grazing 8 days resting days grazing Blocks Block L S_L L_S S Block L L_S S_L S Block S_L S L_S L Block S L S_L 8 m L_S.7 m lane 7. days resting days grazing Teixeira
11 Shoot Yield Yield= PAR o x (PAR i /PAR o ) x RUE total x -(p root )
12 Shoot DM (t/ha) Shoot yield Seasonal 7 8 (a) LL (b) LS (c) SL (d) SS Jun Aug Oct Dec Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Teixeira et al. 7a, b Annual stem leaf / / LL LS SL SS Defoliation regimes
13 / Shoot yield 8 ~. t DM/ha/year in LL Shoot yield (t DM/ha) 9 leaf stem / 8 9 LL LS SL SS Defoliation regimes
14 PAR interception Yield= PAR o x (PAR i /PAR o ) x RUE total x -(p root )
15 PAR interception Fractional PAR interception (PAR i /PAR o ) y=-exp(-.8x), R =.9 LAI crit =. 7 8 Teixeira et al. 7c Leaf area index LL LS SL SS Leaf area index (a) LL (b) LS (c) SL (d) SS Aug Oct Dec Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct
16 Model for perennial crops Yield= PAR o x (PAR i /PAR o ) x RUE shoot APSIM Yield= PAR o x (PAR i /PAR o ) x RUE total x -(p root ) PAR o : Incident PAR (MJ/m ) PAR i : Intercepted PAR (MJ/m ) PAR i /PAR o : Fractional PAR interception (-) RUE: Radiation use efficiency (g DM/MJ PAR) p root : Fractional partitioning of DM to roots (-)
17 Moot et al. Vegetative growth Jan Growth rate (kg DM/ha/d) 8 July Spring Autumn 8 Mean temperature ( o C) Feb
18 Moot et al. Partitioning to roots Tap root dry weight (t/ha) day 8-day A S O N D J F M A Month
19 Annual shoot yield and PAR i 7 LL / LS / Annual shoot yield (g DM/m ) 8 SL / SS / LL / LS / SL / SS / y=.x R = Σ PAR i (MJ/m ) Teixeira et al. 7c
20 The partitioning of DM to roots differs Within cycles Shoot biomass Seasonally Root biomass
21 Modelling Thermal-time ( o Cd/day) Fractional PAR interception (a) (c) Mean air temperature ( o C). 7 Leaf area index LAER (m /m o Cd) h temperature factor Period of the day ( to 8) Photoperiod (h) (b) (d) 8 Phyllochron ( o Cd/leaf) 8 8 (e) Photoperiod (h) RUE total (g DM/MJ PAR i ). (f) Mean air temperature ( o C) Partitioning to roots (p root ). (g) Tsoil/Tair Partitioning to leaves (pleaf) (h) Shoot yield (t/ha) Teixeira et al. 9
22 Predictions of shoot yield Shoot DM yield (t/ha) RMSD =. t/ha % mean Measured Simulated Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr Jul Oct Teixeira et al.
23 Conclusions Dry matter = light int. x RUE Light interception - more variable than RUE RUE is conservative Alfalfa - seasonal/rotational partitioning Model then to explain treatment effects (defoliation, climate change, etc.)
24 Validation of the APSIM-Lucerne model for development in a cool-temperate climate D.J. Moot, M.J. Roberston and K.M. Pollock Agriculture & Life Sciences Faculty, P.O. Box 88, Lincoln University, Canterbury 77, New Zealand. CSIRO/Agricultural Production Systems Research Unit, Long Pocket, Queensland, Australia.
25 Objectives Use the APSIM model to simulate lucerne development in a cool-temperate climate Test the model in its original and modified form
26 APSIM-Lucerne simulation Number of nodes Original Modified Observed Oct 9 Apr 97 Oct 97 Apr 98 Oct 98 Apr 99 Date
27 Conclusions Thermal time to early-bud decreased at longer photoperiods. The phyllochron for Kaituna lucerne was faster in spring and summer than in autumn. With calibration, APSIM predicted early-bud and node appearance for lucerne in New Zealand
28 References & Links Dryland Pastures Website: Dryland Pastures Blog: Lincoln University student website: Hay, R. J. M. and Porter, J. R.. The Physiology of Crop Yield (nd Ed). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. Monteith, J. L Climate and the efficiency of crop production in Britain. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, 8, Moot, D. J., Brown, H. E., Teixeira, E. I. and Pollock, K. M.. Crop growth and development affect seasonal priorities for lucerne management. In: D. J. Moot (ed). Legumes for Dryland Pastures Proceedings of a New Zealand Grassland Association Inc Symposium held at Lincoln University, 8-9 November,. Christchurch: New Zealand Grassland Association, -8. Online: Moot, D. J., Robertson, M. J. and Pollock, K. M.. Validation of the APSIM-Lucerne model for phenological development in a cool-temperate climate. Science and Technology: Delivering Results for Agriculture? Proceedings of the th Australian Agronomy Conference. January Online: Teixeira, E. I.. Understanding growth and development of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) crops with contrasting levels of perennial reserves. Ph.D. thesis, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Canterbury. 7 pp. Online: Teixeira, E. I., Moot, D. J., Brown, H. E. and Fletcher, A. L. 7a. The dynamics of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) yield components in response to defoliation frequency. European Journal of Agronomy,, 9-. Online: Teixeira, E. I., Moot, D. J. and Mickelbart, M. V. 7b. Seasonal patterns of root C and N reserves of lucerne crops (Medicago sativa L.) grown in a temperate climate were affected by defoliation regime. European Journal of Agronomy,, -. Online: Teixeira, E. I., Moot, D. J., Brown, H. E. and Pollock, K. M. 7c. How does defoliation management impact on yield, canopy forming processes and light interception of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) crops? European Journal of Agronomy, 7, -. Online: Teixeira, E. I., Moot, D. J. and Brown, H. E. 9. Modelling seasonality of dry matter partitioning and root maintenance respiration in lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) crops. Crop and Pasture Science,, Online: Teixiera E.I., Brown H.E., Moot D.J., Menkeen E.. Growth and phenological development patterns differ between seedling- and regrowth-stage in lucerne crops (Medicago sativa L.). European Journal of Agronomy (): 7-. Online: Wilson, D. R New approaches to understanding the growth and yield of pea crops. Peas: Management for quality. Special Publication No., Agronomy Society of New Zealand, -8.
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