4R UPDATE Sally Flis, CCA, Ph.D. Director of Agronomy The Fertilizer Institute

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1 4R UPDATE 2017 Sally Flis, CCA, Ph.D. Director of Agronomy The Fertilizer Institute

2 Water Quality Sustainability Nutrient Use Efficiency Green House Gas Goals Soil Health Water Pollution Air Quality Regulation Nutrient Loss Facebook/Twitter

3 Hypoxia Task Force Report 20% Reduction Target 20% Reduction Target

4 Hypoxia Task Force Report

5 GHG Emissions Nitrous Oxide Loss

6 Reduce GHG emissions across value chain by 25% by 2020 Reduce GHG emissions across value chain by 28% by 2025, & sustainably sourcing 100% of our 10 priority ingredients by 2020 Halve GHG impact of products across the lifecycle by 2020 Fertilizer optimization on 14 M acres of U.S. farmland by 2020 Responsibly source top 10 ingredients & materials by 2020

7 Reduce GHG emissions across value chain by 28% by 2025, & sustainably sourcing 100% of our 10 priority ingredients by 2020

8 General Mills

9 Industry Updates Walmart Gigaton Challenge The adoption of best-in-class agricultural practices, including precision agriculture and feed optimization, can help reduce farmer input costs, improve water quality and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Recommend 4R practices to reach goals Campbells Modifying current goal of reducing N fertilizer use by 10% in tomatoes

10 4R Research Fund Established by fertilizer industry to help determine sustainability indicators and impact data on 4R Resources to support measuring and documenting economic, social and environmental impacts $5.5 million over 5 years 12 U.S. Projects and 10 Canadian Projects

11 Current Projects Initial projects - 6 meta-analyses Knowledge gaps related to 4Rs and environmental impact Current projects 4R practice impacts on N & P loss via water and air pathways and interaction with supporting conservation

12 Meta-analysis Uses a statistical approach to combine the results from multiple studies in an effort to increase power (over individual studies), improve estimates of the size of the effect and/or to resolve uncertainty when reports disagree.

13 Meta-Analysis Projects 1. A MANAGE ed Approach for 4R Nutrient Stewardship on Drained Land Laura Christianson, University of Illinois 2. Meta-Analysis of Enhanced Efficiency Fertilizers (EEFs) in Corn Systems in the Midwest Rachel Cook, North Carolina State University 3. Nitrogen Losses: A Meta-Analysis of 4R Nutrient Management in U.S. Corn-Based Systems Alison Eagle, Duke University 4. Meta-Analysis of Phosphorus Fertilizer Placement and Tillage Interaction for Corn and Soybean in the U.S. Dorivar Ruiz Diaz, Kansas State University 5. Assessing the Effects of Conservation Practices and Fertilizer Application Methods on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loss from Farm Fields Song Qian, University of Toledo 6. Supplemental Late-Vegetative Nitrogen Applications for High-Yield Corn: Agronomic, Economic and Environmental Implications with Modern Versus Older Hybrids Tony Vyn, Purdue University

14 A MANAGE ed Approach for 4R Nutrient Stewardship on Drained Land Utilize a currently available water quality research database MANAGE to evaluate the 4Rs on drained land Goals and Objectives Rate Rate of application of N and P on loss in drainage Source N fertilizers versus N fertilizers treated with inhibitors and P fertilizers versus manure sources of P Time Timing of application on N and P loss in drainage Place Not enough data to examine N placement for analysis in drained systems. Data was available to examine the loss of P in drained systems when it is banded versus incorporated.

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16 A MANAGE ed Approach for 4R Nutrient Stewardship on Drained Land Results Rate Increased N rates increased yield and loss to drainage Source Use of organic nitrogen and phosphorus sources could boost corn yields with potentially no increase in dissolved nutrient loads compared to inorganic fertilizer. Time Timing over did not change N losses, dependent on location and only included sites with 1 N application per year Place No significant differences for N application methods, only sites with 1 N application per year 71.5% Injected N 15.6 % Incorporated N 12.8 % Surface Applied N Across the literature, less than 2% of applied P was lost in drainage in a given site year

17 Meta-analysis of Enhanced Efficiency Fertilizers (EEFs) in Corn Systems in the Midwest Compiling results of a wide variety of studies investigating the agronomic and environmental effects of EEFs Goals and Objectives Rate Rate of application on N versus N EEFs Source N fertilizers versus N EEFs Time How does timing of the N application as EEFs influence yield? Place Does the placement of N EEFs influence corn yield? Overall Question: Do EEFs produce significantly greater corn yield when other factors, such as placement, application time, and N rate are considered?

18 Decreased NO N Concentrations in subsurface drainage Source and Timing Effect Nitrate loss for Anhydrous Ammonia Fall Application with No Inhibitor Spring Application with No Inhibitor Fall application with Inhibitor Spring application with Inhibitor

19 Meta-analysis of Enhanced Efficiency Fertilizers (EEFs) in Corn Systems in the Midwest Results Rate N rate has a greater effect on yield than use of an EEF. Source Addition of EEFs to all sources reduced N 2 O emissions. Time N timing has a greater effect on yield followed by the use of an EEF. Place - Banding fertilizer and split applications found to increase N 2 O emissions, but not enough information to comparable across studies. Nitrate leaching has the greatest lack of published literature Increased collection of weather data points in N research

20 A Meta-analysis of 4R Nutrient Management in U.S. Corn-Based Systems Synthesize currently available research to examine N losses from U.S. Corn-Based Systems Goals and Objectives Rate, Source, Time, and Place Crop yield, nitrate (NO 3- ) leaching, and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions response to N rates Learn how differences in climate and soil across North America affect these responses.

21 A Meta-analysis of 4R Nutrient Management in U.S. Corn-Based Systems Results Rate Strong positive relationship to NO3 leaching and N2O air loss. 2.9 to 11.9 % increase for each 8.9 lb N/ac increase Source N2O losses are highest with Anhydrous Ammonia > Urea = Polymer Coated Urea = Urea Ammonium Nitrate (UAN) = UAN + Agrotain PLUS > Super U Time Side dress fertilizer reduced N2O emissions 30 to 39 % Place Broadcast placement of N fertilized decreased N2O losses by 25 to 33% compared to injecting or banding Environmental Nitrous oxide emissions are higher with warmer temperatures. 1.8⁰F increase in average July temperate = increased emissions from additional application of 89.2 lb N/ac

22 Meta-Analysis of Phosphorus Fertilizer Placement and Tillage Interaction for Corn and Soybean in the U.S. Synthesize currently available research to examine effects of the P fertilizer placement and tillage interaction for corn and soybeans in the U.S. Goals and Objectives Rate Crop yield and P losses in relation to application rates Source Not enough data to examine Time Not enough data to examine Place Crop yield and P losses in relation to application placement and tillage practices

23 Meta-Analysis of Phosphorus Fertilizer Placement and Tillage Interaction for Corn and Soybean in the U.S. Results Rate When P2O5 applications are above 40 lbs/ac band placement may increase yields when soil tests are lower. Source and Time Not enough information Place In no-till fields, yield was lower with band placement of P2O5. Placement of P fertilizer did not change P losses when applications were below 40 lbs/ac P2O5.

24 Assessing the Effects of Conservation Practices and Fertilizer Application Methods on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loss from Farm Fields Synthesize currently available research to examine effects of conservation practices and fertilizer application methods on nutrient loss from farm fields. Goals and Objectives Rate Rate of P and loss with and without conservation practices Source Not addressed in this project Time Not addressed in this project Place Quantify the effects of fertilizer application methods on the loss of N and P from fields Additional Question: What are the effects of the implementation of conservation practices on the loss of N and P from fields?

25 Effects of P Applied on Loss is Reduced When Using One or More Conservation Practices

26 Assessing the Effects of Conservation Practices and Fertilizer Application Methods on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loss from Farm Fields Results Rate Increased effectiveness of conservation practices to reduce P loss as P application rate increases. Source and Time Not addressed in this project Place - Incorporation of P fertilizer in corn fields is an effective way to decrease P loss. Conservation practices decrease P loss. The effect of 1 or a combination of practices was equal. Conservation Practices were more effective in corn fields. Number for each practice not high enough to compare practices

27 Performance Comparison of Old versus New Corn Hybrids and Late Season N Applications Tony Vyn Purdue University Goals and Objectives Meta-Analysis Determine if the new era hybrid after 1990 are taking up N later in the season compared to old era hybrids Field Study Rate Different rates of N applications Source All urea ammonium nitrate Time Comparing N applied at standard side dressing time and a split side dress with a pre-tassel N application Place All fertilizer applied in the same place

28 Performance Comparison of Old versus New Corn Hybrids and Late Season N Applications Results New Era hybrids look to benefit more from later season applications of N as more of the N in the grain is taken up during the post silking growth stage Evaluate the results of the field studies underway and determine new fertilizer timing recommendations or change N loss to water and air

29 Common Findings Timing of N application was has a large impact on yield and N loss Timing of N application when using an EEF can impact air and water losses The placement of P fertilizer influences P loss P application based on crop need and soil test has potential to reduce P losses

30 Gaps in the Research Lack of complete data reporting All forms of N and P Yield All site conditions Soil type, slope, weather Form of nutrient applied Lack of testing of rate changes with other 4R Practices Testing of conservation practices Number of studies per practice Interactions with other practices

31 In Field Studies A B

32 Continued Evaluation

33 Continuing Research Needs Assessing the impact of 4R practices with enhanced efficiency and other advancing technologies in nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on water quality and air quality, crop yield, crop nutrient content, and soil health from the same site during the same project. Assessing 4R nitrogen and phosphorus practices in more geographic locations, longer time periods, and more cropping systems relative to their effect on productivity and the environment using coordinated controls across multiple site years.

34 Everyone Plays a Role Expand your 4R knowledge with available tools Educate stakeholder groups about 4R nutrient stewardship and encourage their engagement Utilize the 4Rs to share a common message Participate in relevant meetings and committees Inform the public when the opportunity arises

35 Who is implementing 4R practices? 4R Advocates 60 Advocates 144,425 acres 17 States

36 4R Advocate Practices on the Farm Evaluate mid-season plant stands and available soil N (Rate/Time) 3 rd application of banded N at base of plant (at V10 to V12 growth stage (mid-june) (Time/Place) Banded N applied with Y-drop sprayer to target placement (Place) Conduct fertilizer application rate trials on Iowa Soybean On-Farm Network (Rate) Side-Dress N Soil Test Y-Drop Sprayer Fertilizer Application Rate Trials

37 South Dakota 4R Advocate Grower: Joel Erickson Retailer: Andrew Kappes, CCA No-till and strip-till across the farm South Dakota Wheat Growers MZB precision farming system divides fields into zones based on soil texture, organic matter, salts, elevation and yield potential Soil samples are taken from each zone Fertilizer prescriptions are established for each zone Tissue analyses guide foliar nutrient application Cover crops capture nutrients and provide grazing for cattle Incorporates lessons learned from the Conservation Cropping Systems Project, which demonstrates and promotes farming methods that promote soil and water conservation

38 State 4R Programs

39 4R Nutrient Management Certification Retailer Certification

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41 Bringing it all Together - Challenges Challenges on water quality national level Good progress on N What do we need to look at for P? Rates are similar and yield have been increasing, but so is water concentration Challenges on emissions Nitrous Oxide Loss Example General Mills goal is 2020 only 33% suitability on corn and 36% on wheat Walmart BIG GOAL 20+ years away recommending 4R practices to meet goals and make plan

42 Resources TFI 4R website: 4R Nutrient Stewardship 4R Quarterly Newsletter: sign-up at 4R Pocket Guide request today from TFI 4R Educational Modules: 4R Plant Nutrition Manual purchase from IPNI Publications IPNI 4R website:

43 Questions?